La poussée de tuberculose considérable qu'a connue le monde occidental au cours des trois cents dernières années est liée à des facteurs immunologiques, culturels et sociaux. Notre enquête, qui repose sur des données suédoises et finlandaises, tant synchroniques que diachroniques (1750-1980), met en évidence la façon dont ces différents facteurs ont concouru pour aboutir à une poussée épidémique. La tuberculose est une maladie de caractère fortement endémique dont l'occurrence s'est accrue à la fin du XVIIIe et au début du XIXe siècles pour atteindre alors la dimension d'une véritable épidémie. Or le niveau général de mortalité décroît pendant cette même période. La tuberculose, elle, décroît également après 1870. La tuberculose a une extrême affinité pour les mauvais états nutritionnels, alors que la baisse générale de mortalité constatée pour cette même période s'explique par la décroissance de maladies qui ne sont que relativement liées à l'état nutritionnel ; le déclin de la mortalité qui se poursuit après 1870 est, lui, parallèle à celui de maladies infectieuses influencées par l'état nutritionnel. Notons toutefois que le facteur décisif en ce qui concerne la tuberculose est l'exposition à la contamination, non l'état nutritionnel. L'urbanisation et le travail dans l'industrie ont suscité l'apparition des conditions les plus propres à assurer la transmission de la maladie. Le surpeuplement des logements et lieux de travail, le surmenage et la tension due aux importantes mutations sociales de l'époque expliquent l'incidence élevée de la maladie en milieu urbain. Mais le déclin de la maladie, lorsqu'il commence à se faire jour, ne peut s'expliquer que par l'augmentation du nombre des personnes ayant acquis une résistance à la maladie et par la réduction du nombre de celles qui y étaient prédisposées (car elles mouraient de la maladie) — autrement dit par un processus immunitaire. Quant à la médecine, son rôle a été décisif après la première guerre mondiale. En définitive, les processus immunitaires affectent la tendance à long terme de la mortalité due à la tuberculose, alors que la qualité de la vie affecte ses fluctuations sur le court terme.
The Democratic Peace thesis suggests that the absence of war between major powers since 1945 is caused by the spread of democracy. The Capitalist Peace thesis emphasizes trade and the rise of knowledge economies as the forces driving peace. Complementing these interpretations, we present empirical evidence of a cultural change that is making peace more desirable to the publics of most societies around the world. Analyzing public opinion data covering 90% of the world's population over three decades, we demonstrate that improving existential conditions elevate the life opportunities of growing population segments and lead them to become increasingly tolerant of diversity and place growing emphasis on self-realization. In recognition of life's rising opportunities, people's valuation of life changes profoundly: readiness to sacrifice one's life gives way to an increasing insistence on living it, and living it the way one chooses. Hence, pro-choice values rise at the same time as willingness to sacrifice lives in war dwindles. Historical learning based on the specific experiences of given societies has also changed their publics' willingness to fight in wars. This transformation of worldviews places interstate peace on an increasingly solid mass basis.
Moralische, religiöse, gesellschaftliche, politische, ökonomische und soziale Wertvorstellungen der Europäer.
Themen:
Freizeit: Wichtigkeit der Lebensbereiche; Glücksgefühl; Mitgliedschaften und ehrenamtliche Tätigkeiten in Vereinen, Parteien, Organisationen, Bürgerinitiativen und Berufsorganisationen; Verkehrskreise in der Freizeit; Toleranz gegenüber Minderheiten, Andersgläubige und Ausländer; zwischenmenschliches Vertrauen; Selbstwirksamkeit (Skalometer); allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit (Skalometer).
Arbeitswelt: Wichtigkeit ausgewählter Merkmale beruflicher Arbeit (Skala); eigene Erwerbstätigkeit; allgemeine Arbeitszufriedenheit (Skalometer); Selbstbestimmung in der Arbeit (Skalometer); Arbeitsethos (Skala); Einstellung zu einer leistungsorientierten Bezahlung und zum kritiklosen Befolgen von Arbeitsanweisungen; Priorität von Inländern gegenüber Ausländern sowie Männern gegenüber Frauen bei Arbeitsplatzknappheit; vermuteter Vorrang individueller oder gesellschaftlicher Ursachen für die wirtschaftliche Notlage Einzelner; Entscheidungsfreiheit von Arbeitslosen zur Ablehnung eines Arbeitsangebots (Skalometer).
