In den USA existiert seit dem Jahr 2003 mit der "Point-in-Time"-Zählung eine regelmäßige statistische Erfassung von Personen, die Wohnungs- und Obdachlosigkeit erfahren. Im Rahmen dieser Stichtagserhebung werden in einer festgelegten Nacht im Januar Personen, die "auf der Straße" ohne Obdach leben, sowie wohnungslose Personen in Unterkünften nach einer US-weit einheitlichen Methode gezählt. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Methode am Beispiel von Portland/Gresham/Multnomah County im Bundesstaat Oregon vor und erläutert Möglichkeiten und Schwächen.
Im Frühjahr 2006 präsentierte das Deutsche Schiffahrtsmuseum eine Sonderausstellung zum Thema Fischstäbchen. Hierbei handelte es sich nicht nur erstmalig um eine Ausstellung zu diesem Thema mit seinem hohen Gegenwartsbezug für die Museumsbesucher, sondern vielmehr um ein integriertes Forschungsprojekt, bei dem die Ausstellung selber zwar ein zentrales Element war, aber von umfangreicher wissenschaftlicher Forschung und Arbeit gestützt wurde. Diese Ausstellung stand nicht nur in unmittelbarer Verknüpfung mit der gegenwärtigen fischereihistorischen Forschung sowie dem Anspruch öffentliches Interesse zu stillen und z.B. mit speziellen Schulprogrammen neue Besuchergruppen für das Museum zu erschließen, sondern sie wurde auch von einer internationalen Konferenz begleitet, die sich mit einer breiten Auswahl fischereihistorischer Themen beschäftigte. Dieser Aufsatz gibt nicht nur einen Überblick über das gesamte Projekt Fischstäbchen am Deutschen Schiffahrtsmuseum, über seinen Ursprung, seine Entwicklung und die erzielten Ergebnisse, sondern diskutiert zugleich die Bedeutung solch populärer Wissenschaftsausstellungen für die fischereihistorische Forschung.
In the 20th century, the seas off Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland were the main areas of the German deep-sea fishing fleet for many decades. The fishers and fishing vessels were often only a few nautical miles away from the coasts of the North Atlantic Islands, which was increasingly a source of conflict. On the one hand, the good catches in the North Atlantic created the economic boom of the fishing towns on the German coast. On the other hand, the islands separated from their former European colonial motherland and developed their own interest - not only political but also economic On the sovereignty over the resource fish. The principle of "freedom of the seas" had reached its limits, and fishing conflicts between the European nations and the shores of the fishing areas arose. In the 1970s, they culminated in the so-called "Cod-war" with Iceland. The present study analyzes the German role in these conflicts for the first time on a scientific basis and shows the consequences of the conflicts for the German coastal regions. At the same time, she explained that the drastic reduction of the German deep-sea fishing fleet had not been an unpredictable development since the 1980s, but that its rapid growth almost a century earlier was based exclusively on the colonial status of the shore areas. [From www.dsm.museum] ; https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/history_books/1030/thumbnail.jpg
"In the years 2000 to 2002, the German Maritime Museum's Department of Fishery History participated in an interdisciplinary doctoral candidates' study group based at the University of Bremen and concerned with the North Sea coast as a living environment. Within this context the museum pursued a research project on structural changes in German fishery locations following the re-establishment of the fishing zone limits in the North Atlantic. In the course of this cooperation, both the limitations and opportunities of involvement in interdisciplinary research contexts became clear. A particularly high level of synergy was attained in the investigation of international law, where by means of retrospective scenarios it was possible to examine historical developments with regard to the question as to whether the initial problems could have been solved by the ultimate legal developments. Similarly positive effects were attained in the area of communication; the specialised scientific results were directed toward a broad interested public. Altogether it can be established that the interdisciplinary involvement of the museum's research on the history of fishery achieved fundamentally positive results. In the event that corresponding projects are newly initiated in future, however, much greater care should be exercised in the coordination and selection of the participating disciplines. In particular, it should be taken into consideration that a purely geographical definition proved inadequate as a link between the participating disciplines and should be replaced or supplemented by a more specific research target." (author's abstract)
Binnentank shipping has been and is, like no other, influenced by a single cargo, by its economic fluctuations and by its particular danger potential. Heidbrink explores this special field of shipping, both technical and economic and political developments, devotes himself to the history and special conditions of the transport of dangerous goods. In addition, he is also paying attention to the spectacular disasters and the safety regulations developed as well as the living and working conditions on board. Even almost forgotten waterways, which were of great importance for the development of the industrial city of Germany, are presented. [From Amazon.com] ; https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/history_books/1031/thumbnail.jpg
