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La société mauritanienne reste organisée en castes, l'art musical appartenant à celle des iggawin. Une caste de dominés qui a toujours joui du suprême pouvoir de la parole et de la mémoire. Les iggawin ont aussi élaboré une nomenclature très précise des façons de jouer.

A questionnaire was directed to the chief administrators of 140 day and residential schools for the deaf across the United States to ascertain their awareness of and compliance with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and to measure the financial impact of the Act upon such schools. The questionnaire dealt with the general provisions of the regulations adopted pursuant to Section 504 and explored the employment practices and program accessibility of the schools surveyed. Responses from the 82 schools reporting indicated near universal awareness of Section 504, a reasonable degree of compliance with its requirements, and the financial impact that is not yet unduly burdensome.

A questionnaire survey was conducted to determine the impact that P.L. 94-142 has had on residential schools for the deaf. Of the 66 residential schools contacted, 86 percent responded to questions concerning enrollment, curriculum, planning and parent input. Results indicated that the varying state interpretations of Least Restrictive Environment continue to be a major determining factor in the role played by the residential school. Results of the current survey were compared with a similar survey conducted in 1977.

AbstractIn this study, TiO2 nanoparticle (TiO2NP)-coated film was produced to protect manuscripts against microorganisms using ecofriendly benign materials. As a result, a simple method was created that uses poultice biofilm made of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Phytagel plant cell (PGP) loaded with TiO2NPs to preserve manuscripts against microbes in an environmentally responsible way. Three volumes (1, 2, 4 mL) of TiO2NPs were put into a biofilm combination to produce the poultices known as CMC/PGP/TiO2-1, CMC/PGP/TiO2-2, and CMC/PGP/TiO2-3. The synthesized TiO2NPs were nearly spherical in shape, small in size (98 nm), and stable (zeta potential value − 33 mV). The results showed that the unique deposition of TiO2NPs on the biofilm surface gave the produced films loaded with TiO2NPs a rough structure. The highest values of mechanical characteristics were determined to be in CMC/PGP/TiO2-1 with values of 25.4 g, 6.6 MPa, and 11.4%, for tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength, respectively. Based on molecular identification, the fungus Aspergillus sydowii and the bacterium Nevskia terrae, with accession numbers MG991624 and AB806800, respectively, were isolated and identified from an antiquated manuscript formed from cellulosic fibers. Before the experiments, the produced cotton paper samples were aged, and then, one group was infected for 6 months by A. sydowii and the second group with N. terrae. Following the preparation of a CMC/PGP biofilm loaded with various volumes of TiO2NPs, poultices were applied to infected cotton paper in order to clean it. The infected cotton paper was placed inside the sandwich-like poultices that were created. The poultice CMC/PGP/TiO2-2 demonstrated potential for preventing the growth of A. sydowii and N. terrae-infected cotton paper, when the fibers were saved, cleaned, and coated with CMC/PGP/TiO2-2 after absorbing the fungus and the bacterium and exhibiting exceptional antimicrobial activities. Finally, the novel biofilms have demonstrated their capacity to lessen microbial contamination of cotton paper. In order to generalize the usage of these poultices, it is also advised that they be produced on a large scale and tested on a variety of organic materials in the future.
Graphical Abstract

The Center for Defense Management Reform prepared this report in response to several areas of inquiry raised by the Business Transformation Agency (BTA) including the process of presidental transitions, the government business reform trajectory, and DoD and presidential candidate perspectives on business transformation/BTA. We drew from academic publications, public documents, published candidate perspectives, and interviews with 30 key DoD personnel in our research. The benefits of this study include a solid review of presidential transitions, a view of the projected areas of future reform, insights into the positions of the candidates, and perspectives on business transformation and BTA from those most likely to be targeted by the transition team of the next administration. The limitations of the study are that the reform focus and candidate perspectives will change and evolve, and the findings cannot be generalized to all of DoD. The report covers three main sections: the presidential transition process, the reform trajectory, and DoD/candidates' perspectives on business transformation. The report concludes with a summary of recommendations.

The preference for media that confirms prior attitudes and beliefs is problematic in democratic societies based on dialogue and joint deliberation. Over the last decades, partisan selective exposure (PSE) is argued to have increased along with other indices of polarization. We address the question of the increase in PSE, and possible differences by party, ideology and ideological extremity. Using data from the Pew Research Survey, we analyzed self-reported media consumption in 8 nationally representative surveys from the period 2000–2012 (n = 23,381). We relied on previous research on ideological classification of media outlets to conduct confirmatory factor analyses establishing the existence of two different variables, conservative and liberal media consumption. We predicted latent variables of media consumption using Item Response Theory models and analyzed the trajectories running latent growth curve models. An unconditional growth model revealeda general and sustained increase in PSE across ideological groups over time. Republicans showed a greater increase over time than did Democrats, after controlling for demographics. Introducing ideological extremity in the model revealed no differences in the trajectories of PSE between liberals and extreme liberals, whereas subjects identified as "very conservative" show a much steeper increase in PSE than any other group, whereas conservatives showed the lowest growth over time. We discuss theoretical implications for ongoing debates about political polarization and ideological asymmetry.