Politik: Parteipräferenz; Einstellung zu ausländischen Arbeitnehmern im eigenen Land; Zukunftsangst; Assimilation und Integration von Immigranten; Vorstellung von einer gerechten Gesellschaft (mehr Wohlfahrtsstaat oder Liberalismus, Skala); Interesse an politischen Nachrichten in den Medien; Individualismus und Gemeinschaftsdenken; Politikinteresse; politische Partizipation; Selbsteinschätzung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum (Skalometer); Selbstverantwortlichkeit oder staatliche Vorsorge (Skalometer); Einstellung zur Wettbewerbsfreiheit und Unternehmerfreiheit (Skalometer); Demokratiezufriedenheit; Einstellung zum derzeitigen politischen System des Landes und Beurteilung des politischen Systems des Landes vor zehn Jahren (Skalometer); Präferenz für ein demokratisches politisches System oder für eine starke Führerschaft eines einzelnen Politikers (Skala); Einstellung zur Demokratie (Skala); Verlust nationaler Charakteristika durch die Vereinigung Europas.
Religion: individueller oder genereller Maßstab für Gut und Böse; derzeitige und gegebenenfalls frühere Konfession; derzeitige Kirchgangshäufigkeit und im Alter von 12 Jahren; Wichtigkeit religiöser Feiern bei Geburt, Hochzeit und Beerdigung; Selbsteinschätzung der Religiosität; Kompetenz der Religionsgemeinschaft in moralischen Fragen, bei Problemen im Familienleben, bei geistigen Bedürfnissen und aktuellen sozialen Problemen des Landes; Glaube an Gott, an ein Leben nach dem Tod, an die Hölle, den Himmel, die Sünde, an Telepathie und an Wiedergeburt; Gottgläubigkeit oder Nihilismus (Skala); Wichtigkeit von Gott im eigenen Leben (Skalometer); Trost und Kraft durch den Glauben; Beten und Meditation; Gebetshäufigkeit; Besitz und Glauben an Glücksbringer oder Talisman (Skalometer); Lesen und Berücksichtigen von Horoskopen; Einstellung zur Trennung von Kirche (Religion) und Staat (Skala).
Familie und Ehe: wichtigste Kriterien für eine erfolgreiche Ehe (Skala); Einstellung zur Ehe und zur traditionellen Familienstruktur (Skala); Einstellung zu eigenen Kindern (Skala); Einstellung zum traditionellen Rollenverständnis von Mann und Frau in Beruf und Familie (Skala); Einstellung zu einer traditionellen oder liberalen Eltern-Kind-Beziehung; Wichtigkeit von Erziehungszielen; Einstellung zur Abtreibung.
Gesellschaft: Präferenz für individuelle Freiheit oder soziale Gleichheit; Postmaterialismus (Skala); präferierte gesellschaftliche Entwicklung (Skala); Einstellung zum technischen Fortschritt; Vertrauen in Institutionen; Beachtung der individuellen Menschenrechte im Lande; Einstellung zum Umweltschutz (Skala); Nähe zur Familie, zur Nachbarschaft, den Menschen in der Region, zu den Landsleuten, den Europäern und der Menschheit; Nähe zu älteren Menschen, zu Arbeitslosen, Ausländern und Behinderten sowie Bereitschaft sich für diese Gruppen einzusetzen; persönliche Gründe für Hilfeleistungen bei älteren Menschen sowie bei Ausländern; Identifikation mit dem Ort, der Region, der Nation, Europa und der Welt; Nationalstolz.
Moral und Sexualität: moralische Einstellungen (Steuerhinterziehung, Diebstahl, Drogengebrauch, Lügen, Schmiergelder, Korruption, Euthanasie, Selbstmord, Umweltverschmutzung, Alkohol am Steuer; Skala); moralische Einstellungen zu Partnerschaft und Sexualität (Homosexualität, Abtreibung, Scheidung, Promiskuität; Skala); vermutete Verbreitung unmoralischer Verhaltensweisen in der Bevölkerung des Landes (Skala); Einstellung zu einer Bestrafung in Abhängigkeit von der Situation des Täters bzw. des Geschädigten (Skala).
