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How does the U.S. constitutional system affect this country's ability to organize its armed forces? The primary impact of the system on the issues associated with organizing the armed services seems to be the inability of the United States to create a security apparatus with a truly national perspective. The result of this fragmented national security system has been an organizational and decision-making process that reflects the incomplete centralization of authority over the military. Incomplete centralization, in turn, allows the perspectives of the individual services to dominate the institutional environment and control-to a considerable degree-the functions and structure of the armed forces. More important, incomplete centralization and service dominance detract from the nation's ability to carry out the critical functions of strategic planning and advice, resource allocation, force structuring, and joint operations.

The primary impact of the US constitutional system on the issues associated with organizing the armed services seems to be the inability of the US to create a security apparatus with a truly national perspective. The result of this fragmented national security system has been an organizational & decision-making process that reflects the incomplete centralization of authority over the military. Incomplete centralization, in turn, allows the perspectives of the individual services to dominate the institutional environment & to control -- to a considerable degree -- the functions & structure of the armed forces. Most important, incomplete centralization & service dominance detract from the nation's ability to carry out the critical functions of strategic planning & advice, resource allocation, force structuring, & joint operations. Modified HA

AbstractJuhuri is a dialect of the Tat language of the eastern Caucasus (specifically, Dagestan and Azerbaijan). Although Juhuri is dialectologically related to Persian, it is not mutually intelligible with any Persian dialect. The Juhuri speakers, called Mountain Jews, are estimated at around 200,000, most of whom have immigrated to Israel and the United States. The New York community is largely centered in Brooklyn around the Kavkazi Jewish Congregation. The language is still spoken by those born in the Caucasus, and is maintained in some families and some spheres of daily life. Many of these Mountain Jews are multilingual in Juhuri, Russian, Azerbaijani, Hebrew, and English. In this article, we situate the language within the context of the New York expatriate community and explore the role of Juhuri in relation to ethno-religious identity, language attitude, and functional domains. The data reported on here are based on interviews and a written survey. We conclude that although the odds are heavily stacked against the survival of Juhuri, there may be a critical mass of language activists who can turn the tide. The fate of the language in the twenty-first century will likely be decided in the next two decades.

Verbundpartner aus Praxis und Forschung erproben in der kürzlich gestarteten Umsetzungs- und Verstetigungsphase innerhalb des vom BMBF geförderten Projekts "Flexitility" bis September 2024 Konzepte der dezentralen Zwischenspeicherung von Trinkwasser und der Wasserwiederverwendung zur landwirtschaftlichen Bewässerung.

Through audio diaries and interviews, former SSRC fellow Sienna Craig and her collaborators chronicled the experiences of Himalayan New Yorkers during the pandemic. Many Himalayans live in central Queens, the epicenter of the Covid-19 outbreak in New York City. This essay shares the many challenges faced by the Himalayan community, not least their struggle to be seen as a "community" with its own needs. But it also emphasizes the responses of Himalayans in terms of collective self-help and making claims on city government for attention and essential services. https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/covid-19-fieldnotes/negotiating-invisibility-at-the-epicenter-himalayan-new-yorkers-confront-covid-19/

The authors examine the challenges of the 21st century international security environment to which future strategic leaders and policy practitioners will need to respond. More specifically, they offer the reader insights into security studies and leadership development at their respective levels (military undergraduate, civilian undergraduate, traditional and nontraditional graduate, and senior military officer) and institutions (including research centers and professional outreach programs). The goal is to inform a broader audience about what is currently being done in the way of educating strategic practitioners at these various institutions, and what might need to be done differently or better. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1835/thumbnail.jpg

Sisk, T. D.: Power sharing in multiethnic societies. - S.34-67. Shaimiev, M.: Conflict prevention and management: the significance of Tartastan's experience. - S.68-77. Drobizheva, L.: Power sharing in the Russian Federation: the view from the Center and from the Republics. - S.80-96. Lysenko, V. N.: Distribution of power: the experience of the Russian Federation. - S.97-115. Gorbachev, M.: The settlement on interethnic conflicts and the experience of Russia. - S.116-122. Kaufman, D. J.: The role of the military in preventing deadly conflict. - S.124-160. Gareev, M.: The role of military factors in preventing and resolving armed conflicts. - S.161-174. Kokoshin, A.: The role of the military in post-Cold War Russia. - S.175-178. Kortunov, A.: International peacemaking on the territory of the former USSR. - S.180-196. Lapidus, G. W.: Lessons from the Russian experience. - S.198-203

Extensive efforts to adaptively manage nutrient pollution rely on Chesapeake Bay Program's (Phase 6) Watershed Model, called Chesapeake Assessment Scenario Tool (CAST), which helps decision-makers plan and track implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs). We describe mathematical characteristics of CAST and develop a constrained nonlinear BMP-subset model, software, and visualization framework. This represents the first publicly available optimization framework for exploring least-cost strategies of pollutant load control for the United States' largest estuary. The optimization identifies implementation options for a BMP subset modeled with load reduction effectiveness factors, and the web interface facilitates interactive exploration of >30,000 solutions organized by objective, nutrient control level, and for similar to 200 counties. We assess framework performance and demonstrate modeled cost improvements when comparing optimization-suggested proposals with proposals inspired by jurisdiction plans. Stakeholder feedback highlights the framework's current utility for investigating cost-effective tradeoffs and its usefulness as a foundation for future analysis of restoration strategies. ; United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Chesapeake Bay Program Office [CB96350501, CB96325901, CB96365601, CB96351401] ; Published version ; This material is based upon work funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Chesapeake Bay Program Office, including direct salary support for multiple partners within the USEPA-administered Chesapeake Bay Program (including co-authors Shenk and Linker as well as numerous assisting support staff) , assistance agreements CB96350501 to Chesapeake Research Consortium (CRC) , Inc. (co-authors Kaufman, Ball, Bosch, Ellis, Hobbs, Van Houtven, and McGarity) , CB96325901 and CB96365601 to the Uni-versity of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (co-author Asplen) , and CB96351401 to Pennsylvania State University (co-author Bhatt) . The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.; The authors thank Rich Batiuk and the modeling team at the Ches-apeake Bay Program Office (Cuiyin Wu, Andrew Sommerlot, Richard Tian, Isabella Bertani) for constructive input throughout the project. The authors thank and acknowledge Stuart Schwartz of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, who was an original member of CRC's Advisory and Support Committee and provided important early contributions of both conceptual and practical nature. Many thanks to John Massey for technical support with cloud resources and batch processing and Megan McNeilly for User Experience improvements to the online decision-support tool. Further thanks to Brian Burch, Megan Thynge, Tim Paris, Martin Koslof, and the entire CBPO software development and information technology team.