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Over the last decade, commentaries and research on urban tourism precincts have predominantly focused on: their role in the tourism attractions mix; their physical and functional forms; their economic significance; their role as a catalyst for urban renewal; their evolution and associated development processes; and, perhaps more broadly, their role, locality and function within the context of urban planning. City Spaces - Tourist Places both consolidates and develops the extant knowledge of urban tourism precincts into a coherent research driven contemporary work. It revisits and examines the foundational literature but, more importantly, engages with aspects of precinct development that have previously been either underdeveloped or received only limited consideration, such as the psychological and socio-cultural dimensions of the precinct experience. Written by an international team of contributors it provides the reader with: * A comprehensive analysis of foundational theory and cutting-edge advances in the knowledge of the precinct phenomenon * An examination of previously underdeveloped topics and themes based on contemporary and ground-breaking research * Typological and theoretical frameworks in which to locate precinct form, function and experience Brilliantly edited to ensure theoretical continuity and coherence City Spaces - Tourist Places is vital reading for anyone involved in the study or planning of urban tourism precincts. * A cutting-edge text which not only examines foundational theory in urban studies but advances knowledge of the precinct phenomenon by its engagement of previously underdeveloped topics * Vital reading for anyone involved in the study or planning of urban tourism * Written by an international team of expert contributors and brilliantly edited to ensure theoretical continuity and accessiblity

The object of this master thesis are sporting mega-events. The research subject: comparison of expected and actual impacts (effects, legacy) of the II European Games held in Minsk in 2019. The goal of this study is to analyze the political, socio-economic, urban and media aspects and effects of the II European Games. The main tasks of the thesis are: reviewing the theoretical literature on the mega-events and their impact on politics, symbolic and real economy of cities and states that host these events; overviewing the issues of mega-events legacy evaluation, their 'soft power' and potential for political legitimization; analyzing the specific context of mega-events held in the countries of the former Socialist bloc; analyzing the political and cultural context of Belarus and image management measures undertaken by the country in the last 10-12 years - including during the World Hockey Championship in 2014; analyzing the process of event organization, specific features of PR-campaign and media-representation of the II European Games based on the official documents and state media; analyzing the range of responses to this event by the international and Belarusian independent media, as well as in social media; conducting and analyzing the expert interviews; analyzing of my own experience as a participant of the II European Games Opening Ceremony. This master thesis can be useful for mega-events researchers and organizers, sociologists, urbanists and cultural studies scholars, PR, media & communication professionals, creative industries actors, journalists and the general public.

The object of this master thesis are sporting mega-events. The research subject: comparison of expected and actual impacts (effects, legacy) of the II European Games held in Minsk in 2019. The goal of this study is to analyze the political, socio-economic, urban and media aspects and effects of the II European Games. The main tasks of the thesis are: reviewing the theoretical literature on the mega-events and their impact on politics, symbolic and real economy of cities and states that host these events; overviewing the issues of mega-events legacy evaluation, their 'soft power' and potential for political legitimization; analyzing the specific context of mega-events held in the countries of the former Socialist bloc; analyzing the political and cultural context of Belarus and image management measures undertaken by the country in the last 10-12 years - including during the World Hockey Championship in 2014; analyzing the process of event organization, specific features of PR-campaign and media-representation of the II European Games based on the official documents and state media; analyzing the range of responses to this event by the international and Belarusian independent media, as well as in social media; conducting and analyzing the expert interviews; analyzing of my own experience as a participant of the II European Games Opening Ceremony. This master thesis can be useful for mega-events researchers and organizers, sociologists, urbanists and cultural studies scholars, PR, media & communication professionals, creative industries actors, journalists and the general public.