Demographie: Geschlecht; Geburtsjahr; Familienstand und Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Kinderzahl; Schulbildung; Alter bei Beendigung der Schulausbildung; Berufstätigkeit; Vorgesetztenfunktion und Kontrollspanne; Betriebsgröße; Beruf (ISCO88) und berufliche Stellung; Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit; Haushaltsgröße; Alter der Kinder im Haushalt; Haushaltsvorstand; Charakteristika des Haushaltsvorstands; Haushaltseinkommen.
Der Fragebogen enthält weitere länderspezifische Fragen.
Zusätzlich kodiert: Ortsgröße; Region; Dauer des Interviews.
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project's goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed. ; The target population is defined as: individuals aged 18 (16/17 is acceptable in the countries with such voting age) or older (with no upper age limit), regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language, that have been residing in the [country/ territory] within private households for the past 6 months prior to the date of beginning of fieldwork (or in the date of the first visit to the household, in case of random-route selection). ; The sampling procedures differ from country to country; probability sample: Multistage Sample, Probability Sample, Simple Random SampleRepresentative single stage or multi-stage sampling of the adult population of the country 18 (16) years old and older was used for the WVS 2017-2021. Sample size was set as effective sample size: 1200 for countries with population over 2 million, 1000 for countries with population less than 2 million. Countries with great population size and diversity (e.g. India, China, USA, Russia, Brazil etc.) are requirred to reach an effective sample of N=1500 or larger. Only 2 countries (Argentina, Chile) deviated from the guidelines and planned with an effective sample size below the set threshold. Sample design and other relevant information about sampling were reviewed by the WVS Scientific Advisory Committee and approved prior to contracting of fieldwork agency or starting of data collection. The sampling was documented using the Survey Design Form delivered by the national teams which included the description of the sampling frame and each sampling stage as well as the calculation of the planned gross and net sample size to achieve the required effective sample. Additionally, it included the analytical description of the inclusion probabilities of the sampling design that are used to calculate design weights. ; Interview ; Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: PaperIn all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the WVS scientific advisory committee and WVSA secretariat. The main data collection mode in WVS 2017-2021 is face to face (interviewer-administered). Several countries employed mixed-mode approach to data collection: USA (CAWI; CATI); Australia and Japan (CAWI; postal survey); Hong Kong SAR (PAPI; CAWI); Malaysia (CAWI; PAPI). The WVS Master Questionnaire was provided in English and each national survey team had to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 15% or more of the population in the country. A central team monitored the translation process.
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project's goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed. ; The target population is defined as: individuals aged 18 (16/17 is acceptable in the countries with such voting age) or older (with no upper age limit), regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language, that have been residing in the [country] within private households for the past 6 months prior to the date of beginning of fieldwork (or in the date of the first visit to the household, in case of random-route selection). ; The sampling procedures differ from country to country; probability Sample: Multistage Sample Probability Sample, Simple Random SampleRepresentative single stage or multi-stage sampling of the adult population of the country 18 (16) years old and older was used for the WVS 1981-2022.In 1981-2012, the required sample size for each coutnry was N=1000 or above. In 2017-2022, the sample size was set as effective sample size: 1200 for countries with population over 2 million, 1000 for countries with population less than 2 million. As an exception, few surveys with smaller sample sizes have been accepted into the WVS 1981-2020 through the WVSA's history.Sample design and other relevant information about sampling are reviewed by the WVS Scientific Advisory Committee and approved prior to contracting of fieldwork agency or starting of data collection. The sampling is documented using the Survey Design Form delivered by the national teams which included the description of the sampling frame and each sampling stage as well as the calculation of the planned gross and net sample size to achieve the required effective sample. Additionally, it included the analytical description of the inclusion probabilities of the sampling design that are used to calculate design weights. ; Interview ; Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: PaperIn all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the WVS Scientific Committee and WVSA secretariat.The main data collection mode in 1981-2012 was face to face (interviewer-administered) interview with the printed questionnaire. Postal surveys (respondent-administered) have been used in Canada, New Zealanda, Japan, Australia. CAPI and online data collection modes have been introduced first in WVS-6 in 2012-2014.The main data collection mode in WVS 2017-2022 is face to face (interviewer-administered). Several countries employed mixed-mode approach to data collection: USA (CAWI; CATI); Australia and Japan (CAWI; postal survey); Hong Kong SAR (PAPI; CAWI); Malaysia (CAWI; PAPI).The WVS Master Questionnaire is always provided in English and each national survey team has to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 15% or more of the population in the country. A central team monitors the translation process.
