This paper considers an overlapping generations model in which capital investment is financed in a credit market with adverse selection. Lenders' inability to commit ex-ante not to bailout ex-post, together with a wealthy position of entrepreneurs gives rise to the soft budget constraint syndrome, i.e. the absence of liquidation of poor performing firms on a regular basis. This problem arises endogenously as a result of the interaction between the economic behavior of agents, without relying on political economy explanations. We found the problem more binding along the business cycle, providing an explanation to creditors leniency during booms in some LatinAmerican countries in the late seventies and early nineties.
A pesar de la incidencia que ejerce sobre el régimen democrático los desempeños del Poder Judicial, el estudio analítico del comportamiento de jueces y tribunales de justicia ha recibido un tratamiento residual en América Latina. La fuerte tradición jurisprudencial – legalista y el precario desarrollo de la Ciencia Política en la región constituyen algunos de los factores decisivos para dicho vacío investigativo. En tal escenario, ausente de referentes teóricos y desprovisto de constatación empírica respecto a las conjeturas elaboradas, el trabajo que se reseña constituye un puntal para el análisis de las políticas judiciales - judicial politics.
Objective. This study examines the antiretroviral (ARV) market characteristics for drugs procured and prescribed to Mexico's Social Protection System in Health beneficiaries between 2008 and 2013, and compares them with international data. Materials and methods. Procurement information from the National Center for the Prevention and the Control of HIV/AIDS was analyzed to estimate volumes and prices of key ARV. Annual costs were compared with data from the World Health Organization's Global Price Reporting Mechanism for similar countries. Finally, regimens reported in the ARV Drug Management, Logistics and Surveillance System database were reviewed to identify prescription trends and model ARV expenditures until 2018. Results. Results show that the first-line ARV market is concentrated among a small number of patented treatments, in which prescription is clinically adequate, but which prices are higher than those paid by similar countries. The current set of legal and structural options available to policy makers to bring prices down is extremely limited. Conclusions. Different negotiation policies were not successful to decrease ARV high prices in the public health market. The closed list approach had a good impact on prescription quality but was ineffective in reducing prices. The Coordinating Commission for Negotiating the Price of Medicines and other Health Supplies also failed to obtain adequate prices. To maximize purchase efficiency, policy makers should focus on finding long-term legal and political safeguards to counter the high prices imposed by pharmaceutical companies.
What does "globalisation" really mean? If we were to evaluate the concept of globalisation in terms of the frequency of its use we would conclude that it refers to a concrete and unquestionable reality. However, this conclusion is far from adequate. Indeed, globalisation is a very controversial concept that has originated diverse political and academic debates. Starting from trilateral typology as a framework for analysis, This paper re-examines the specific debate on the impact of globalisation upon one of the more traditionally exclusive spheres of the Nation-State: fiscal policies. It concludes that if regulated according to "economic invariable laws", far from being an inevitably constraining phenomenon, globalisation is better understood if it is observed as an economic political process (historically determined), as insistently emphasized by classic political economy. ; ¿Qué significa realmente "globalización"? Si tuviéramos que evaluar el concepto de globalización en términos de la frecuencia de su uso, concluiríamos que se refiere a una realidad concreta e incuestionable. Sin embargo, esta conclusión está lejos de ser adecuada. De hecho, la globalización es un concepto muy controvertido que ha originado diversos debates políticos y académicos. Partiendo de la tipología trilateral como marco de análisis, este trabajo reexamina el debate específico sobre el impacto de la globalización en una de las esferas más tradicionalmente excluyentes del Estado-Nación: las políticas fiscales. Concluye que si se regula de acuerdo con "leyes económicas invariables", lejos de ser un fenómeno inevitablemente restrictivo, la globalización se comprende mejor si se observa como un proceso político económico (históricamente determinado), como insistentemente enfatiza la economía política clásica.
The aim of the work is to study the conditions of Russian NPO functioning, the key problems and the trends of their development, and to develop the mechanisms that provide constructive practices for cooperation between the state and the non-profit sector. The results of statistical studies illustrate a high level of territorial differentiation among the representatives of the non-commercial sector, which creates inequality in terms of access to social services, the opportunities to meet the social needs of the population, the development of civil society, the involvement of social groups for the development and the implementation of managerial decisions in the social sphere. A low level of financial and infrastructural security of NPO activities, the lack of voluntary support lead to the reduction of trends and the volume of social assistance for the population. Currently, the interaction of local government and non-profit public organizations is characterized by rather narrow models of cooperation. The leading mechanism that can provide the necessary modernization of non-profit organization activities, the increase of their role and representation in public problem solution, is an intersectoral social partnership that can provide constructive coordination of key agent positions in the social space, an effective interaction of government bodies, population and public organizations.