International audience ; This paper presents energy opportunities, particular areas of high potential and reflections on energy challenges in Egypt by the year 2040. Energy foresight significantly contributes in the effective review and formulation of national energy policies and strategies. In this work, 350 experts participated in real-time Delphi survey and responded to a set of structured and cross-linked questionnaires that aim to assess and provide future dimension to the energy sector in Egypt. Priorities are presented across 14 energy cluster-areas with 180 identified topics. The two-round Delphi study with an iterative process was performed to determine and measure the expectations of the different stakeholders with specific emphasis on the prospects of renewable energy and energy efficiency. The designed cross-linkages between survey components allowed the systematic pooling and convergence of knowledge in addition to the technical insights and different perspectives. About 50% of Egypt's energy demand was foresighted to be met by renewable energies around 2030. The results showed that all types of energy would not only provide economic and environmental benefits but also improve living standards. This work demonstrates that involving large diversity of expertise and different stakeholders, comprising heterogeneous groups, in foresight studies would potentiate the forecasting power, reduce the polarization effect, and enhance the reliability of the foresight exercise.

AbstractWith the growing need for high-purity rare-earth elements (REEs), the separation of these REEs has received much attention recently. The objective of this research is to produce chitosan from shrimp waste, then modify it with different functionality, and investigate the adsorption properties of chitosan adsorbents towards La(III) ions. First, from shrimp waste, chitosan (ch) with a significant degree of deacetylation, purity, and solubility was produced. The purified chitosan was cross-linked with epichlorohydrin (ep), and then, it was modified with 3,6,9,12-tetraazatetradecane-1,14-diamine (HA) to produce polyaminated chitosan (HA@ep@Ch). The polycarboxylated/imine chitosan (CM@HA@ep@Ch) was obtained by treating polyaminated chitosan with chloroacetic acid in isopropyl alcohol. The chitosan adsorbents were characterized and applied for lanthanum recovery from synthetic and monazite leach liquor samples. The factors controlling the recovery process were studied and discussed. The performance of the adsorbents was achieved through equilibrium, dynamic, and isothermal studies. HA@ep@Ch and CM@HA@ep@Ch showed good performance for lanthanum recovery with a maximum capacity of 114.52 and 141.76 mg/g at 330 K, respectively. The isotherm parameters refer to the monolayer of lanthanum adsorbed into the adsorbents through chelation and ion exchange mechanisms. A 0.5-M HCl solution was found effective to elute 95.8% of the adsorbed lanthanum on HA@ep@Ch, and 93.4% of the adsorbed lanthanum on CM@HA@ep@Ch. The adsorbents showed greater selectivity in extracting La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Sm (62–75%) from REE leach liquid compared to extracting other REEs (20–41%).

Abstract
Background The rise of social media has allowed for individuals and patients to connect with each other and influence patient behavior. This study aimed to improve our understanding of the patients' experience with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) via social media.
Methods Instagram and Twitter were searched using terms of ("cavernoma," "cavernous malformations," "cavernous angioma," or "cav mal"). Public Instagram posts tagged with "#cavernoma" and "@cavernoma" identified 327 posts that directly included a patient's own experience. Twitter posts that included "#cavernoma" and "@cavernoma" were searched, yielding 75 after eliminating those that did not pertain to the patient's own experience. The posts and tweets were coded for relevant themes related to their experience with the disease.
Results Overall, more patients are using Instagram (n  =  327) over Twitter (n  =  84) to share their personal experience with CCM with a trend for male patients to use Twitter more compared to females with a female predominance in Instagram. A total of 277 of 327 (84.7%) Instagram posts and 67 of 84 (89.3%) Twitter posts were made after the patient's surgery. The most common theme on Instagram was focused on the postoperative rehabilitation process and mobility support (52.0 and 24.5%, respectively). Other common themes present on Twitter and Instagram were recounting symptoms and complications and life satisfaction (26.0 and 24.2%, respectively). Cavernoma patients prior to surgery were more likely to discuss on Instagram their symptoms (p  =  0.001), fear of bleeding (p  <  0.001), and mental health (p  =  0.014). Postoperatively, cavernoma patients were more likely to discuss disability than they were preoperatively (p  =  0.001).
Conclusion Social media platforms offer a communication tool for patients with CCM patients to share their experience with other patients and the general public and portrays their personal experience with CCM. These platforms allow for physicians to better understand the patient experience following cavernoma surgery.