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In Russia, you will learn that Russia is the largest country in the world and its natural resources make it one of the richest. It has experienced enormous political, social, and economic upheaval during the last century, and as a result, Russia faces many challenges

Introduction -- What is propaganda? -- The key players -- Propaganda examined -- The history of propaganda -- Propaganda in a new age -- Propaganda and the Nazis -- The Cold War -- Success and failure -- The future of propaganda -- Propaganda and you

The failure of the international community to adequately respond to patterns of discrimination against the ethnic Rohingya minority in Myanmar (Burma) eventually led to a genocide. The so-called "clearance operations" launched by Myanmar's military in August 2017 tested the resilience of the international community's commitment to defending human rights and upholding its Responsibility to Protect (R2P) populations from genocide, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Two years later the UN Security Council has still not adopted a single resolution to name the crime committed against the Rohingya, or to hold the perpetrators accountable. Nevertheless, Rohingya survivors and international civil society have continued to campaign for justice under international law, and to advocate for targeted sanctions to be imposed on those responsible for atrocities. Faced with an inert Security Council, some UN member states have adopted inventive diplomatic measures to uphold their responsibility to protect.

The United Nations faces an existential crisis. The norms that bind and 'safeguard humanity' are currently under threat. The deliberate bombing of hospitals and the indiscriminate killing of civilians has become almost routine in Syria and several other conflicts. Numerous governments and murderous non-state actors (like isis or Boko Haram) are defying international humanitarian and human rights law. This article argues that the solution to the current global exigency and a central challenge facing the next Secretary-General is to achieve an equilibrium shift away from crisis response and towards conflict prevention. This is especially true with regard to preventing mass atrocity crimes (genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing). Historically, no single issue has done more to tarnish the reputation of the un than the failure to halt atrocities. Under a committed Secretary-General, the un has unique capacity to prevent these crimes.

Examines 9/11 & other world events & sets out the history that makes sense of these recent war zones. The author claims that violence -- be it war or terror -- is neither random nor the result of "tribal lunacy," nor is it best explained in terms of "good versus evil,": it is rooted in history. Adapted from the source document.

The Communist Party of South Africa survived the collapse of communist states by virtue of its remarkable record of opposition to apartheid and its alliance with the ANC and COSATU. While this has allowed it to expand dramatically in membership and power since its legalisation in 1990, that power has accrued at the cost of influence. The Party leadership has found itself supporting conservative economic strategies and anti‐union actions, turning it into a pressure 'five degrees to the left' of the ANC. Membership and grassroots responses to this have been critical, and help to sustain optimism for a left project in South Africa.

Südafrika ist eines der wenigen Länder, in denen die Kommunistische Partei auch nach dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion an Mitgliederstärke gewonnen hat. Von 2000-5000 Mitgliedern der noch verbotenen Partei Anfang 1990 stieg die Zahl bis 1995 auf 75.000 Mitglieder an. Dieser Zuwachs wurde durch die Legalisierung der Partei in 1990 ausgelöst und führte zu einem umfassenden Wandel des politischen Programms und der ideologischen Grundlagen. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen strukturierten Überblick über die Entwicklung der kommunistischen Partei von 1930 bis 1996. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem Zeitraum zwischen 1990 und 1993, in dem intensive strategische und ideologische Debatten über die zukünftige Ausrichtung der Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik in Südafrika geführt wurden. Der Autor unterstreicht in diesem Beitrag die wirtschaftspolitischen Positionen, in denen sich ANC und Kommunistische Partei in den vergangenen Jahren auseinanderentwickelt haben. (DÜI-Spl)

Role of the SACP in the ANC government; prospects. Some focus on the SACP's "five degrees to the Left" strategy.