The purpose of the work is to identify a special subject area in the research of symbolic capital of cities – symbolic geopolitical capital – and to identify its connection with urban space. The author defines environmental symbolic resources – urban signs or symbol carriers – the category of symbolic geopolitical capital (SGC), reveals their structure based on the applied example of St. Petersburg, as well as the principles of interaction with the urban environment and some ways in which SGK in symbolic politics are determined. The material carriers of symbols have at least four special properties that give the actors of urban symbolic politics an advantage when using these carriers in a competitive struggle: the duration of their existence and anchoring in the fabric of the city; the power of nomination – ideas about their legitimacy and public recognition; they are more likely to be encoded by the consciousness of the citizen in the form of a priori "normal", "comfortable" and positive perception; and they provide the actors of symbolic politics with special means of political maneuver, using the principle of separation and variability of interpretations of such signs. In addition to the principles of placement described for each category of signs, their generalized types are highlighted: spatial concentration, spatial confinement, spatial hierarchy and effective spatial representation. The means of symbolic management using SGC are described, such as: all kinds of physical actions with the carriers themselves; activism correlated with them; producing new political meanings of their nominations and renominations; reinterpretation of existing and production of new symbols and associated signs, thereby – the production of new symbolic resources and the reconfiguration of the symbolic space of the city. Examples are given of urban conflicts related to geopolitical urban signs reflected in public discourse. They are grouped by potential sources of conflictogenicity due to the different attitudes of actors to: practices and manifestations of territorial strategies, their results and consequences; concepts and proposed worldviews; ideas about control over territory. A number of principles and patterns for the formation and use of symbolic geopolitical capital associated with urban space in politics are formulated: specialization in the nomination, the "latent" nature of the potential for conflict inherent in the SGC, the change of hierarchies, stages or "waves" of geopolitical symbolic policy in urban space, the formation of a "geopolitical symbolic footprint".

The article analyses the relationship between socio-political changes and transformation of urban space, which is a revision of the cultural and historical memory. City at every moment of its existence, considered as a set of "places of memory", each of which performs its role in a symbolic ensemble. Urban development is in very close connection with the transformations of political regimes. Any socio-political changes reflected in the creation of new "places of memory" in urban space and the destruction of the old. Especially clearly this relationship becomes obvious when considering the history and present of cities that perform Metropolitan functions. Capital traditionally has a maximum symbolic value. For example, the development of Moscow in the Soviet period demonstrates how architectural solutions and urban space as a whole became means of expression of the new socialist ideology. The Soviet government sought to establish its values and priorities in all ways, one of which was the new face of Communist Moscow. The dismantling of the Soviet regime became the next stage in the development of urban space. The article concludes that the collapse of the socialism radically changed the face of cities in Eastern Europe. ; В статье анализируется процесс трансформации городского пространства, связанный с социально-политическими изменения и пересмотром культурно-исторической памяти. Город в каждый момент своего существования рассматривается как совокупность "мест памяти", каждое из которых выполняет свою роль в общем символическом ансамбле. Развитие городов находится в очень тесной взаимосвязи с трансформациями социально-политических режимов. Любые социально-политические изменения находят свое выражение в создании новых "мест памяти" в городском пространстве и разрушении старых. Особенно очевидной эта взаимосвязь становится при рассмотрении истории и современности городов, выполняющих столичные функции. Столицы традиционно имеют максимальную символическую нагрузку. На примере развития Москвы в советский период демонстрируется, как архитектурные решения и городское пространство в целом становятся средствами выражения новой социалистической идеологии. Советская власть стремилась утвердить свои ценности и приоритеты всеми способами, одним из которых стал новый облик коммунистической Москвы. Демонтаж советского режима стал очередным этапом развития городского пространства. В статье делается вывод о том, что распад социалистического лагеря кардинально изменил облик городов Восточной Европы.

