Suchergebnisse

El relato de la guerra de Troya constituye la primera narración bélica de laliteratura en que se oponen las visiones dialécticas de quienes ejercen laguerra como agresión y de quienes la padecen como defensores. Estaconfrontación es planteada en Ilíada a través de seres humanos con gravesconflictos individuales que tiñen todo su accionar de diversas reflexiones. En el canto VI, Héctor y Andrómaca representan el lado íntimo de laguerra en el contexto de la discusión de los valores que justifican o pretenden explicar la conducta de cada individuo en circunstancias tan extremas. Mediante el análisis filológico-literario de los discursos de Andrómaca y Héctor (VI, 407-493) abordaremos la configuración heroica del personajede Héctor en el ámbito privado, estableciendo ciertos rasgos que predominan en su carácter -el aspecto político, religioso, guerrero y familiar-, aspectos que, en conjunto, lo constituyen como el héroe troyano por excelencia. ; The story of the Trojan War constitutes the first war narration in literature in which the dialectical visions of the people who use war as aggression and those who are victims are confronted. This confrontation is developed in the Iliad through individual human beings with serious conflicts that stain all their actions in different reflections. In the book VI, Hektor and Andromakhe represent the intimate side of war in the context of the discussion about the values that justify or attempt to explain the behavior of each individual in such extreme circumstances. Through the philological-literary analysis of Andromakhe and Hektor's speeches (VI, 407-493) we will address the heroic configuration of the character Hektor in the private sphere, establishing certain traits that predominate in his nature -the political, religious, warlike and family aspects- which collectively make him the Trojan hero par excellence. ; Fil: Zamperetti Martín, Deidamia Sofía. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

The overall process of local and global companies that still do not enjoy exceeded "fever" of transition, are struggling somewhere sometime very little to create conditions and circumstances more favorable for welfare and democratization of themselves. In this process of inquiry itself identity, they, with or unwittingly are implicated in the globalization process, thereby empowering at-known slogan: "Think locally, act globally". But, not infrequently been proved that adaptation or accommodation rash of these countries and societies without preliminary preparations: social, political, economic and especially cultural, trends and global trends, has created counterproductive effects, thus becoming non locomotive, but , a pretty serious obstacle to emancipation. Say so, of the fact, that the process of adjustment or accommodation with the new system of evaluation, still not happened as a result of the exchange: "making" - "giving", but rather due only "taking" without hesitation, those values and norms in the world from where they produce negativity and distortions evident. Kosovar society, which has undergone major crises and conflicts, ethnic, social, political and obviously traumatic of them, it seems that might be one such model. She, despite the influence or pressure of the international factor to build institutional capacity and install democracy, it has not yet build either sovereignty or independence nor meaningful democracy model. It still is faced with enticements, deviant behavior and above all high crime and corruption. So, it seems that still is not ready to change themselves in terms of values and norms of Western civilization. Our study was designed to investigate the flow of perceptions and attitudes of Kosovars of integrative processes, Europeanization challenges, dilemmas and doubts about the future, then the expectations and social and political commitments to citizens after the fall of communism, as well as the incentives that the strengthened the phenomenon of globalization.

La presente investigación aborda el fenómeno de la desaparición forzada y de los falsos positivos en el contexto colombiano. El trabajo entonces intenta tratar el tema desde dos perspectivas que finalmente se entrelazan entre ellas. Por un lado resulta significativo establecer los patrones de la desaparición forzada utilizando en primer lugar las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, en particular en los casos en que Colombia se ve involucrada. Por el otro, es útil reflexionar sobre si las ejecuciones sumarias y arbitrarias, es decir los falsos positivos, representan una conducta aislada o si, al contrario, identifican ciertos criterios de sistematicidad. Tras esto resulta indispensable establecer si en ambos casos existen elementos para definir estos delitos de lesa humanidad y aún más si se pueden comprobar características que dejan ponderar una política de estado, aunque no oficial, de violencia reconducible a motivaciones específicas, por ejemplo la lucha al conflicto armado dentro de un posible plan de seguridad democrático. ; This research approach the phenomenon of forced disappearances and false positives in Colombian context. This paper then attempts to address the issue from two perspectives that eventually intertwine with each other. By one hand it is significant to establish patterns of enforced disappearance using the judgments of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, particularly in cases where Colombia is involved. By the other hand, it is useful to consider whether summary and arbitrary executions, for example, false positives, represent an isolated behavior or, conversely, identify a kind of systematicity. After that it is essential to establish if in both cases, is it possible to define some elements to identify those as crimes against humanity and more so, if they can be the result of a state policy, although not official, but recognizable trough some specific violent actions, such as the struggle with the armed conflict within a possible democratic security plan.

