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El presente artículo examina el caso de las reformas al sistema electoral municipal venezolano en el período comprendido entre 1984 y 1995 con la finalidad de comprobar teorías sobre las implicaciones del sistema electoral en el sistema de partidos. Examinamos el efecto de la magnitud de la circunscripción electoral, el umbral de representación y la fórmula electoral en el número efectivo de partidos electorales y legislativos. Se argumenta que las sucesivas reformas generaron expectativas que incentivaron a una mayor participación de los partidos políticos y grupos de electores en las contiendas electorales locales pero que no resultaron en un número significativo de nuevos escaños para éstos, lo que contribuyó a la desconfianza en la institución electoral y a la larga, a deslegitimar aún más a los dos partidos tradicionales. ; This article examines electoral reforms to the Venezuelan municipal electoral system between 1984 y 1995 to confirm theories on the effect of the electoral system on the party system. We examine the effect of district magnitude, electoral threshold and the electoral formula on the effective number of electoral and legislative parties. We affirm that successive reforms generated expectations that encouraged many political parties and electoral groups to compete in local elections, but that those reforms did not result in a significant number of additional seats for them. This contributed to the furtber erosion of public trust in the electoral institution and in the two traditional political parties.

In an unexpected turn of events for many, the year 2021 has still been hit hard by the global COVID-19 pandemic. The situation undoubtedly marks a before and after in the history of humanity, before this the health system with its colossal efforts has tried to keep society afloat, while it faces other consequences beyond the disease Specifically, Mexico and Latin America, due to their particular social, political and geographical characteristics, have been strongly impacted at the health level, but not only that. Society in general has seen effects not only on a physical level, but also on a mental and functional level; the interaction has changed, as well as the way of relating and behaving, so new social problems have arisen or existing ones have become more acute. For this reason, the International Digital Journal of Psychology and Social Science in its second issue of the year 2021, hopes to bring together the voices of those academics who build scientific knowledge of the series of sequels or prequels of various social problems derived from the pandemic. In this sense, all strata of the population have been affected, from children, adolescents and adults, as well as systems that we thought were more robust or stable such as health, education or the work context; The most basic way of relating, such as social, family and environmental interaction, has also been impacted. Therefore, this issue seeks to open a space to those academics interested in contributing from their trenches to the understanding, prevention and treatment of these problems. ; En un giro inesperado de acontecimientos para muchos, el año 2021 se ha visto aun golpeado fuertemente por la pandemia de COVID-19 a nivel global. La situación sin duda alguna marca un antes y un después en la historia de la humanidad, ante esto el sistema de salud con sus colosales esfuerzos ha tratado de mantener a flote la sociedad, mientras que ésta se enfrenta a otras consecuencias más allá de la enfermedad. En concreto, México y América Latina por sus características sociales, políticas y geográficas particulares se ha visto fuertemente impactado a nivel salud, pero no solo eso. La sociedad en general ha visto afectaciones no sólo a nivel físico, sino mental y funcional; la interacción ha cambiado, así como el modo de relacionarse y comportarse, por lo que se presentan nuevos problemas sociales o se han agudizado los ya existentes. Por tal motivo, la Revista Digital Internacional de Psicología y Ciencia Social en su segundo número del año 2021, espera reunir las voces de aquellos académicos que construyen conocimiento científico de la serie de secuelas o precuelas de problemáticas sociales diversas derivadas de la pandemia. En este sentido, todos los estratos de la población se han visto afectados, desde niños, adolescentes y adultos, así como sistemas que pensábamos más robustos o estables como la salud, la educación o el contexto laboral; también se ha visto impactada la manera más básica de relacionarse como la interacción social, familiar y ambiental. Por lo que el presente número busca abrir un espacio a aquellos académicos interesados en contribuir desde su trinchera a la comprensión, prevención y tratamiento de dichas problemáticas.