The article is devoted to urban identity as a socio-cultural, psychological and emotional construct determined by a number of factors. As a significant component of social identity, urban identity is determined by how strong an individual's social ties are, whether he is included in long-term stable social groups, which, in turn, forms an emotional assessment of such identity in relation to «his» and «strangers», as well as group values, social norms, stereotypes, behavioral patterns. The author of the article presents the characteristics of urban identity as a result of self-determination of personality, its socialization and adaptation in a particular urban space, in the process of assimilation and reproduction of cultural symbols, accepted norms, traditions, lifestyle of city residents. The relevance of the study of urban identity is determined by the peculiarities of the urban environment and urban lifestyle: the author of the article puts forward a tendency to increase the mobility of the population and a decrease in the role of physical space in the life of a modern person as factors that can create barriers to the formation of a conscious urban identity. The article proves that the self-consciousness and personal identity of city residents are largely determined by various aspects of the cultural space of the city. The impossibility of perceiving urban space in its integrity does not hinder personal identity and self-determination, and the possibility of implementing the social practices of its residents forms their emotional attachment to the city. The formation of urban identity is conditioned by stable, changeable and symbolic factors. The author of the article also identifies parameters that allow assessing the degree of urban identity, among which the uniqueness of the city, identity and positivity of its perception play a decisive role in modern Russian society, which, in turn, determines in many ways the practical potential of urban identity. The conclusion is made about the importance of urban identity among other values of Russians, because active emotional experience and active embodiment of the urban identity of individuals and social groups contributes to the comprehensive economic, social and political development of modern Russian society.

The article studies the late 19th-century occupational structure of Tobolsk in the context of other major Siberian cities. Many urban centres were strongholds for governing this huge territory, and Tobolsk was a typical provincial capital in this regard. In the most economically developed Western and Southern Siberian provinces, cities were not only administrative hubs, but also cultural and economic centres. The authors look at how urban populations were distributed among different occupational groups and social classes, and what role gender and family relations played in terms of employment. This is important, as it may help understand whether Russia's huge eastern provinces were ready for the transformations which started just two decades after the period whence the main source material of the article originates. The research is based on the first general census of the Russian Empire in 1897. The archives have not preserved primary census manuscripts as a unified collection: so far, only scattered manuscripts have emerged. Clearly, the use of the individual-level nominative census data found for Tobolsk considerably broadens the scope of the research, which was previously limited to aggregate data. The aggregate data provide an opportunity to characterise employment in Siberian cities more generally, demonstrating the occupational specificity of the 'military' and 'agrarian' cities as well as the provincial centres of Western and Eastern Siberia. The authors more closely analyse the nominative 1897 census data using the database 'Tobolsk Population in 1897', which contains information about 92.5 % of employed citizens. The individual-level data made it possible to reconstruct the age and gender structure of the economically active population of the provincial centre, to study the occupations of different estate groups, to look into specific features of secondary occupations, and to see the family's influence on the choice of occupation. All the employment data on the Siberian urban population were coded according to the HISCO standard. ; Рассматривается профессиональная структура города Тобольска конца ХIX в. Сибирь была самым масштабным регионом Российской империи со слабо развитой сетью городов, большинство из которых выполняли роль опорных центров для административного управления огромной территорией. В наиболее освоенных и развитых в хозяйственном отношении западных и южных губерниях Сибири города становились не только административными, но и культурными, и экономическими их центрами. Вопрос представляется актуальным для понимания готовности сибирских губерний к тем общественным трансформациям, которые начались спустя два десятилетия после рассматриваемого периода. Особенностью исследования является использование персональных данных Первой всеобщей переписи населения Российской империи 1897 г. На уровне персоналий оно позволяет существенно расширить исследовательский диапазон, ранее ограниченный опубликованными агрегированными материалами. С их помощью дана характеристика занятости городского населения крупных сибирских городов, показана специфика занятости «военных», «аграрных» городов, а также губернских центров Западной и Восточной Сибири. Обработка данных переписи 1897 г. на индивидуальном уровне производилась с помощью базы данных «Население Тобольска в 1897 г.», включающей сведения о 92,5 % горожан, имевших самостоятельные занятия. Персональные данные позволили провести реконструкцию возрастной и гендерной структуры экономически активного населения губернского центра, выявить особенности занятости представителей разных сословных групп, специфику дополнительных занятий городского населения, определить влияние семьи на выбор сферы деятельности человека. Все сведения о занятиях населения городов Сибири, в том числе Тобольска, были закодированы с помощью Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations.

