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Abstract Secondhand smoke is responsible for the early deaths of up to 65,000 Americans each year and is the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States, surpassed only by smoking and alcohol consumption. The World Health Organization and the United States Environmental Protection Agency classify secondhand smoke as a known human carcinogen, for which there is no known safe level of exposure. In addition, abundant scientific data links secondhand smoke to numerous negative health outcomes, including immediate adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects. States, municipalities and other political subdivisions have responded to the health hazards of secondhand smoke by prohibiting smoking in indoor areas. The number of smoke-free communities has grown dramatically in recent years. This law synopsis reviews the most common legal challenges to smoke-free ordinances. The vast majority of these challenges fail. When plaintiffs succeed in striking down a smoke-free ordinance, the reason is usually preemption or a procedural error during passage of the ordinance. This synopsis outlines state and local governmental authority for regulating smoking and addresses the legal doctrine of preemption, which raises concerns in some, but not all states. The author outlines several constitutional legal challenges to smoke-free ordinances that are often threatened, examines the legal authority of local regulatory bodies for passing smoke-free ordinances and uses the example of private clubs to illustrate the need for care when drafting smoke-free ordinances.

There are some things companies do because they must. There are some things they do because their sense of equity demands it. That is why more and more companies are paying ...

NT: La Tirannide Dell'Interesse, E La Corte . - Enth.: La Corte / Francesco Sbarra ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- L.eleg.m. 144#Beibd.3/4

NT: La Tirannide Dell'Interesse, E La Corte . - Enth.: La Corte / Francesco Sbarra ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- P.o.it. 228#Beibd.4

NT: La Tirannide Dell'Interesse, E La Corte . - Enth.: La Corte / Francesco Sbarra ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- P.o.it. 211-1#Beibd.3

AbstractThe importance of studying specific and expressed emotions after a stressful life event is well known, yet few studies have moved beyond assessing self‐reported emotional responses to a romantic breakup. This study examined associations between computer‐recognized facial expressions and self‐reported breakup‐related distress among recently separated college‐aged young adults (N = 135; 37 men) on four visits across 9 weeks. Participants' facial expressions were coded using the Computer Expression Recognition Toolbox while participants spoke about their breakups. Of the seven expressed emotions studied, only Contempt showed a unique association with breakup‐related distress over time. At baseline, greater Contempt was associated with less breakup‐related distress; however, over time, greater Contempt was associated with greater breakup‐related distress.

Mediation and other forms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) grew rapidly in the last few decades as a result of high divorce rates, frequent conflicts between parting parents, the resulting administrative burden on courts, and especially concerns about damaging effects on children and postdivorce family relationships. This article focuses on our longitudinal research involving randomized trials of mediation and adversary settlement to support the conclusions that mediation can: (1) settle a large percentage of cases otherwise headed for court; (2) possibly speed settlement, save money, and increase compliance with agreements; (3) clearly increase party satisfaction; and (4) most importantly, lead to remarkably improved relationships between nonresidential parents and children, as well as between divorced parents—even twelve years after dispute settlement. The key "active ingredients" of mediation are likely to include: (1) the call for parental cooperation over the long run of co‐parenting beyond the crisis of separation, (2) the opportunity to address underlying emotional issues (albeit briefly), (3) helping parents to establish a businesslike relationship, and (4) the avoidance of divisive negotiations at a critical time for family relationships. We call for more research on mediation and other forms of ADR, as well as a renewal of the excitement and optimism of the "first generation" of mediators, qualities that are "active ingredients" in any successful social or psychological intervention.

Marital separation and divorce increase risk for all‐cause morbidity and mortality. Using a laboratory analog paradigm, this study examined attachment anxiety, language use, and blood pressure (BP) reactivity among 119 (n = 43 men, 76 women) recently separated adults who were asked to mentally reflect on their relationship history and separation experience. A language use composite of verbal immediacy from participants' stream‐of‐consciousness recordings about their separation experience as a behavioral index of attachment‐related hyperactivation was created. Verbal immediacy moderated the association between attachment anxiety and BP at the beginning of a divorce‐specific activation task. Participants reporting high attachment anxiety who discussed their separation in a first‐person, present‐oriented, and highly engaged manner evidenced the highest levels of BP at the start of the divorce‐specific task. Results provide a deeper understanding of the association between marital dissolution and health and suggest that verbal immediacy may be a useful behavioral index of hyperactivating coping strategies.

Attachment classification derived from narrative analysis is widely used as a marker of psychological organization. In contrast to this top‐down approach, bottom‐up, word count–based analyses of narratives are also used to measure psychological states. The current study integrates these 2 approaches by examining their overlap in 93 school‐aged children. Participants completed the Child Attachment Interview; transcriptions of this interview were subjected to word count–based linguistic analysis. Compared with secure children, dismissing children showed less and preoccupied children showed more signs of experiential connectedness. Disorganized children decreased in experiential connectedness during loss discussions and used more words related to death during nonloss sections of the interview. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance to attachment and relationship research.

AbstractSavoring, or prolonging emotions associated with positive events, improves emotion and life satisfaction; little work, however, focuses on the savoring of interpersonal experiences, termed relational savoring. In a sample of 435 parents, the authors evaluated the impact of relational savoring on emotion and parent–child relationship satisfaction compared to a personal savoring and neutral control condition. Two years later, the authors reassessed parents' feelings of closeness with their children in a subsample of the original participants (n = 64). Both savoring conditions resulted in higher positive emotion for all parents, whereas the effects on negative emotion, relationship satisfaction, and closeness were only present for those higher in attachment avoidance. This study opens new avenues of investigation in both relational savoring and parent–child relationships.