"German fishery protection vessels have been in operation in the waters off Iceland since 1903. On the basis of three travel accounts - of 1904, the second half of the 1920s and 1997 - the article describes the gradual transformation of the tasks carried out by these ships. The primary task of the ZIETEN (I), a fishery guard-ship of the early years, was the investigation of new fishing grounds, and its journeys to Iceland were carried out above all for the purpose of taking hydrographic surveys. By the 1920s, however, these functions had already changed substantially. The account of a journey taken by the guard-ship ZIETEN (II) revolves to a large extent around assistance of all kinds provided to the fishing boats and crews. Technical, medical and nautical support was provided in order to ensure that the steamers could operate as efficiently as possible. A special aspect of the guard-ship's service off Iceland was the provision of aid in the case of disputes over fishing on the borders to the Icelandic fishing zones. Fishery protection vessels like the ZIETEN (II), whose nautical equipment was far superior to that of the fishing steamers, often helped to allay accusations by the Icelandic authorities that German fishing vessels had fished within the prohibited zone. Following the disputes with Iceland over the expansion of the fishing zone to 200 nautical miles, the Icelandic waters were no longer a real area of operation, neither for the German fishing boats nor, accordingly, for the German protection vessels. When, for example, the fishery guard-ship MEERKATZE (III) left the Reykjavik harbour on September 30, 1997, it had stopped there merely to take on supplies for a trip to the area south of Greenland. On the fishing grounds within the Icelandic zone it no longer fulfilled fishery protection functions in the strict sense. Thus the history of German fishery protection off Iceland reflects that of German deep-sea fishing there in general. Icelandic fishing was a venture which had its tentative and in many respects experimental and uncertain beginnings at the end of the nineteenth/ beginning of the twentieth century. This phase was followed by one in which the Icelandic grounds were among the most important for the German fishing industry. Finally, after the expansion of the territorial waters to 200 sea miles, fishing activities as well as fishery protection in this area came under Icelandic flag." (author's abstract)
"Museum ships are undisputedly among the most attractive objects of maritime history. This is all the more true when the ships are not permanently moored in a museum harbour but still in operation. Moreover, active museum ships do not merely serve as material sources for maritime-historical information but also allow the preservation and study of the conditions of life and work on board. German efforts to preserve ships as active museums date back quite far into the past, but the first permanent success was not attained until 1970, with the paddlewheel Steamer KAISER WILHELM. A vessel originally registered on the Upper Weser, it has been in operation for Germany's first museum steamer service-operated on a purely volunteer basis-in Lauenburg/Elbe since 1970. Thanks to the inspiring effect of this example, numerous other ships were saved from scrapping and kept in service as museum ships instead. These vessels all had one thing in common: They were historical originals. With the construction of the Hanse Cog of Kiel, begun in 1986, the first large replica - the reconstruction of an archaeological find: the Bremen Cog- took its place alongside the originals. The aim of the project was to investigate the sailing characteristics of a cog, an undertaking which could not be carried out with the original. The construction was realised to a large extent with funding from the secondary employment market. Aside from the maritime-historical findings it facilitated, the project proved to be particularly suitable for the secondary job market, as it was sufficiently complex for vocational qualification but did not intervene in normal economic processes. Following the decline of the West German shipbuilding industry and the collapse of shipbuilding in the German Democratic Republic, there were large numbers of unemployed shipwrights, many of whom joined to form employment associations. These associations began building replicas after the example of the Cog of Kiel, but without possessing the necessary historical qualifications. As a result, nearly all of the constructions were nothing more than maritime-historical stage sets equipped with modern navigation technology. In addition, for economical reasons a number of authentic ships were thoroughly modernised, nevertheless keeping or receiving the status of historical monument. For the most part, these projects aimed to provide vocational training I employment on the one hand and a sightseeing attraction for tourists on the other; they advertised, however, on the basis of supposed historical value. The latter is a particularly critical aspect, since in the long run these modern ships could endanger the preservation of the authentic ships: The passenger is seldom able to distinguish between an original and a replica. A possible solution to this conflict of interests is the close cooperation between maritime-historical research and the secondary employment market. Such collaboration would be the only means of guaranteeing the quality of the reconstructions and honesty in the presentation of the intention, whether it is to build a historical ship or to build a tourist object in historical garb." (author's abstract)
