A sexual revolution is underway in China. Traditional morals and behavior are being turned on their head as the country's climb towards economic prosperity brings sex into the open. But it is a revolution distinctly different from the one experiences in the West, and has taken many unexpected twists and turns
Abstract: Pacchas were ritual vessels used in libations and expressed elements of pre-Hispanic cosmology in the Andes long after the Spanish conquest. This article describes, for the first time, annular pacchas from Cusco from the Colonial Period and the 19th and 20th centuries. These pacchas are distinguished by their ring-shaped chamber and short vertical spout and survived as a symbol and valued ritual element for Andean people from ad 1532 to the 20th century. Their role in rain and fertility rituals is expressed by their shape and by the representation of the amaru, the mythical snake of Andean cosmovision.
Scholars frequently posit maize as the staple food of Chavín civilization and some even argue that this crop provided the critical stimulus for its development. Stable carbon isotope analysis permits an evaluation of these hypotheses because maize, the only C4 cultigen consumed in pre‐Hispanic Peru, leaves an unambiguous imprint on the bone chemistry of its consumers that allows the calculation of its relative importance in the diet. Analysis of osteological samples from Chavín de Huántar and Huaricoto indicates that although maize was eaten, C3 foods like potatoes and quinoa constituted the bulk of the dietary intake during the development and climax of highland Chavín civilization (ca. 850‐200 B.C.). The authors briefly explore possible reasons for the secondary importance of maize in the Initial Period/Early Horizon subsistence systems of this region, a pattern already established by the late Preceramic period (ca. 2000 B.C.).
The exact timing, route, and process of the initial peopling of the Americas remains uncertain despite much research. Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of humans as far as southern Chile by 14.6 thousand years ago (ka), shortly after the Pleistocene ice sheets blocking access from eastern Beringia began to retreat. Genetic estimates of the timing and route of entry have been constrained by the lack of suitable calibration points and low genetic diversity of Native Americans. We sequenced 92wholemitochondrial genomes from pre-Columbian South American skeletons dating from 8.6 to 0.5 ka, allowing a detailed, temporally calibrated reconstruction of the peopling of the Americas in a Bayesian coalescent analysis. The data suggest that a small population entered the Americas via a coastal route around 16.0 ka, following previous isolation in eastern Beringia for ∼2.4 to 9 thousand years after separation from eastern Siberian populations. Following a rapid movement throughout the Americas, limited gene flow in South America resulted in a marked phylogeographic structure of populations, which persisted through time. All of the ancient mitochondrial lineages detected in this study were absent from modern data sets, suggesting a high extinction rate. To investigate this further, we applied a novel principal components multiple logistic regression test to Bayesian serial coalescent simulations. The analysis supported a scenario in which European colonization caused a substantial loss of pre-Columbian lineages. ; Fil: Llamas, Bastien. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Fehren Schmitz, Lars. University of California; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Valverde, Guido. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Soubrier, Julien. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Mallick, Swapan. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Rohland, Nadin. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Nordenfelt, Susanne. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Valdiosera, Cristina. La Trobe University; Australia ; Fil: Richards, Stephen M. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Rohrlach, Adam. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Barreto Romero, Maria Inés. Museo de Sitio Huaca Pucllana; Perú ; Fil: Flores Espinoza, Isabel. Museo de Sitio Huaca Pucllana; Perú ; Fil: Tomasto Cagigao, Elsa. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú; Perú ; Fil: Watson Jiménez, Lucía. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú; Perú. Centro de Investigaciones Arqueológicas del Museo de Sitio de Ancón; Perú ; Fil: Makowski, Krzysztof. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú; Perú ; Fil: Leboreiro Reyna, Ilán Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia E Historia, Mexico; México ; Fil: Mansilla Lory, Josefina. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia E Historia, Mexico; México ; Fil: Ballivián Torrez, Julio Alejandro. Unidad de Arqueología y Museos; Bolivia ; Fil: Rivera, Mario A. Universidad de Magallanes; Chile ; Fil: Burger, Richard L. Harvard University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Ceruti, Maria Constanza. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina ; Fil: Reinhard, Johan. National Geographic Society; Fil: Wells, R. Spencer. University of Texas at Austin; Estados Unidos. National Geographic Society; Fil: Politis, Gustavo Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina ; Fil: Santoro Vargas, Calogero Mauricio. Universidad de Tarapacá de Arica; Chile ; Fil: Standen, Vivien G. Universidad de Tarapacá de Arica; Chile ; Fil: Smith, Colin. La Trobe University; Australia ; Fil: Reich, David. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Ho, Simon Y. W. The University Of Sydney; Australia ; Fil: Cooper, Alan. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Haak, Wolfgang. University of Adelaide; Australia
There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from ~9000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between ~2000-500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also reveal cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina, and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin.