El relato de la guerra de Troya constituye la primera narración bélica de laliteratura en que se oponen las visiones dialécticas de quienes ejercen laguerra como agresión y de quienes la padecen como defensores. Estaconfrontación es planteada en Ilíada a través de seres humanos con gravesconflictos individuales que tiñen todo su accionar de diversas reflexiones. En el canto VI, Héctor y Andrómaca representan el lado íntimo de laguerra en el contexto de la discusión de los valores que justifican o pretenden explicar la conducta de cada individuo en circunstancias tan extremas. Mediante el análisis filológico-literario de los discursos de Andrómaca y Héctor (VI, 407-493) abordaremos la configuración heroica del personajede Héctor en el ámbito privado, estableciendo ciertos rasgos que predominan en su carácter -el aspecto político, religioso, guerrero y familiar-, aspectos que, en conjunto, lo constituyen como el héroe troyano por excelencia. ; The story of the Trojan War constitutes the first war narration in literature in which the dialectical visions of the people who use war as aggression and those who are victims are confronted. This confrontation is developed in the Iliad through individual human beings with serious conflicts that stain all their actions in different reflections. In the book VI, Hektor and Andromakhe represent the intimate side of war in the context of the discussion about the values that justify or attempt to explain the behavior of each individual in such extreme circumstances. Through the philological-literary analysis of Andromakhe and Hektor's speeches (VI, 407-493) we will address the heroic configuration of the character Hektor in the private sphere, establishing certain traits that predominate in his nature -the political, religious, warlike and family aspects- which collectively make him the Trojan hero par excellence. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

A rational foreign policy must define the criteria of "national interest" in a consistent and transparent manner in order to enable other states to calculate their behavior accordingly and to avoid global instability. The basic rationale of "national interest" is the self-preservation of the state from which all specific interests, including those of national security, are derived. The concept as such is multidimensional, comprising the realization of economic, social and cultural rights of the respective polity in the worldwide interplay of forces. In the era of globalization, it must naturally be defined on the basis of interdependence at the factual and reciprocity of interests at the normative level. In a unipolar power constellation such as the present one, the unilateral assertion of national interests by the dominant power, cloaked in the guise of universal values, risks to cause regional conflicts and global instability. Only if exercised in a framework of checks and balances, is the policy of national interest compatible with peace. This means that a global balance of power, whether bipolar or multipolar, is indispensable for the assertion of the national interest. The principle of sovereign equality of nations, a basic norm of the UN Charter, is only meaningful, and the United Nations system of collective security can only be realized, if states act on the basis of mutuality. For the policy of the national interest not to undermine its very foundation, namely the sovereignty of the state and the inalienable rights of its citizens, it must include universal values shared by all members of the international community. The concept should thus be redefined in the context of "mutual global interests." Those must include the principles of human rights and the rule of law as guidelines of a just world order.

El relato de la guerra de Troya constituye la primera narración bélica de laliteratura en que se oponen las visiones dialécticas de quienes ejercen laguerra como agresión y de quienes la padecen como defensores. Estaconfrontación es planteada en Ilíada a través de seres humanos con gravesconflictos individuales que tiñen todo su accionar de diversas reflexiones. En el canto VI, Héctor y Andrómaca representan el lado íntimo de laguerra en el contexto de la discusión de los valores que justifican o pretenden explicar la conducta de cada individuo en circunstancias tan extremas. Mediante el análisis filológico-literario de los discursos de Andrómaca y Héctor (VI, 407-493) abordaremos la configuración heroica del personajede Héctor en el ámbito privado, estableciendo ciertos rasgos que predominan en su carácter -el aspecto político, religioso, guerrero y familiar-, aspectos que, en conjunto, lo constituyen como el héroe troyano por excelencia. ; The story of the Trojan War constitutes the first war narration in literature in which the dialectical visions of the people who use war as aggression and those who are victims are confronted. This confrontation is developed in the Iliad through individual human beings with serious conflicts that stain all their actions in different reflections. In the book VI, Hektor and Andromakhe represent the intimate side of war in the context of the discussion about the values that justify or attempt to explain the behavior of each individual in such extreme circumstances. Through the philological-literary analysis of Andromakhe and Hektor's speeches (VI, 407-493) we will address the heroic configuration of the character Hektor in the private sphere, establishing certain traits that predominate in his nature -the political, religious, warlike and family aspects- which collectively make him the Trojan hero par excellence. ; Fil: Zamperetti Martín, Deidamia Sofía. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

