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Par son statut hybride, à la fois pays en développement et émergent, État africain et membre des BRICS, l'Afrique du Sud est concernée par la réflexion autour de l'avenir des partenariats stratégiques de l'UE et par la renégociation des accords de Cotonou. Analyser l'évolution des interactions entre l'UE et l'Afrique du Sud ces trente dernières années alimente donc le débat en cours à ces deux niveaux : grâce à une étude de terrain recueillant les points de vue sud-africains et européens, cet article interroge d'une part la notion de partenariat stratégique, en théorie et en pratique, et d'autre part analyse en quoi les défis rencontrés en Afrique du Sud peuvent enrichir la réflexion sur l'avenir du partenariat avec les pays ACP dits « plus avancés ». En effet, nombre d'entre eux combinent des caractéristiques similaires à l'Afrique du Sud (croissance ralentie, inégalités, hégémonie économique régionale et fragilité politique nationale), affirment leur autonomie et ne seront intéressés par la collaboration européenne que si celle-ci se distingue des concurrentes, mais également des schémas obsolètes "donateur-récipiendaire", pour entamer une relation pragmatique plus subtile.

AbstractCollective memories are memories shared by a group that influence their social identity. The goal of this paper is to focus on two major limitations in current studies on collective memory and show how the hourglass metaphor can overcome those limitations. The first limitation concerns the partial nature of studies devoted to the analysis of collective memory. Studies tend to focus either on thechoiceof the past (how memory agents mobilise the past) or theweightof the past (how the past affects the individual or the group). The second limitation relates to the temporal dimension of research conducted so far. Most studies only assess memory over a single generation, yet it can have long-term effects. In this paper, we suggest considering memory work as an hourglass, with the collective and the individual at opposite ends and the sand of memories passing from one to the other, filtered through family values and representations. The hourglass metaphor thus provides a helpful tool to explain the formation of collective memories over time and the interactions between the macro, meso, and micro levels. We approach the study of collective memory from an interdisciplinary perspective, mainly involving psychology, political science, and history. We conclude by suggesting three challenges that future studies of memory will need to address: (1) the need to combine multiple approaches; (2) the need to consider the role of generations; and (3) the need to bridge discussion across disciplines.

Collective memories are memories shared by a group that influence their social identity. The goal of this paper is to focus on two major limitations in current studies on collective memory and show how the hourglass metaphor can overcome those limitations. The first limitation concerns the partial nature of studies devoted to the analysis of collective memory. Studies tend to focus either on the choice of the past (how memory agents mobilise the past) or the weight of the past (how the past affects the individual or the group). The second limitation relates to the temporal dimension of research conducted so far. Most studies only assess memory over a single generation, yet it can have long-term effects. In this paper, we suggest considering memory work as an hourglass, with the collective and the individual at opposite ends and the sand of memories passing from one to the other, filtered through family values and representations. The hourglass metaphor thus provides a helpful tool to explain the formation of collective memories over time and the interactions between the macro, meso and micro levels. We approach the study of collective memory from an interdisciplinary perspective, mainly involving psychology, political science, and history. We conclude by suggesting three challenges that future studies of memory will need to address: 1) the need to combine multiple approaches; 2) the need to consider the role of generations; and 3) the need to bridge discussion across disciplines.

Collective memories are memories shared by a group that influence their social identity. The goal of this paper is to focus on two major limitations in current studies on collective memory and show how the hourglass metaphor can overcome those limitations. The first limitation concerns the partial nature of studies devoted to the analysis of collective memory. Studies tend to focus either on the choice of the past (how memory agents mobilise the past) or the weight of the past (how the past affects the individual or the group). The second limitation relates to the temporal dimension of research conducted so far. Most studies only assess memory over a single generation, yet it can have long-term effects. In this paper, we suggest considering memory work as an hourglass, with the collective and the individual at opposite ends and the sand of memories passing from one to the other, filtered through family values and representations. The hourglass metaphor thus provides a helpful tool to explain the formation of collective memories over time and the interactions between the macro, meso and micro levels. We approach the study of collective memory from an interdisciplinary perspective, mainly involving psychology, political science, and history. We conclude by suggesting three challenges that future studies of memory will need to address: 1) the need to combine multiple approaches; 2) the need to consider the role of generations; and 3) the need to bridge discussion across disciplines.

Following the repercussions in Belgium of the Black Lives Matter movement in June 2020, the Council of Rectors (Cref) and the Vlaamse InterUniversité Raad (VLIR) (the two bodies bringing together the rectors of all Belgian universities) decided to set up an "Interuniversity Working Group Passé colonial". Following events in the following weeks, such as the regret expressed by King Philippe on 30 June and the setting up of the parliamentary committee on the colonial past in Congo, the working group was asked more specifically to reflect on the role that universities can play in this context: they can be both levers to promote recognition of our past, but also provide scientific explanations and finally work towards a broad and sustainable awareness raising. ; À la suite des répercussions en Belgique du mouvement « Black Lives Matter » en juin 2020, le Conseil des Recteurs (CRef) et le Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad (VLIR) (les deux organes réunissant les recteurs de toutes les universités belges) ont décidé de constituer un « Groupe de travail interuniversitaire Passé colonial ». Dans la foulée d'événements survenus au cours des semaines qui ont suivi, comme les regrets exprimés par le roi Philippe le 30 juin et la constitution de la commission parlementaire sur le passé colonial au Congo, il a été plus spécifiquement demandé au groupe de travail de réfléchir au rôle que peuvent jouer les universités dans ce contexte : elles peuvent à la fois être des leviers pour favoriser la reconnaissance de notre passé, mais aussi fournir des explications scientifiques en la matière et enfin œuvrer à un travail de sensibilisation vaste et durable.

"Ce livre retrace l'évolution du ministère belge des Affaires étrangères depuis la création du Comité diplomatique jusqu'à l'actuel Service public fédéral. Il décrit à travers l'histoire de Belgique le rapport existant entre les structures administratives et l'évolution socio-politique, interne et internationale. Le ministère et son outil diplomatique évoluent nécessairement au rythme des changements internationaux tout en s'adaptant aux transformations profondes de l'État et de la société belges. Aujourd'hui encore, le ministère se voit confronté à une réflexion en profondeur : quels sont ses atouts, sa plus-value et ses priorités face à la construction européenne, à la mondialisation et aux réformes institutionnelles de l'État?"--Back cover.