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project's goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed. ; The target population is defined as: individuals aged 18 (16/17 is acceptable in the countries with such voting age) or older (with no upper age limit), regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language, that have been residing in the [country] within private households for the past 6 months prior to the date of beginning of fieldwork (or in the date of the first visit to the household, in case of random-route selection). ; The sampling procedures differ from country to country; probability Sample: Multistage Sample Probability Sample, Simple Random SampleRepresentative single stage or multi-stage sampling of the adult population of the country 18 (16) years old and older was used for the WVS 2017-2020. Sample size was set as effective sample size: 1200 for countries with population over 2 million, 1000 for countries with population less than 2 million. Countries with great population size and diversity (e.g. India, China, USA, Russia, Brazil etc.) are requirred to reach an effective sample of N=1500 or larger. Only 2 countries (Argentina, Chile) deviated from the guidelines and planned with an effective sample size below the set threshold. Sample design and other relevant information about sampling were reviewed by the WVS Scientific Advisory Committee and approved prior to contracting of fieldwork agency or starting of data collection. The sampling was documented using the Survey Design Form delivered by the national teams which included the description of the sampling frame and each sampling stage as well as the calculation of the planned gross and net sample size to achieve the required effective sample. Additionally, it included the analytical description of the inclusion probabilities of the sampling design that are used to calculate design weights. ; Interview ; Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: PaperIn all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the WVS scientific advisory committee and WVSA secretariat. The main data collection mode in WVS 2017-2021 is face to face (interviewer-administered). Several countries employed mixed-mode approach to data collection: USA (CAWI; CATI); Australia and Japan (CAWI; postal survey); Hong Kong SAR (PAPI; CAWI); Malaysia (CAWI; PAPI). The WVS Master Questionnaire was provided in English and each national survey team had to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 15% or more of the population in the country. A central team monitored the translation process.
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project's goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed. ; The following changes were included in the Version 1.6.2: Romania 2018: updated variables on education Q275-Q278; Q275R-Q278R; Q275A-Q278A. Turkey 2018:updated variables on education Q275-Q278;Q275R-Q278R; Q275A-Q278A. Cyprus 2018: updated variables N_Region_WVS–Region country-specific; SINTLANGUAGE –Language of interview. Lebanon2018: updated variable N_Region_ISO 3166-2 ; The target population is defined as: individuals aged 18 (16/17 is acceptable in the countries with such voting age) or older (with no upper age limit), regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language, that have been residing in the [country/territory] within private households for the past 6 months prior to the date of beginning of fieldwork (or in the date of the first visit to the household, in case of random-route selection). ; The sampling procedures differ from country to country; probability sample: Multistage Sample, Probability Sample, Simple Random SampleRepresentative single stage or multi-stage sampling of the adult population of the country 18 (16) years old and older is used for the WVS 2017-2021. Sample size was set as effective sample size: 1200 for countries with population over 2 million, 1000 for countries with population less than 2 million. Countries with great population size and diversity (e.g. India, China, USA, Russia, Brazil etc.) are requirred to reach an effective sample of N=1500 or larger. Only 2 countries (Argentina, Chile) deviated from the guidelines and planned with an effective sample size below the set threshold. Sample design and other relevant information about sampling were reviewed by the WVS Scientific Advisory Committee and approved prior to contracting of fieldwork agency or starting of data collection. The sampling was documented using the Survey Design Form delivered by the national teams which included the description of the sampling frame and each sampling stage as well as the calculation of the planned gross and net sample size to achieve the required effective sample. Additionally, it included the analytical description of the inclusion probabilities of the sampling design that are used to calculate design weights. ; Interview ; Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: PaperIn all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the WVS scientific advisory committee and WVSA secretariat. The main data collection mode in WVS 2017-2021 is face to face (interviewer-administered). Several countries employed mixed-mode approach to data collection: USA (CAWI; CATI); Australia and Japan (CAWI; postal survey); Hong Kong SAR (PAPI; CAWI); Malaysia (CAWI; PAPI). The WVS Master Questionnaire was provided in English and each national survey team had to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 15% or more of the population in the country. A central team monitored the translation process.