El relato de la guerra de Troya constituye la primera narración bélica de laliteratura en que se oponen las visiones dialécticas de quienes ejercen laguerra como agresión y de quienes la padecen como defensores. Estaconfrontación es planteada en Ilíada a través de seres humanos con gravesconflictos individuales que tiñen todo su accionar de diversas reflexiones. En el canto VI, Héctor y Andrómaca representan el lado íntimo de laguerra en el contexto de la discusión de los valores que justifican o pretenden explicar la conducta de cada individuo en circunstancias tan extremas. Mediante el análisis filológico-literario de los discursos de Andrómaca y Héctor (VI, 407-493) abordaremos la configuración heroica del personajede Héctor en el ámbito privado, estableciendo ciertos rasgos que predominan en su carácter -el aspecto político, religioso, guerrero y familiar-, aspectos que, en conjunto, lo constituyen como el héroe troyano por excelencia. ; The story of the Trojan War constitutes the first war narration in literature in which the dialectical visions of the people who use war as aggression and those who are victims are confronted. This confrontation is developed in the Iliad through individual human beings with serious conflicts that stain all their actions in different reflections. In the book VI, Hektor and Andromakhe represent the intimate side of war in the context of the discussion about the values that justify or attempt to explain the behavior of each individual in such extreme circumstances. Through the philological-literary analysis of Andromakhe and Hektor's speeches (VI, 407-493) we will address the heroic configuration of the character Hektor in the private sphere, establishing certain traits that predominate in his nature -the political, religious, warlike and family aspects- which collectively make him the Trojan hero par excellence. ; Fil: Zamperetti Martín, Deidamia Sofía. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Three years since its establishment in 2010, the forest management unit (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan, KPH)-Tasik Besar Serkap (KPH-TBS) in Riau Province–Indonesia has not been operated yet due to institutional problem. Therefore, the review on the institutional handicap is necessary. This study uses the Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework to analyze the policy implementation of KPH-TBS development. Analysis was conducted to describe the conditions of exogenous factors and the action arena that obstructing the policy implementation by Riau provincial government (RPG). Conceptually, the policy of KPHs development is institutional changing processes, which are changes in the value system and forest governance. The research found problems that became disincentives on biophysical conditions, such as problems on paradigm, forestry bureaucracy culture and several weaknesses in the rules in use. In addition, structural approach and physical assistance were mostly used by national government for its provincial government. In contrast, knowledge dissemination, communication and mutual trust building were still limitedly used. Former approaches do not address the needs of RPG for information and understanding regarding to the development of KPH. RPG responded to this situation slowly and lack of willingness to cooperate. They took the policy of KPHs development as a mere obligation, and did not get motivated to move by themselves. In addition, the reluctance to cooperate was also caused by the presence of conflict of interest in several government officials. Based on this research, national government need to changes the way of thinking that regulation is not the only instrument to guide the behavior of local participants. Although still needs to be repaired, it must be accompanied by improving of knowledge dissemination, communication and mutual trust building. These actions are highly required not only for resistance solution, but also for controling the paradigms transformation process and cultur of local participants in line with composed new values in the KPH concept.

[EN] We propose a model for the consistent interpretation of the transport behavior of manganese perovskites in both the metallic and insulating regimes. The concept of polarons as charge carriers in the metallic ferromagnetic phase of manganites also solves the conflict between transport models, which usually neglects polaron effects in the metallic phase, and, on the other hand, optical conductivity, angle-resolved spectroscopy, and neutron scattering measurements, which identify polarons in the metallic phase of manganites down to 6 K. Transport characterizations of epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin films in the thickness range of 5-40 nm and temperature interval of 25-410 K have been accurately collected. We show that taking into account polaron effects allows us to achieve an excellent fit of the transport curves in the whole temperature range. The current carriers density collapse picture accurately accounts for the properties variation across the metal-insulator transitions. The electron-phonon coupling parameter gamma estimations are in a good agreement with theoretical predictions. The results promote a clear and straightforward quantitative description of the manganite films involved in charge transport device applications and promises to describe other oxide systems involving a metal-insulator transition. ; The authors P.G., A.G., M.P., A.R., and I.B. thank F. Bona for technical help and A. Dediu and V. Kabanov for fruitful discussions. Financial support from the FP7 Projects No. NMP3-LA-2010-246102 (Interfacing oxides, IFOX), No. NMP-2010-SMALL-4-263104 (Next generation hybrid interfaces for spintronic applications, HINTS), No. NMP3-SL-2010-246073 (Graphene for nanoscaled applications, GRENADA), and the Italian government FIRB (Molecular nanomagnets on metallic and magnetic surfaces for applications in molecular spintronics) Project No. RBAP117RWN is acknowledged. ; Graziosi, P.; Gambardella, A.; Prezioso, M.; Riminucci, A.; Bergenti, I.; Homonnay, N.; Schmidt, G. (2014). Polaron framework to account for ...

