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Biopsy -- Classifications -- Borderline lesions -- In situ cancers -- The origins of screening -- The generalization of screening -- Heredity -- New surgical radicalism

International audience ; Ludwik Fleck is known mainly for his pioneering studies of science as a social activity. This text investigates a different aspect of Fleck's epistemological thought—his engagement with normative aspects of medicine and public health and their political underpinnings. In his sinuous professional trajectory, Fleck navigated between two distinct thought styles: fundamental microbiological research and practice-oriented investigations of infectious diseases. Fleck's awareness of tensions between these two approaches favored the genesis of his theoretical reflections. At the same time, his close observation of medical and epidemiological practices led him to the conclusion that collectively produced scientific facts are situated and fragile. Thought collectives, Fleck explained, can err or yield to external pressures, with potentially disastrous consequences. While Fleck the reflexive experimental scientist has been creatively translated into the science studies idiom, Fleck the reflexive practical microbiologist and public health expert still awaits inspired translation.

International audience ; Ludwik Fleck is known mainly for his pioneering studies of science as a social activity. This text investigates a different aspect of Fleck's epistemological thought—his engagement with normative aspects of medicine and public health and their political underpinnings. In his sinuous professional trajectory, Fleck navigated between two distinct thought styles: fundamental microbiological research and practice-oriented investigations of infectious diseases. Fleck's awareness of tensions between these two approaches favored the genesis of his theoretical reflections. At the same time, his close observation of medical and epidemiological practices led him to the conclusion that collectively produced scientific facts are situated and fragile. Thought collectives, Fleck explained, can err or yield to external pressures, with potentially disastrous consequences. While Fleck the reflexive experimental scientist has been creatively translated into the science studies idiom, Fleck the reflexive practical microbiologist and public health expert still awaits inspired translation.

International audience Ludwik Fleck is known mainly for his pioneering studies of science as a social activity. This text investigates a different aspect of Fleck's epistemological thought—his engagement with normative aspects of medicine and public health and their political underpinnings. In his sinuous professional trajectory, Fleck navigated between two distinct thought styles: fundamental microbiological research and practice-oriented investigations of infectious diseases. Fleck's awareness of tensions between these two approaches favored the genesis of his theoretical reflections. At the same time, his close observation of medical and epidemiological practices led him to the conclusion that collectively produced scientific facts are situated and fragile. Thought collectives, Fleck explained, can err or yield to external pressures, with potentially disastrous consequences. While Fleck the reflexive experimental scientist has been creatively translated into the science studies idiom, Fleck the reflexive practical microbiologist and public health expert still awaits inspired translation.

Ludwik Fleck is known mainly for his pioneering studies of science as a social activity. This text investigates a different aspect of Fleck's epistemological thought—his engagement with normative aspects of medicine and public health and their political underpinnings. In his sinuous professional trajectory, Fleck navigated between two distinct thought styles: fundamental microbiological research and practice-oriented investigations of infectious diseases. Fleck's awareness of tensions between these two approaches favored the genesis of his theoretical reflections. At the same time, his close observation of medical and epidemiological practices led him to the conclusion that collectively produced scientific facts are situated and fragile. Thought collectives, Fleck explained, can err or yield to external pressures, with potentially disastrous consequences. While Fleck the reflexive experimental scientist has been creatively translated into the science studies idiom, Fleck the reflexive practical microbiologist and public health expert still awaits inspired translation.

Ludwik Fleck's article, "On medical experiments on human beings" was published in 1948 in the main Polish medical journal; it was destined for general practitioners. Fleck was prisoner in the concentration camp Buchenwald, where he witnessed Nazi murderous "experiments" on the camp's imamates; he testified about these experiments in the Nuremberg Trial of Nazi doctors. This article, and Tadeusz Kielanowski's comment on Fleck text, stress, however, that an exclusive focus on the – hopefully rare – criminal activities of doctors may be misleading. It is important to prevent the numerous ethical transgressions of 'normal' medical science and routine clinical practice.