"The emergence of the vocational profile "deep-sea fish worker" was directly connected with the construction of the first factory ships. lt was not until the 1960s that these vessels had been developed to a degree that allowed their more extensive utilisation. Accordingly, only then did they require enough workers to justify the introduction of a new vocational profile. Yet this development was delayed in both German states, where two quite different paths were taken towards the goal of furnishing factory ships with qualified processing personnel. As in the area of deck personnel, the West German fishing industry chose to depend on apprenticeship and further qualification on board. The fish-processing combines of the German Democratic Republic, on the other hand, preferred skilled personnel with completed vocational training. Yet the latter regarded the requirements of work on the factory decks of their fishing fleet to be approximately the same as those of the fishing industry on land, thus failing to recognise the necessity of a separate vocational training course. Here the fleet was simply regarded as one of several possible employment opportunities available to those who had completed training in fish processing. The most significant difference, however, was not in the type of vocational training but in the actual makeup of the personnel: in the Federal Republic of Germany, the majority of deep-sea fish workers were Portuguese, while in the GDR this vocation was dominated by women. Thus vocational training in fish processing on board the factory ships, like vocational training on deck, was a direct reflection of the social circumstances of the two German states." (author's abstract)
"Ever since the existence of deep-sea fishing under the German flag there have been repeated efforts to establish the occupation of the deep-sea fisherman as one requiring specialised training. Yet only during the Nazi era and that of the German Democratic Republic were these attempts crowned with success. As is illustrated by the two examples presented here, the non-existence of systematic vocational training in this field is not due to a lack of its necessity but rather to the fact that, particularly in times of labour scarcity, the shipping companies have never been interested in such training if they had the opportunity of finding employees elsewhere. ln periods of centralist, statist political systems, which intensively promoted the fishing industry and set up the fleets on the basis of political will rather than economic orientation, this one-sided interest of the shipping companies was not a factor. In interviews, former crew members have repeatedly expressed the point of view that the kind of vocational training practised in Germany before 1939 or in the Federal Republic of Germany since the end of the war- i.e. pure practical instruction on board - provides a solid basis for the everyday work on the deck of a deep-sea fishing vessel. Yet on the other hand, those who had obtained their training during the Nazi regime or received some form of instruction in coastal fishing were at a distinct advantage on board, being quickly selected for better jobs, for example net- making. In general, the comprehensive introduction of systematic vocational training for deep-sea fishing deck personnel would certainly have been welcome. But without the kind of legal initiative present, for example, in the German Democratic Republic, this aim could never be achieved. As it is, an ordinary seaman can sign onto a fishing vessel; entry into nautical college in order to qualify as an officer or captain is not dependent upon successful completion of training but merely upon time accumulated at sea. Thus there is no motivation for undergoing methodical instruction, particularly in view of the fact that doing so would cause a considerable reduction in earnings during the initial years of employment. The subject of vocational training in the deep-sea fishing industry has thus remained a direct reflection of the socioeconomic importance of this field in each of the respective political systems in Germany. ln times of economic orientation such training was non-existent and there was no legally established minimum qualification level. During eras of centralised economies, deep-sea fishing was a government priority and thus always accompanied by systematic vocational training for its deck personnel." (author's abstract)