This essay studies the origin and globalization of the Rastafarian movement. Poverty and disenchantment in the inner cities of Kingston gave way in the early 1930's to the black power movement through Marcus Garvey's "Back to Africa" crusade, which eventually led to the appearance of the Rastafarian movement, a "messianic religious and political movement". In this essay, I propose to analyze when, how and why the Rastafarian movement began, its doctrines and the vehicles which were used for its cultural globalization, in other words, the diffusion of the Rastafarian´s beliefs, meanings, ideals and culture outside the borders of Jamaica. My aim is to offer a better understanding of the Rastafarian movement (commonly only associated with the consumption of drugs), so it is important to analyze this study in a cultural point of view. Some authors1 define culture as the way of life that is influenced by behavior, knowledge, and beliefs.The lack of information about a certain culture may lead to the perception that a specific culture is wrong or inferior to ours and this normally causes conflict between individuals. Appreciating and accepting cultural diversity is an ability which helps to communicate effectively in an international way, therefore, leading to the globalization of a certain culture, in this case, of the Rastafarian cultural movement. There is a significant variation within the Rastafarian movement and no formal organization; for example, some Rastafarians see it more as a way of life than a religion, but uniting the diverse movements is the belief in the divinity and/or messiahship of the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I, the influence of Jamaican culture, the resistance to oppression, and the pride in African heritage. ; Ensaio realizado no âmbito da Bolsa de Integração na Investigação Científica e Desenvolvimento - IPP/Santander Totta

This paper analyzes how private decisions and public policies are shaped by personal and societal preferences (values), material or other explicit incentives (laws) and social sanctions or rewards (norms). It first examines how honor, stigma and social norms arise from individuals' behaviors and inferences, and how they interact with material incentives. It then characterizes optimal incentive-setting in the presence of norms, deriving in particular appropriately modified versions of Pigou and Ramsey taxation. Incorporating agents' imperfect knowledge of the distribution of preferences opens up to analysis several new questions. The first is social psychologists' practice of norms-based interventions, namely campaigns and messages that seek to alter people's perceptions of what constitutes normal behavior or values among their peers. The model makes clear how such interventions operate, but also how their effectiveness is limited by a credibility problem, particularly when the descriptive and prescriptive norms conflict. The next main question is the expressive role of law. The choices of legislators and other principals naturally reflect their knowledge of societal preferences, and these same community standards are also what shapes social judgements and moral sentiments. Setting law thus means both imposing material incentives and sending a message about society's values, and hence about the norms that different behaviors are likely to encounter. The analysis, combining an informed principal with individually signaling agents, makes precise the notion of expressive law, determining in particular when a weakening or a strengthening of incentives is called for. Pushing further this logic, the paper also sheds light on why societies are often resistant to the message of economists, as well as on why they renounce certain policies, such as cruel and unusual punishments, irrespective of effectiveness considerations, in order to express their being civilized.

Norway and Russia are partners and neighbours with a rich history of cooperation. Many different cooperation projects are being conducted between the two countries nowadays. The level of contact is also diverse: between ordinary people, business partners, politicians, scholars, etc. However, the existence of stereotypes affects both parties in the communication process. Stereotypical thinking leads to erroneous judgments and formation of incorrect ideas about a social group. Often stereotypical thinking creates barriers for effective cooperation and communication. It causes misunderstanding, unpleasant experiences, distrust, disagreements, conflicts, and even hostility. This arises from the fact that stereotypes shape behavior; they form prejudices and opinions that are difficult to change. In this study I have investigated the phenomena of stereotyping and cross-cultural understanding. I have chosen to focus on the stereotypes about Russians in Northern Norway. I have examined cooperation as a tool for reducing the influence of stereotypes on formation of impressions about people. I have chosen the Barents Regional Youth Programme as a concrete example of the Norwegian-Russian cooperation. Establishment of contacts among youth is prioritized by the Barents Regional Council, because the youth are the future of the region and their good relations are crucial for the stability in the region. Cross-cultural understanding is an integral basis for fruitful cooperation. The conception of this project has been motivated by my scholar interest to combine knowledge about stereotypes, cross-cultural understanding and cooperation and to test their effects in the context of the Norwegian-Russian Barents Cooperation. This research can help us get a deeper understanding of this issue, and develop ideas on how to make people not judge others on the bases of stereotypes. It will expand our insight on possible ways to understand other cultures.