There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from ∼9,000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5,800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between ∼2,000–500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also highlight cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin. Video Abstract: [Figure presented] Genome-wide data from 89 ancient humans illuminates the changes to the genetic landscape in the Central Andes over 9,000 years, revealing large-scale gene flow and cosmopolitan societies in the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. ; Fil: Nakatsuka, Nathan. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Lazaridis, Iosif. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Barbieri, Chiara. Max Planck Institute For The Science Of Human History; Alemania ; Fil: Skoglund, Pontus. University Of Zurich; Suiza ; Fil: Rohland, Nadin. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Mallick, Swapan. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Posth, Cosimo. Max Planck Institute For The Science Of Human History; Alemania ; Fil: Harkins Kinkaid, Kelly. University of California; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Ferry, Matthew. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Harney, Éadaoin. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Michel, Megan. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Stewardson, Kristin. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Novak-Forst, Jannine. The Pennsylvania State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Capriles, José M. University of California; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Durruty, Marta Alfonso. Kansas State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Álvarez, Karina Aranda. Sociedad de Arqueología de la Paz; Bolivia ; Fil: Beresford-Jones, David. University of Cambridge; Reino Unido ; Fil: Burger, Richard. University of Yale; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Cadwallader, Lauren. University of Cambridge; Reino Unido ; Fil: Fujita, Ricardo. Universidad de San Martín de Porres; Perú ; Fil: Isla, Johny. No especifíca; ; Fil: Lau, George. University of East Anglia; Reino Unido ; Fil: Aguirre, Carlos Lémuz. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; Bolivia ; Fil: LeBlanc, Steven. Harvard University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Maldonado, Sergio Calla. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; Bolivia ; Fil: Meddens, Frank. University of Reading; Reino Unido ; Fil: Messineo, Pablo Geronimo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina ; Fil: Culleton, Brendan J. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Harper, Thomas K. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Quilter, Jeffrey. Harvard University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Politis, Gustavo Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina ; Fil: Rademaker, Kurt. Michigan State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Reindel, Markus. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Rivera, Mario. Michigan State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Salazar, Lucy. University of Cambridge; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Sandoval, José R. Universidad de San Martín de Porres; Perú ; Fil: Santoro, Calogero M. Universidad de Tarapacá; Chile ; Fil: Scheifler, Nahuel Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; Argentina ; Fil: Standen, Vivien. Universidad de Tarapacá; Chile ; Fil: Barreto, Maria Ines. Museo de Sitio Huaca Pucllana; Perú ; Fil: Flores Espinoza, Isabel. Museo de Sitio Huaca Pucllana; Perú ; Fil: Tomasto Cagigao, Elsa. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú; Perú ; Fil: Valverde, Guido. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Kennett, Douglas J. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos. University of California; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Cooper, Alan. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Krause, Johannes. Max Planck Institute For The Science Of Human History; Alemania ; Fil: Haak, Wolfgang. Max Planck Institute For The Science Of Human History; Alemania ; Fil: Llamas, Bastien. University of Adelaide; Australia ; Fil: Reich, David. Harvard University; Estados Unidos. Harvard Medical School; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Fehren Schmitz, Lars. University of California; Estados Unidos
There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from ∼9,000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5,800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between ∼2,000–500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also highlight cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin. VIDEO ABSTRACT:
There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from ∼9,000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5,800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between ∼2,000-500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also highlight cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic. ; The research was funded by the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (771234–PALEoRIDER, to W.H.; 805268–CoDisEASe to K. Bos; 834616–ARCHCAUCASUS to S.H.), the Slovak Academy of Sciences and the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme and Marie Curie Actions under the Programme SASPRO (1340/03/03 to P.C.R.), the ERA.NET RUS Plus–S&T programm of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (277–BIOARCCAUCASUS to S.Re. and S.H.), the Werner Siemens Stiftung ("Paleobiochemistry", to CW), the Award Praemium Academiae of the Czech Academy of Sciences (to M.E.), the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO 67985912, to M.Dobe.), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-09-00354a, to M.K.K. and V.V.K.; 19-78-10053 to SSh), the German Research Foundation (DFG-HA-5407/4-1–INTERACT to W.H. and RE2688/2 to S.Re.), the French National Research Agency (ANR-17-FRAL-0010–INTERACT, to M.F.D., M.Ri., S.Ro., S.Sai., D.Bi., and P.Le.), the Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (9558 to S.Sab.), and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP08856654 to L.B.D., L.M., and E.Kh. and AP08857177 to A.Z.B.).