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project's goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed. ; The target population is defined as: individuals aged 18 (16/17 is acceptable in the countries with such voting age) or older (with no upper age limit), regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language, that have been residing in the [country/ territory] within private households for the past 6 months prior to the date of beginning of fieldwork (or in the date of the first visit to the household, in case of random-route selection). ; The sampling procedures differ from country to country; probability sample: Multistage Sample, Probability Sample, Simple Random SampleRepresentative single stage or multi-stage sampling of the adult population of the country 18 (16) years old and older was used for the WVS 2017-2021. Sample size was set as effective sample size: 1200 for countries with population over 2 million, 1000 for countries with population less than 2 million. Countries with great population size and diversity (e.g. India, China, USA, Russia, Brazil etc.) are requirred to reach an effective sample of N=1500 or larger. Only 2 countries (Argentina, Chile) deviated from the guidelines and planned with an effective sample size below the set threshold. Sample design and other relevant information about sampling were reviewed by the WVS Scientific Advisory Committee and approved prior to contracting of fieldwork agency or starting of data collection. The sampling was documented using the Survey Design Form delivered by the national teams which included the description of the sampling frame and each sampling stage as well as the calculation of the planned gross and net sample size to achieve the required effective sample. Additionally, it included the analytical description of the inclusion probabilities of the sampling design that are used to calculate design weights. ; Interview ; Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: PaperIn all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the WVS scientific advisory committee and WVSA secretariat. The main data collection mode in WVS 2017-2021 is face to face (interviewer-administered). Several countries employed mixed-mode approach to data collection: USA (CAWI; CATI); Australia and Japan (CAWI; postal survey); Hong Kong SAR (PAPI; CAWI); Malaysia (CAWI; PAPI). The WVS Master Questionnaire was provided in English and each national survey team had to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 15% or more of the population in the country. A central team monitored the translation process.
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project's goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed. ; The target population is defined as: individuals aged 18 (16/17 is acceptable in the countries with such voting age) or older (with no upper age limit), regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language, that have been residing in the [country] within private households for the past 6 months prior to the date of beginning of fieldwork (or in the date of the first visit to the household, in case of random-route selection). ; The sampling procedures differ from country to country; probability Sample: Multistage Sample Probability Sample, Simple Random SampleRepresentative single stage or multi-stage sampling of the adult population of the country 18 (16) years old and older was used for the WVS 1981-2020.In 1981-2012, the required sample size for each coutnry was N=1000 or above. In 2017-2021, the sample size was set as effective sample size: 1200 for countries with population over 2 million, 1000 for countries with population less than 2 million. As an exception, few surveys with smaller sample sizes have been accepted into the WVS 1981-2020 through the WVSA's history.Sample design and other relevant information about sampling are reviewed by the WVS Scientific Advisory Committee and approved prior to contracting of fieldwork agency or starting of data collection. The sampling is documented using the Survey Design Form delivered by the national teams which included the description of the sampling frame and each sampling stage as well as the calculation of the planned gross and net sample size to achieve the required effective sample. Additionally, it included the analytical description of the inclusion probabilities of the sampling design that are used to calculate design weights. ; Interview ; Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: PaperIn all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the WVS Scientific Committee and WVSA secretariat.The main data collection mode in 1981-2012 was face to face (interviewer-administered) interview with the printed questionnaire. Postal surveys (respondent-administered) have been used in Canada, New Zealanda, Japan, Australia. CAPI and online data collection modes have been introduced first in WVS-6 in 2012-2014.The main data collection mode in WVS 2017-2021 is face to face (interviewer-administered). Several countries employed mixed-mode approach to data collection: USA (CAWI; CATI); Australia and Japan (CAWI; postal survey); Hong Kong SAR (PAPI; CAWI); Malaysia (CAWI; PAPI).The WVS Master Questionnaire is always provided in English and each national survey team has to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 15% or more of the population in the country. A central team monitors the translation process.