In the current economic situation, both in the Russian Federation and in the developed countries of the world, the education system is increasingly becoming a factor in successful economic and spatial development.

Deutschland ist von Zuwanderung geprägt, ca. 20 Prozent der Menschen haben schon jetzt einen Migrationshintergrund. Die vielfältigen Kulturen bereichern unser Land und bringen internationale Akzente in unser Alltagsleben.Wie lassen sich die Brücken zwischen der zugewanderten und einheimischen Kulturszene ausbauen? Wie kann man Migrantinnen und Migranten den Zugang zu Kultureinrichtungen, Veranstaltungen und Förderprogrammen erleichtern? Wie kann man den Zugang zu den kulturellen Szenen der Zugewanderten für die Mehrheitsgesellschaft öffnen?Dieses Buch stellt Konzepte und Projekte vor, die institutionelle und freie Kultureinrichtungen und -verwaltungen sowie Künstler_innen mit Migrationshintergrund in ihrer Arbeit vor Ort unterstützen.Gezeigt wird ein Perspektivenwechsel: Kulturelle Vielfalt ist eine gesellschaftliche Ressource und Chance, denn die Innovationskraft und neue Perspektiven der Künstler_innen mit Migrationshintergrund sind wichtige Impulsgeber für die Zukunft der Kommunen.

The scientific article is devoted to the consideration of the correlations of urban identity and the image of the city as an important symbolic aspect of such identity and urban toponymy. It is determined that the city dweller, constructing his own urban space, acquiring the status of a place, actualizes the images of "his city" (due to subjective experiences and memories, places that have personal significance for the city dweller) and "our city" (the subject is the urban community, for members which is characterized by self-identification with the values of this urban area). At the same time, in the formation of urban identity, attachment to a place is most significant, which is traditionally understood as a feeling of connection with a specific physical environment based on the meanings that are attached to this physical environment and activities in relation to this space. This attachment to the place allows you to establish a cognitive-emotional connection with the place, which determines both the emergence of a sense of security and belonging to "one's own group". The image of the city includes meanings that are significant for the individual and society, which allow identifying the territory as a place associated with the experience of urban identity.
Urban identity for a person is filled with modal meanings, conditionally divided into positive and negative. Acceptance of urban space and knowledge of the area itself, its names and topoi determines the leading role of urban toponymy, which it plays in the communicative paradigm of the city. The special semiotic status of toponymy is determined by the historical, geographical and cultural content of the symbolic images reproduced by toponyms. The functioning of toponyms is influenced by the urban identity of a person or social group, objectified in the image of the city inherent in them