International audience ; Iconic accounts of the "bacteriological revolution" presented it as a radical change in the understanding of the natural world. Scientist had discoveredthat human being shared their environment with billions of invisible living beings which shape life phenomena, health and disease.They also learned to cultivate and manipulate these invisible creatures. The domestication of microorganisms in the laboratory disarmed them as enemies and occasionally transformed them into allies.This analysis of the development in French bacteriology displays a more nuanced and complex picture, with continuities as well as ruptures, and multiple levels of change. Between 1880 and 1900, the rise of "pasteurian science" did produce important changes in French society, but these changes were obtained through a variety of approaches: introduction of new experimental techniques, administrative and legalmethods, training of professionals, education of the general public, and a direct political intervention ; Les récits de la «révolution bactériologique» soulignent souvent le fait qu'il s'agit d'une véritable révolution, c'est à dire d'un changement dramatiquedans la perception de la nature et dans les possibilités d'agir sur elle. Les scientifiques ont découvert que les humains partageaient leur environnementimmédiat avec des milliards d'êtres invisibles, qui jouent un rôle-clé dans des multiples phénomènes vitaux, parmi eux la santé et la maladie. En même temps, ils ont réussi à apprivoiser ces ennemis invisibles à travers leur domestication dans le laboratoire. Ce texte propose une image plus nuancéde la révolution pasteurienne en France. Entre 1880 et 1900, les techniques de culture des microbes ont introduit des changements importants dans lascience et dans la société, mais ce résultat fut obtenu par des moyens très divers: la modification des pratiques matérielles, des méthodes administratives, l'éducation, mais aussi l'action politique directe.

International audience ; Iconic accounts of the "bacteriological revolution" presented it as a radical change in the understanding of the natural world. Scientist had discoveredthat human being shared their environment with billions of invisible living beings which shape life phenomena, health and disease.They also learned to cultivate and manipulate these invisible creatures. The domestication of microorganisms in the laboratory disarmed them as enemies and occasionally transformed them into allies.This analysis of the development in French bacteriology displays a more nuanced and complex picture, with continuities as well as ruptures, and multiple levels of change. Between 1880 and 1900, the rise of "pasteurian science" did produce important changes in French society, but these changes were obtained through a variety of approaches: introduction of new experimental techniques, administrative and legalmethods, training of professionals, education of the general public, and a direct political intervention ; Les récits de la «révolution bactériologique» soulignent souvent le fait qu'il s'agit d'une véritable révolution, c'est à dire d'un changement dramatiquedans la perception de la nature et dans les possibilités d'agir sur elle. Les scientifiques ont découvert que les humains partageaient leur environnementimmédiat avec des milliards d'êtres invisibles, qui jouent un rôle-clé dans des multiples phénomènes vitaux, parmi eux la santé et la maladie. En même temps, ils ont réussi à apprivoiser ces ennemis invisibles à travers leur domestication dans le laboratoire. Ce texte propose une image plus nuancéde la révolution pasteurienne en France. Entre 1880 et 1900, les techniques de culture des microbes ont introduit des changements importants dans lascience et dans la société, mais ce résultat fut obtenu par des moyens très divers: la modification des pratiques matérielles, des méthodes administratives, l'éducation, mais aussi l'action politique directe.

Résumé En France, l'assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP), est réservée aux couples composés d'une femme et d'un homme « en âge de procréer », une définition étrange, puisqu'il s'agit souvent d'individus, ne pouvant pas avoir d'enfants, et ce quel que soit leur âge. L'auteure étudie ici la détermination, nécessairement arbitraire, de « l'âge de procréer » des hommes et des femmes dans le cadre de l'accès à l'AMP, puis examine le traitement de l'infertilité lié à l'âge. Les attitudes envers l'utilisation des nouvelles techniques de la biomédecine pour repousser la limite de fertilité des hommes et des femmes varient d'un pays à l'autre. Cette variabilité reflète à la fois les règles qui ordonnent, dans un pays donné, l'organisation de l'assurance maladie et l'utilisation du corps, mais aussi les attitudes envers le vieillissement, notamment féminin.