438 449 13 4 ; OJS ; [EN] This article deals with the control of discrete event systems subject to synchronization and delay phenomena, described by a plus max linear model. The temporal constraints are imposed on the state space of the system. These constraints are described in the max plus cone defined by the image of the Kleene star of the matrix associated with the temporal constraints. In consequence, the problem of determining a control that force the satisfaction of time constraints, is formulated in terms of the invariance of the cone. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to this problem have been established. Our approach allows the design of a satisfactory control of the form of a static state feedback. We emphasize that our solution takes into account two aspects which are the initialization of the control law, and its causality, important for its implementation. To illustrate the application of this approach, two control problems are presented. Allamigeon, X., Gaubert, S., Goubault, E., 2010. "The tropical double descrip- ' tion method", in Proc. Symp. Theor. Aspects Comp. Sci., Nancy, France, pp. 47-58. Allamigeon, X., Gaubert, S., Goubault, E., 2012. Computing the ' vertices of tropical polyhedra using directed hypergraphs, Discrete Comput. Geom. Amari, S., Demongodin, I., Loiseau, J. J., Martinez, C., 2012. Max-plus control design for temporal constraints meeting in timed event graphs, IEEE Trans. Automatic Control, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 462-467. Atto A., Martinez C., Amari S., 2011. Control of discrete event systems with respect to strict duration: supervision of an industrial manufacturing plant. Comput Inf Syst 61(4):1149-1159. Baccelli, F., Cohen, G., Olsder, G.-J., Quadrat, J.-P., 1992. Synchronization and Linearity. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Cohen, G., Gaubert, S., Quadrat, J. P.,1999. "Max-plus algebra and system theory: where we are and where to go now,"Annu. Rev. Control, vol. 23, pp. 207-219. Gaubert, S., Katz, R., 2007. The Minkowski theorem for max-plus convex ...
Las Comunidades Autónomas cuentan con capacidad e intención para llevar a cabo diversas actuaciones fuera de las fronteras del Estado. Sin embargo, su proyección exterior reproduce algunos de los problemas asociados clásicamente al Estado de las Autonomías, como, por ejemplo, una regulación abierta y dispar. De este modo, por un lado, se manifiesta la cuestión territorial. Lo hace a través de la recurrente tensión entre fuerzas centrípetas y centrífugas y, al mismo tiempo, mostrando la incapacidad de los distintos actores para coordinarse y alcanzar acuerdos comunes. Por otro lado, el contexto político coyuntural agrava los conflictos e, incluso, genera una situación irresoluble si estos se intentan atajar por la vía jurisdiccional. Sin lugar a dudas, la proyección exterior de los entes regionales encontrará un mejor acomodo cuando se defina, en mayor grado, el Estado Autonómico. ; The Autonomous Communities are able and intended to carry out different actions beyond national borders. However, its external projection portrays some of the issues classically associated with the State of Autonomies, like, for instance, an uneven and open regulation. Thus, the territorial issue emerges on the one hand. It does so through the recurrent tension between the centre and the periphery and, at the same time, by evidencing the inability for the different actors to coordinate and reach common agreements. On the other hand, the political and circumstantial context aggravates the conflicts, and even creates an irresolvable situation if it is attempted to solve them by a jurisdictional process. Without a doubt, the external projection of regional authorities will adjust better when de Autonomous State is defined to a greater extent.
Este trabajo tiene por objetivo identificar analíticamente los impactos que podría sufrir el comercio internacional en Argentina frente a la normativa ambiental extranjera emergente, la cual impondrá progresivas restricciones a sus exportaciones. Los resultados del trabajo sugieren un horizonte de corto plazo negativo sobre los sectores transables de la economía argentina en donde funcionarán barreras ambientales al comercio. Las características intrínsecas de cada sector determinan que tal impacto pueda adoptar dimensiones relativamente diferentes en cada caso. En el mediano y largo plazo el reemplazo del enfoque tradicional basado en el control de la contaminación por otro de prevención, junto con diversas alternativas de política, permitiría mejoras en la productividad, en las cuentas externas y en las condiciones ambientales del país. ; This paper aims to identify analytically potential impacts on Argentinean international trade as a consequence of foreign environmental legislation emerging, which will impose progressive restrictions on exports. The results suggest a short-term negative impact on the tradable sectors of Argentina's economy where there exist environmental barriers to trade. The intrinsic characteristics of each sector generates that the impact may take quite different dimensions in each case. In the medium and long term, the replacement of the traditional approach based on control of pollution by the other of pollution prevention, along with various policy alternatives, would allow productivity improvements, better external accounts and amelioration in the country's environmental conditions. ; 57-78 ; msaidon@yahoo.com, msaidon@econ.uba.ar ; ebamio@gmail.com ; semestral
As a necessary step towards a critique of modern rights, this work analyses the exclusionary limitations in the colonial space of the ideas of citizenships and rights. It points out how Civil Society became restricted to the society of civilized men, as a way of modulating the exclusion inside a modern political logic (sovereignty) that, however, supposes free and equal individuals as its foundation. Through a brief analysis of the problem of slavery, historicism, and indirect rule, the article argues that postcolonial critique could help us interrogate the languages, practices and effects of these particular forms (historicist, colonialist, racialized, culturists) of limitation of modern rights. ; En el presente trabajo se analiza, como momento necesario de la elaboración de una crítica del derecho moderno, el problema de la limitación excluyente que las ideas de ciudadanía y derechos encontraron en el espacio colonial. Se señala cómo la Sociedad Civil se redujo a la sociedad de los hombres civilizados, como forma de modular tal exclusión al interior de una lógica política moderna (la de la soberanía) que sin embargo supone a los individuos libres e iguales como su fundamento. A través de un breve análisis del problema de la esclavitud, el historicismo y la práctica del gobierno indirecto, se argumenta que la teoría poscolonial puede, ayudarnos a interrogar los lenguajes, prácticas y efectos de estas formas particulares (historicistas, coloniales, racializadas, culturalistas) de limitación de los derechos modernos.