A case study on coastal planning and management in Australia was selected to undertake an analysis of governance problems and/or solutions. The case study is the Augusta-Margaret River Shire1 in the southwest coast of Western Australia located at 290 km from Perth, the State capital. This case study has been selected from a series entitled ?Case Studies from Coastal Councils? presented by the Australian Local Government Association (ALGA). The case study of Augusta-Margaret River was written in 2005 (Trail J., 2005). In order to update it, local authorities were contacted who kindly provided additional documentation as well as very valuable comments. In parallel, a review of the latest documentation from public sources was undertaken. All information presented in this paper is in the public domain. Useful contacts are included in the footnotes and the reference material. The objective of the paper is to review and analyze the case study on the basis of a conceptual model used for governance studies (Olsen, S.B., Page, G., Ochoa, 2009). This model has been applied in the study of governance in different countries. The model allows for the examination and integrated analysis of the main sources/mechanisms of governance (market, government and civil society) and the interrelationships between them. The model also allows for the review of governance responses to different human interventions along a sequence of time (past-present), and whether they have produce positive or negative impacts. The paper is divided into four parts (See ?Paper?s Road Map? in Annex 1. Part I presents a summary version of the case study as well as a chronology of events associated to coastal management in the Augusta Margaret River Shire through time. On the basis of this information an analysis of the trajectory of change is undertaken. Part II presents a brief review of the conceptual model. Special attention is given to the objectives and benefits of the model as well as its key features, particularly why it is based on the analysis of the past (trajectory of change) as the basis to build up future scenarios, as well as the assessment of governance responses to ecosystem changes through time. The discussion also includes the ?how to?, of measuring the governance process and outcomes. Part III focuses on the analysis of the main sources and mechanisms of governance (government, market and civil society) in Augusta Margaret River. To set the stage for analysis, an due to the complexity of the planning system in Australia, an overview of Australia?s three-tier coastal management system is provided, in order to facilitate the analysis of governance issues within this unique planning scenario. Part III discusses and reflects on the most critical governance issues, weather they are rooted in the government, the market or the civil society, that affect and had affected Augusta-Margaret River Shire through time. Part IV reflects on the applicability and uniqueness of this case study as well as the predominance of different sources of governance, It also discuss the degree of integration in the responses of the governance system and the existence of the necessary pre-conditions for implementation of a plan of action directed to the effective governance of the coastal areas.

The aim of the paper was to analyse the current level of Euroscepticism in the European Union, to identify the current challenges populist parties face in the Euroscepticism realities and promotion. The main method of research was the observation method, which, together with the comparative method, revealed the selected issues of the paper. The conducted research has shown that the rise of populist parties primarily reflects a response to a wide range of rapid cultural changes undermining the core values and practices of Western societies. At the same time, the pandemic and changes in public consciousness have led to a decline in the activity of political parties and the introduction of Eurosceptic ideas per se. As part of the research, we have argued that the deepening of European integration is not perceived positively by member states as well, given the unnatural order of legal relations in the union. The findings will also require comparison with the results of the forthcoming EU elections, which has been identified as a roadmap for further author's research.

ABSTRACTGlobalization and communication technology are bringing the world closer together in a global village, including language barriers. The things that prevent us from understanding each other's constitute a common challenge to individuals, groups, international companies, governments, nations, and the whole world. This qualitative study aimed at exploring the factors that cause language barriers, their types, and their impact on effective communication and our life as well as ways to make people aware of the importance of overcoming them. The study concluded that language or semantic barriers arise from different subjects such as meanings and uses of words, symbols, images, gestures, languages and dialects.RESUMENLa globalización y la tecnología de la comunicación están uniendo al mundo en una aldea global, incluyendo barreras del idioma. Las cosas que nos impiden entendernos constituyen un desafío común para las personas, los grupos, las compañías internacionales, los gobiernos, las naciones y el mundo entero. Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo explorar los factores que causan las barreras del idioma, sus tipos y su impacto en la comunicación efectiva y nuestra vida, así como las formas de sensibilizar a las personas sobre la importancia de superarlas. El estudio concluyó que el lenguaje o las barreras semánticas surgen de diferentes temas, como significados y usos de palabras, símbolos, imágenes, gestos, idiomas y dialectos.

