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Cover ; Contents; Part 1 Historical-Structural Dependency Analysis: Theory and Method; Part 2 A Crucial-Case Test of Dependency Theory: The Steroid Hormone Industry in Mexico; Part 3 Cross-National Dependency Analysis: The Pharmaceutical Industry in a Third World Context

Contemporary globalization has been marked by significant shifts in the organization and governance of global industries. In the 1970s and 1980s, one such shift was characterized by the emergence of buyer-driven and producer-driven commodity chains. In the early 2000s, a more differentiated typology of governance structures was introduced, which focused on new types of coordination in global value chains (GVCs). Today the organization of the global economy is entering another phase, with transformations that are reshaping the governance structures of both GVCs and global capitalism at various levels: (1) the end of the Washington Consensus and the rise of contending centers of economic and political power; (2) a combination of geographic consolidation and value chain concentration in the global supply base, which, in some cases, is shifting bargaining power from lead firms in GVCs to large suppliers in developing economies; (3) new patterns of strategic coordination among value chain actors; (4) a shift in the end markets of many GVCs accelerated by the economic crisis of 2008-09, which is redefining regional geographies of investment and trade; and (5) a diffusion of the GVC approach to major international donor agencies, which is prompting a reformulation of established development paradigms. Adapted from the source document.

Globalization has given rise to a new era of international competition that is best understood by looking at the global organization of industries and how countries rise and fall within these industries. The global value chains framework has evolved from its academic origins to become a major paradigm used by a wide range of international organizations, such as the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, the International Labor Organization, and the U.S. Agency for International Development. Global value chains highlight how new patterns of international trade, production, and employment shape the prospects for development and competitiveness, using core concepts like "governance" and "upgrading." This article illustrates the use of this framework by contrasting the industrial upgrading experiences of China and Mexico, through which China has wrested market share from Mexico in a diverse spectrum of U.S. product markets en route to becoming a dominant global manufacturing power in just a couple of decades. The future of international competition will reflect the consolidation and resilience of global value chains and the determination of emerging economies to continue to upgrade to higher value goods and services within these chains, with a growing emphasis on domestic and regional markets.

China and Mexico have been two of the most successful exporters of manufactured goods among the developing nations, but in recent years their exporting conditions have been different. China has increased its US market share in relation to Mexico since 2000. This is caused by lower labor costs, the growth of China's supply-chain cities, the Chinese strategy of consistent and diversified upgrading, foreign direct investment, and the redirection of investment towards its own huge domestic market. To improve its international competitiveness, Mexico needs to improve its production networks and place renewed emphasis on the domestic market. Adapted from the source document.

El artículo utiliza el marco de las cadenas productivas para examinar la estructura y la dinámica de las industrias globales y las perspectivas de desarrollo de las naciones y empresas donde estas cadenas funcionan. Primero, hace una distinción entre las cadenas productivas dirigidas al productor y las dirigidas al comprador, y plantea la hipótesis de que el desarrollo requiere un vínculo selectivo con diferentes tipos de "empresas líderes" de las industrias globales. Segundo, identifica los tipos principales de empresas líderes de las cadenas productivas automotriz y del vestuario, lo cual ejemplifica, respectivamente, las cadenas dirigidas al productor y las dirigidas al comprador.<br /> Tercero, ilustra cómo puede utilizarse el enfoque de las cadenas productivas para estudiar las múltiples dimensiones del ascenso industrial, el cual constituye una nueva forma de análisis del desarrollo económico en la era de una industrialización orientada a las exportaciones. Se le da un énfasis particular a la noción de ascenso industrial mientras cambia el papel exportador. Finalmente, discute algunas de las implicaciones teóricas para el desarrollo de este enfoque de las cadenas productivas con bases históricas y organizativas.