An examination of all the extant, provenanced depictions of composite beings, Mischwesen, in Neo-Babylonian iconography sheds important new light on the worldview of the last great Mesopotamian civilization. The types of hybrids that are portrayed include such disparate forms as the apkallu and the genius in human form, as well as creatures based on bulls, lions, canines, winged quadrupeds, fish, birds, scorpions, and snakes. Each composite being is analyzed in terms of its physical components, its context within scenes, its historical development, and its interpretation in NB texts. Within the hierarchical cosmic community, some lower deities and sub-divine beings appear in composite form. These play a key role in the cosmos by interacting with gods, with each other, with humans, and with natural animals. Their behavior parallels dynamics found in natural life, such as in competition, conflict, predation, protection, and in the service of others who are more powerful. In hybrids the capabilities of natural animals and humans are heightened by the selective addition of features derived from other species. There is no consistent correlation, however, between the strength of a natural creature and the relative power of the superhuman being that it symbolizes, or between its physical complexity and its placement in the cosmic hierarchy. In fact, the transcendence of high gods is often emphasized by their simple representation through attribute animals in natural form.Portrayals of composite beings often express the need for protection from malevolent powers by beneficent beings, some of whom can be accessed only through human mediators, such as ritual functionaries. Special relationships between supernatural beings and elite humans, especially the king, make such humans indispensable and therefore support their roles in the existing social order. It appears that the choice of a particular being portrayed on a given object could be influenced by factors such as its owner's profession, religious and/or political affiliations, and especially by the apotropaic function(s) of specific composite beings.

Δεν παρατίθεται περἰληψη στα ελληνικά. ; Christos Loukos, The political and ideological conflicts in post-war Syros and the Hermoupolis' mayor Epaminondas Pappadam We observe, in the micro scale of Syros, the defeat of expectations held by many Greeks that after the liberation a democratic society, just to all citizens, would arise and that the new government would punish the collaborators of Italian and German conquerors and all those who became rich by exploiting the misery of the people through the black market. This article examines the short tenure of the first post-war mayor of Hermoupolis, Epaminondas Pappadam, and how his overthrow was pursued because he insisted in his democratic and antiroyalist convictions. The overthrow was prepared by individuals and groups of people who had served the Metaxas' dictatorial regime, and more than others were exposed to the accusation of collaborating with the enemy and they looked forward to the return of King George II as the only stable guarantee for maintaining their leadership role. Their aims were facilitated by the tragic events of December 1944 in Athens. Backed by the presence of several Sacred Battalion's officers, British officers and other military forces at Syros, they succeeded, not only to marginalize the EAM's small military force in the island and their supporters, but also to prohibit with offensive behavior every act which was not compatible with their aims. Under those circumstances, Pappadam should have overthrown. He was not a communist, not an EAM's supporter either, but he insisted to be against the king's return and supported the necessity of a conciliatory solution for the social and political contrasts. Besides, his overthrow would function, in a symbolic level, as a warning for forcing into obedience those, less powerful than the mayor, who resisted to the forthcoming settlement of the Greek constitutional and political issue.

El pueblo embera catío del Alto Sinú habita en el Nudo de Paramillo (curso alto del río Sinú en la cordillera Occidental de los Andes colombianos) desde tiempos ancestrales. Pese a las circunstancias que los han rodeado, conservan parte de su cultura y han procurado mantener sus formas de gobierno y las relaciones sociales que rigen la vida en comunidad. No obstante, la construcción de la hidroeléctrica Urrá I, enfrentó al pueblo embera catío al deterioro de una parte importante de su territorio, perdiendo lugares sagrados y tierras para cultivo, así como al surgimiento de conflictos sociales que anteriormente desconocían. Esta situación obligó a este grupo indígena a modificar sus costumbres sociales y organizativas, y a adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones del medio. Este trabajo muestra un paralelo entre el antes y el después de la construcción de la hidroeléctrica Urrá I y los efectos posteriores que sobre la organización social y política, trajo el represamiento del río. ; The Embera Catio people live in the Nudo de Paramillo (High Sinu River, Western Mountain Chain at Colombian Andes) since ancient times. Despite the circumstances that have surrounded them, they retain part of their culture and have sought to keep their forms of government and social relationships that govern life in community. However, the construction of the Urra I hydroelectric encountered the Embera Catio with the deterioration of a significant part of their territory, losing sacred sites and lands for cultivation, as well as the emergence of social conflicts they were previously unaware of. This situation forced the Indigenous group to change its social and organizational behavior, and to adapt to new environmental conditions. This work shows a parallel between before and after the construction of the Urra I hydroelectric and subsequent effects on social and political organization brought by the river damming.