Изучение современного города как сложной системы предполагает междисциплинарный подход. Вследствие этого городское пространство стало объектом интереса для разных наук: экономики, социологии, педагогики, политологии, культурологии, антропологии, филологии и многих других. Городская тематика вызвала научный интерес у широкого круга специалистов. Ответом на эту тенденцию стало появление учебных программ о городе, городском пространстве и методических рекомендаций для будущих историков, философов, социологов, культурологов, экономистов, управленцев. В статье проанализированы программы спецкурсов и методические рекомендации по философии города, социологии города, городской антропологии, экономики города, урбанистике для студентов гуманитарных специальностей в российских вузах. Анализ программ базировался на трех образовательных задачах, выделенных в соответствии с современным общественным запросомк городским исследованиям: 1) развитие способностей студентов к конструктивному междисциплинарному диалогу с другими специалистами по вопросам модернизации и исследования городской среды; 2) формирование умения студентов анализировать сложные городские процессы с точки зрения философии, культурологии, социологии, экономики, управленческих технологий и других наук; 3) формирование у студентов понимания, как в рамках своих узкопрофессиональных умений они могут влиять на развитие города, городских пространств. Были изучены образовательные программы о городе и методические рекомендации, разработанные для студентов-гуманитариев в высших учебных заведениях России. Отмечено, что дисциплины о городе для студентов гуманитарных специальностей имеют много пересечений в списке литературы, что впоследствии может дать возможность студентам разных направлений подготовки выстраивать конструктивный диалог по поводу городского пространства. ; The study of a modern city as a complex system presupposes an interdisciplinary approach. As a result, the urban space became an object of interest for different sciences: economics, sociology, political science, cultural studies, anthropology, philology and many others. City has become the object of scientific interest for a wide range of specialists. The response to this trend was the emergence of special disciplines programs about the city and methodological recommendations for future historians, philosophers, sociologists, economists, and managers. In the article programs of special courses and methodical recommendations on city philosophy, city sociology, city anthropology, city economy, urban studies for students of humanitarian specialties in Russian universities are analyzed. The analysis of the programs was based on three educational tasks, singled out in accordance with the modern public demand for urban research: 1) development of students' abilities to constructive interdisciplinary dialogue with other specialists in the field of modernization and research of the urban environment; 2) formation of students' ability to analyze complex urban processes from the point of view of philosophy, cultural studies, sociology, economics, management technologies and other sciences; 3) the formation of students' understanding of how within their narrow professional skills they can influence the development of the city, urban spaces. It was analyzed about ten educational programs about the city and methodological recommendations developed for students of humanities in higher educational institutions of Russia. It is noted that disciplines about the city for students of humanitarian specialties have many intersections in the list of literature, which can subsequently enable students of different areas of training to construct a constructive dialogue about the urban space.The article gives recommendations on teaching and supplementing these educational programs, namely: the emphasis of students' attention on the interdisciplinary approach to studying the city; familiarity with methods of analyzing the city from related scientific disciplines; the inclusion of «microurbanism» in the programs; enrichment of educational programs with practical tasks oriented to applying theoretical knowledge in the territory where the discipline is taught.

The article is devoted to the ways in which the notion of resilience is debated in social sciences and humanities in Russia and abroad. The experience of co-organizing the conference "Junctures of Modernity: Individual and Social Resilience" (ISPN, UrFU, 25-26 March 2016) is taken into consideration. It is argued that the energetic appropriation of the notions of individual, collective and social resilience by the theories of crisis management, urban studies, sociology, and social psychology testifies to the usefulness of this notion for describing how countries, nations, military and other communities exist today. The notion of "scales of resilience" is introduced to systematize the on-going debate.Key words: resilience, concept of resilience, urban studies, crisis management, social science ; В статье рассматривается обсуждение жизнестойкости в российском и зарубежном социально-гуманитарном знании с учетом опыта организации международной междисциплинарной конференции «Стыки модерности: жизнестойкость личности и сообществ», проведенной ИСПН УрФУ 25–26 марта 2016 г. Энергичное использование понятий индивидуальной, коллективной и социальной жизнестойкости в зарубежных теориях кризисного менеджмента, урбанистике, социологии, социальной психологии свидетельствует, что понятие обнаруживает свою нужность для описания жизни стран, наций, военных, этнических и иных сообществ. Введено понятие «шкал жизнестойкости» для систематизации имеющихся позиций.Ключевые слова: жизнестойкость, шкалы, модерность, постмодерность, катастрофы, кризис, менеджмент.

The author studies the problems of socio-economic development of municipalities included in the conditional boundaries of urban agglomerations. When developing the foundations of the state policy of the Russian Federation for the development of local self-government, these issues come to the fore. Their solution is the key to the successful achievement of the goals of national projects and strategic objectives of the spatial development of Russia. The article considers models of management of urban agglomerations, generalizes regional experience on the use of mechanisms of socio-economic development of municipalities within agglomerations, identifies tools that contribute to the integrated development of agglomerations and obstacles that prevent it, substantiates the need to improve federal regulation of the formation and development of agglomerations, preferably in the form of a federal law. ; Исследованы проблемы социально-экономического развития муниципальных образований, входящих в условные границы городских агломераций. При разработке основ государственной политики Российской Федерации по развитию местного самоуправления эти вопросы выходят на первый план. Их решение - залог успешного достижения целей национальных проектов и стратегических задач пространственного развития России. В статье рассмотрены модели управления городскими агломерациями, обобщен региональный опыт по использованию механизмов социально-экономического развития муниципальных образований в рамках агломераций, выявлены инструменты, способствующие комплексному развитию агломераций, и препятствующие ему преграды, обоснована необходимость совершенствования федерального регулирования формирования и развития агломераций, предпочтительно в форме федерального закона.