El objetivo del artículo es analizar la restricción presupuestaria del municipio de Santander de Quilichao (Cauca) durante el periodo 2004-2016, mostrando el déficit fiscal primario de acuerdo a la teoría fiscal. La metodología abarca un análisis descriptivo de los gastos e ingresos, como componentes principales de la restricción presupuestaria, y además se presentan los índices de desempeño fiscal con el fin de analizar el comportamiento financiero de la entidad gubernamental, dada la presentación de indicadores fiscales del Departamento Nacional de Planeación –DNP–. Se concluye que la situación fiscal de Santander de Quilichao es sostenible y que la gestión de control en los gastos ha sido prudente en el periodo de referencia ; The aim of the article is to analyze the budget constraint of the municipality of Santander de Quilichao (Cauca) during the period 2004-2016, showing the primary fiscal deficit according to the fiscal theory. The methodology includes a descriptive analysis of expenditures and income, as the main components of the budget constraint, and also presents the fiscal performance indexes in order to analyze the financial behavior of the government entity, given the presentation of fiscal indicators of the Department National Planning -DNP-. It is concluded that the fiscal situation of Santander de Quilichao is sustainable and that the management of control over expenses has been prudent in the reference period.
The aim of the article is to analyze the budget constraint of the municipality of Santander de Quilichao (Cauca) during the period 2004-2016, showing the primary fiscal deficit according to the fiscal theory. The methodology includes a descriptive analysis of expenditures and income, as the main components of the budget constraint, and also presents the fiscal performance indexes in order to analyze the financial behavior of the government entity, given the presentation of fiscal indicators of the Department National Planning -DNP-. It is concluded that the fiscal situation of Santander de Quilichao is sustainable and that the management of control over expenses has been prudent in the reference period. ; El objetivo del artículo es analizar la restricción presupuestaria del municipio de Santander de Quilichao (Cauca) durante el periodo 2004-2016, mostrando el déficit fiscal primario de acuerdo a la teoría fiscal. La metodología abarca un análisis descriptivo de los gastos e ingresos, como componentes principales de la restricción presupuestaria, y además se presentan los índices de desempeño fiscal con el fin de analizar el comportamiento financiero de la entidad gubernamental, dada la presentación de indicadores fiscales del Departamento Nacional de Planeación –DNP–. Se concluye que la situación fiscal de Santander de Quilichao es sostenible y que la gestión de control en los gastos ha sido prudente en el periodo de referencia
This article tries to answer two questions that go through the relationship between domestic constraints and foreign policy in Argentina. The first is linked to the academic field and aims to analyze why the influence of intermestic approaches came late to the country. The second is linked to political-ideological aspects and aims to explain why, from the process of redemocratization, domestic constraints grew in importance as sources of foreign policy and generated different responses during each administration. Finally, we describe briefly and critically the effects of these answers on the contents of the external action and on the society's living conditions. Keywords: domestic constraints, foreign policy, Argentina, society ; Este artículo intenta responder dos interrogantes que atraviesan la relación entre los condicionantes internos y la política exterior en Argentina. El primero está ligado al campo académico, e indaga sobre las razones de la llegada tardía al país de la influencia de los enfoques teóricos que destacan la necesidad de analizar los condicionantes internos para comprender adecuadamente el devenir de la política exterior. El segundo se vincula con aspectos político-ideológicos, y analiza por qué a partir del proceso de redemocratización los condicionantes domésticos crecieron en importancia como fuentes de la política exterior y generaron distintas respuestas por parte de los gobiernos de turno. Seguidamente, se describen breve y críticamente los efectos que ocasionaron cada una de dichas respuestas sobre los contenidos de la acción externa y las condiciones de vida de la sociedad. Palabras clave: condicionantes internos, política exterior, Argentina, sociedad