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project's goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed. ; The target population is defined as: individuals aged 18 (16/17 is acceptable in the countries with such voting age) or older (with no upper age limit), regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language, that have been residing in the [country] within private households for the past 6 months prior to the date of beginning of fieldwork (or in the date of the first visit to the household, in case of random-route selection). ; The sampling procedures differ from country to country; probability Sample: Multistage Sample Probability Sample, Simple Random SampleRepresentative single stage or multi-stage sampling of the adult population of the country 18 (16) years old and older was used for the WVS 2017-2020. Sample size was set as effective sample size: 1200 for countries with population over 2 million, 1000 for countries with population less than 2 million. Countries with great population size and diversity (e.g. India, China, USA, Russia, Brazil etc.) are requirred to reach an effective sample of N=1500 or larger. Only 2 countries (Argentina, Chile) deviated from the guidelines and planned with an effective sample size below the set threshold. Sample design and other relevant information about sampling were reviewed by the WVS Scientific Advisory Committee and approved prior to contracting of fieldwork agency or starting of data collection. The sampling was documented using the Survey Design Form delivered by the national teams which included the description of the sampling frame and each sampling stage as well as the calculation of the planned gross and net sample size to achieve the required effective sample. Additionally, it included the analytical description of the inclusion probabilities of the sampling design that are used to calculate design weights. ; Interview ; Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: PaperIn all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the WVS scientific advisory committee and WVSA secretariat. The main data collection mode in WVS 2017-2021 is face to face (interviewer-administered). Several countries employed mixed-mode approach to data collection: USA (CAWI; CATI); Australia and Japan (CAWI; postal survey); Hong Kong SAR (PAPI; CAWI); Malaysia (CAWI; PAPI). The WVS Master Questionnaire was provided in English and each national survey team had to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 15% or more of the population in the country. A central team monitored the translation process.
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project's goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed. ; The target population is defined as: individuals aged 18 (16/17 is acceptable in the countries with such voting age) or older (with no upper age limit), regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language, that have been residing in the [country] within private households for the past 6 months prior to the date of beginning of fieldwork (or in the date of the first visit to the household, in case of random-route selection). ; The sampling procedures differ from country to country; probability Sample: Multistage Sample Probability Sample, Simple Random Sample. Representative single stage or multi-stage sampling of the adult population of the country 18 (16) years old and older was used for the WVS 1981-1984. Sample size was set as effective sample size of 1000 respondents or more. Countries with great population size and diversity are requirred to reach an effective sample of N=1200 or larger. ; Study on values realized in the countries of Europe by EVS research network in the 1981-2008 period is not included into the current data-set and is available for both downloading and online-analysis at http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu. ; Face-to-face interview ; Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview)
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project's goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed. ; The target population is defined as: individuals aged 18 (16/17 is acceptable in the countries with such voting age) or older (with no upper age limit), regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language, that have been residing in the [country] within private households for the past 6 months prior to the date of beginning of fieldwork (or in the date of the first visit to the household, in case of random-route selection). ; The sampling procedures differ from country to country; probability Sample: Multistage Sample Probability Sample, Simple Random Sample. Representative single stage or multi-stage sampling of the adult population of the country 18 (16) years old and older was used for the WVS 1999-2004. Sample size was set as effective sample size of 1000 respondents or more. Countries with great population size and diversity are requirred to reach an effective sample of N=1200 or larger. ; Study on values realized in the countries of Europe by EVS research network in the 1981-2008 period is not included into the current data-set and is avaliable for both downloading and online-analysis at: http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu. ; Face-to-face interview ; Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview)
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program devoted to the scientific and academic study of social, political, economic, religious and cultural values of people in the world. The project's goal is to assess which impact values stability or change over time has on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. The project grew out of the European Values Study and was started in 1981 by its Founder and first President (1981-2013) Professor Ronald Inglehart from the University of Michigan (USA) and his team, and since then has been operating in more than 120 world societies. The main research instrument of the project is a representative comparative social survey which is conducted globally every 5 years. Extensive geographical and thematic scope, free availability of survey data and project findings for broad public turned the WVS into one of the most authoritative and widely-used cross-national surveys in the social sciences. At the moment, WVS is the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed. ; The target population is defined as: individuals aged 18 (16/17 is acceptable in the countries with such voting age) or older (with no upper age limit), regardless of their nationality, citizenship or language, that have been residing in the [country] within private households for the past 6 months prior to the date of beginning of fieldwork (or in the date of the first visit to the household, in case of random-route selection). ; The sampling procedures differ from country to country; probability Sample: Multistage Sample Probability Sample, Simple Random Sample. Representative single stage or multi-stage sampling of the adult population of the country 18 (16) years old and older was used for the WVS 1990-1994. Sample size was set as effective sample size of 1000 respondents or more. Countries with great population size and diversity are requirred to reach an effective sample of N=1200 or larger. ; Study on values realized in the countries of Europe by EVS research network in the 1981-2008 period is not included into the current data-set and is avaliable for both downloading and online-analysis at: http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu. ; Face-to-face interview ; Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview)