German-Austrian cultural studies at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries are characterized by a "new interest" in medieval preaching. If earlier it was studied by theology, literary criticism, linguistics and history as a document fixing the status quo, the existing state of affairs in a particular area - ethical norms, genre features, functioning features (pragmatics), grammatical forms and evidence of events - now preaching explored in its orientation to the future, as a genre within which promising models of behavior are developed.

The article defines approaches to researching the urban symbolic policy by the innovation theory. Spatial diffusion of geopolitical concepts "Neo-Eurasianism" and "Pan-Turkism" as geopolitical innovations of relevance to the Russian Federation is considered. Following the innovation development since idea's inception, its formalization into a geopolitical concept through to the phase of political conflict and its termination, the authors analyze various urban forms (toponymy, onomastics, iconography, and urban events) linked to names of iconic figures for Neo-Eurasianism (Lev Gumilev) and Pan-Turkism (Ismail Gasprinsky, etc). In the research, the authors fix and describe the usage of urban symbolism by various actors: from municipal and regional authorities to federal and international public and political institutions. The innovation diffusion theory, which is widely applied in domestic and foreign socio-geographical studies, was showed to have heuristic value for studying the spread of geopolitical ideas and concepts. Analysis of data enables to state that urban symbolic policy can produce political space resources for phasing development of geopolitical innovations and their spatial diffusion to be deduced. The authors, observing the installation aspects of monuments to Lev Gumilev, Ismail Gasprinsky, and Zeki Velidi Togan, illustrate the symbolization of Russian public figures and struggle with it as processes of forming and destruction of resources for the development of geopolitical innovation in Russia. Having analyzed the geopolitical innovation processes in Russia, the authors emphasize the following key features of geopolitical innovation: migration process of innovation cores; hierarchical or cascade type of indirect diffusion; "peripheral innovativeness;" "privatization of an innovation by the closest center;" emergence of "network cores" of innovation. ; Прослеживая их фазовое развитие с момента зарождения идеи и формирования концепции до политического конфликта и его разрешения, авторы анализируют городскую топонимию и ономастику, памятники и мемориальные знаки, а также городские события, связанные с именами знаковых фигур для неоевразийства (Л. Гумилев) и пантюркизма (И. Гаспринский и др.). В ходе исследования было зафиксировано и описано активное использование городского символизма со стороны различных акторов: от муниципальных, региональных и федеральных властей до международных общественных и политических институтов. Показано, что теория диффузии инноваций, активно применяемая в отечественных и зарубежных общественно-географических исследованиях, обладает эвристической ценностью для изучения распространения геополитических идей и концепций. На основании проведенного анализа авторы приходят к выводу, что городская символическая политика может создавать ресурсы политического пространства для фазового развития инноваций, связанных с геополитическими концепциями, а также их пространственной диффузии. Авторы, на примере установки памятников Л. Гумилеву, И. Гаспринскому и А.-З. Валиди, иллюстрируют символизацию российских общественных деятелей и борьбу с ней как процессы образования и подавления ресурсов развития геополитической инновации в России. В качестве ключевых пространственных особенностей развития геополитических инноваций на территории России, авторы выделяют: процесс миграции ядер инновации; иерархический или каскадный тип косвенной диффузии; "периферийную инновационность"; "оцентральнивание" инновации; появление "сетевых ядер" инновации.