El trabajo se propone ahondar en los complejos vínculos entre la religión y la política en la Argentina democrática, focalizando el análisis en las construcciones discursivas y actuaciones de la dirigencia política y religiosa durante el extenso proceso de aprobación de la legislación sobre educación sexual en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Tanto la reconstrucción del derrotero parlamentario, como el farragoso sendero recorrido para la inserción de la educación sexual en el sistema educativo, nos permitirán dar cuenta de las instancias de intermediación político-religiosa y las modalidades de interpelación de las instituciones religiosas -principalmente la Iglesia Católica- a los espacios de representación de la ciudadanía. Cultura política, poder eclesiástico y derechos ciudadanos conforman los tres vértices analíticos abordados para repensar la gestión pública-estatal y sus condiciones de posibilidad para garantizar democracias inclusivas. ; This work suggests to deepen on the complex links between religion and politics in democratic Argentina, focusing the analysis on discursive constructions and actions of the political and religious leadership during the comprehensive legislation approval process on sexual education in Buenos Aires. Not only the reconstruction of the parliamentary course, but also the tedious path followed to insert sexual education within the educational system, will allow us to account for the political-religious intermediation moments and the interpellation modalities of the religious institutions —mainly the catholic church— and the citizenship representation spaces. Political culture, ecclesiastic power and citizenship rights make up the three analytical vertexes tackled to rethink the public-state management and its conditions of possibility to warrant inclusive democracies ; Fil: Esquivel, Juan Cruz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales; Argentina;
Forced displacement is a social, economic, political, and cultural phenomenon that has marked the recent history of Colombia throughout the twentieth century and has left serious consequences in some 7,265,072 people, victims of this scourge (Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas, 2020) who have suffered the consequences of displacement and uprooting as a direct result of the internal armed conflict in which various armed actors –such as guerrillas and paramilitary groups, in addition to the State itself– have been perpetrators to a greater or lesser extent. Additionally, victims have suffered from uprooting and the loss of relatives and property, as well as the impossibility of continuing or developing a life project. Being this a current topic on the public agenda and academia, as well as in political and social sectors, this article presents an analysis of how the criterion of fiscal sustainability can constitute a limit to the guarantee of reparation through administrative channels for victims of forced displacement in Colombia. For this purpose, some relevant aspects are taken into account that allow a conceptual approximation to the way in which insufficient attention by the State to this population group led the Constitutional Court to declare an unconstitutional state of affairs in this regard by means of Ruling T-025 of 2004. Different orders were issued to the national government, both central and territorial, in order for it to adopt the necessary measures to initially mitigate the negative effects of displacement, as well as to overcome the unconstitutional state of affairs declaration in the medium and long term. All of this is formulated from the perspective of the recognition and guarantee of the effective enjoyment of human rights, which have been violated for the victims of violence in the country. ; El desplazamiento forzado constituye un fenómeno social, económico, político y cultural que ha marcado la historia reciente de Colombia a lo largo del siglo xx y ha dejado graves secuelas en cerca de 7 265 072 personas víctimas de este flagelo (Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas, 2020). Estas han sufrido las consecuencias propias del desplazamiento y el desarraigo que se desata como consecuencia directa del conflicto armado interno en el que diversos actores armados —como las guerrillas y los grupos de autodefensas, además del mismo Estado— han sido perpetradores en mayor o menor medida de este crimen. Se suma todo ello al escenario de desarraigo y de la perdida de familiares y de los propios bienes, así como a la imposibilidad de continuar o desarrollar un proyecto de vida. Por tratarse de un tema vigente en la agenda pública y la academia, así como en sectores políticos y sociales, este artículo presenta un análisis acerca de cómo el criterio de sostenibilidad fiscal puede llegar a constituir un límite a la garantía de reparación por vía administrativa para las víctimas del desplazamiento forzado en Colombia. Para ello, se tienen en cuenta algunos aspectos relevantes que permiten una aproximación conceptual a la manera en que la insuficiente atención a este grupo poblacional por parte del Estado condujo a que la Corte Constitucional declarara el estado de cosas inconstitucional (eci) en este aspecto, mediante la Sentencia T-025 del 2004. Se emitieron así diferentes órdenes al gobierno nacional, tanto central como territorial, con el fin de que se adopten las medidas necesarias que permitan, en un primer momento, mitigar los efectos negativos del desplazamiento, como también superar la declaratoria de eci en el mediano y largo plazo. Todo esto se formula bajo la perspectiva del reconocimiento y la garantía del goce efectivo de los derechos humanos que han resultado conculcados para las víctimas de la violencia en el país.