Purpose: The paper aims to study the role of local institutions in the establishment of fast-food outlets in urban districts of Peru. In most urban districts, there are no fast-food outlets. The authors, therefore, study the effect of institutional quality on the presence or absence of these outlets and the number of outlets if these are present. Design/methodology/approach: The theoretical framework in which this paper is based on is the theory of agglomeration, which establishes that firms benefit from being close to each other. In particular, the paper builds on a model of market entry and competition in geographically independent local markets. An explicit expression was found for the equilibrium number of outlets (including zero) as a function of exogenous determinants of the demand for fast-food in each market, available infrastructure and institutional quality of the district's government. Principal component analysis was used to construct measures of institutional quality based on administrative and organizational characteristics of district's municipalities. These measures were incorporated as explanatory variables in a zero-inflated Poisson model, which is appropriate to handle count data and to accommodate excess zeros and which also allows the specification of different models for the zero part and the positive part. Findings: Institutional quality mainly affects the presence of fast-food outlets in a district. The quality of urban development management and use of information systems are relevant. An institutional variable particularly relevant in explaining the number of outlets is the presence of an investment programming office in the municipality. The authors confirm the general hypothesis of the paper: institutions have a role in explaining both the presence and number of fast-food outlets in a district. Overall, the results of this paper suggest that institutional quality of a municipal district is related to better infrastructure, which lowers the costs of establishing outlets. Research limitations/implications: Limitations in the availability of data at the regional and urban district level did not allow the authors to analyze other factors that affect entry decisions in the fast-food industry in Peru, such as controls to prevent corruption, legal uncertainty or crime. Another limitation was the lack of data on entry costs for each franchisee in each urban district. This forced the authors to use public infrastructure characteristics of the district as (imperfect) proxies of the entry costs. Practical implications: The instruments of urban development management and information systems can be effective at attracting investment to a district. These tools operate partly through an indirect effect, namely, the improvement of district infrastructure, which is necessary to reduce the costs of establishing companies. There is also synergy between national government's programs to attract investment and the good institutional quality in local governments. On the contrary, poor local institutions can be an obstacle to the successful implementation of those national programs. Social implications: Foreign direct investment has a positive impact on the economic development of a country through knowledge spillovers. Therefore, any administrative reform to make local government practices more efficient can have an indirect impact on development. Originality/value: Principal component analysis is a statistical tool that can be important in building good measures of institutional quality by allowing the combination of different observable characteristics into one component that can be interpreted as an operational restriction. The count model allows the use of the primary, easily observable, dependent variable, namely, the number of outlets. Finally, the two-part model makes it possible to discern the effect of institutional quality on the presence or absence of outlets and the number of outlets if these are present. © 2017, © Emerald Publishing Limited. ; Versión aceptada ; Producción Científica de la Universidad de Panamericana

It has been possible to analyze and synthesize electoral data into simple indicatorswhose objective is to provide a single datum in regards to the observeddistributions, such as in the case of votesi concentration-fragmentation indexes. Nevertheless, there is no index devoid of problems. For that matter, this paperaims to advance a definition of ìfamiliesî of indicators that may fully explain theevent. Therefore, this essay proposes a complementary index for the analysis ofthe actual and effective number of parties in a given system, which we havenamed ìnumber of autonomous partiesî and whose characteristics and specificsare reviewed.

The aim of the study was to analyses the system of police performance and determine the role of the indicator that shows the number of detected criminal offenses in this system. A comprehensive study of the chosen topic was realized through empirical and theoretical methods, as well as the comparative analysis. It is determined that the components of the system of police performance indicators include the level of public trust in the police as a fundamental indicator that reflects the real state of crime and security in the country; the level of detection of criminal offenses; crime rate and public safety; citizens-police interaction rate; response time to offenses. It was found that the ratio of detected and solved crimes for the reporting period allows reflecting the police performance in the fight against crime, identifying the main problems of organizational, personnel, material, technical and legal nature of their activities. The evaluation of the effectiveness of policing through the prism of detected criminal offenses provides for further research and justification in order to determine effective legal tools for its regulation.

The essay analyses the procedure that leads to the approval of the constitutional law n. 1 of 2020 related to the reduction of the number of Italian parliamentarians: from 630 deputies to 400 and from 315 senators to 200. The process for the approval of the law was particularly troubled, particularly due to the change of both the Government in charge and the political majority, with some parties that in the first ballots voted against and in the following ones in favor. In the last vote, the text was almost unanimously approved. However, a minority of senators requested the constitutional referendum, which took place, despite the postponement caused by the pandemic, in September 2020. It was the fourth constitutional referendum in Italy. Its results are analysed in the paper, also in the light of the three previous referendums called in Italy. The topic deserves a great attention because it highlights how, after the attempts to reform the Constitution that took place in 2006 (by the center-right majority) and in 2016 (by the left majority), both rejected by the electoral body in referendums, this reform reopens, in a certain way, the path of constitutional reforms. However, this reform has a strong anti-parliamentary and populist impact. ; El trabajo analiza el procedimiento de aprobación de la Ley constitucional núm. 1 de 2020, con la que se ha reducido el número de miembros del Parlamento italiano: de 630 diputados se ha pasado a 400 y de 315 senadores a 200. El iter procedimental de esta reforma ha sido particularmente difícil, teniendo en cuenta los cambios en el Gobierno y en la mayoría política acontecidos durante el mismo, así como la transformación de la posición política de algunos partidos, que en las primeras votaciones habían expresado su oposición a la modificación. La propuesta fue aprobada, en la última votación, por casi la unanimidad del Parlamento. Sin embargo, una minoría de senadores solicitó el referéndum confirmatorio, que tuvo lugar en septiembre de 2020, tras el aplazamiento provocado por la pandemia. En concreto, el artículo examina los datos de este último referéndum constitucional —el cuarto de Italia— a la luz de los resultados de los tres anteriores. Tras los intentos de reforma constitucional que tuvieron lugar en 2006 (con el apoyo de la mayoría de centroderecha) y en 2016 (con el respaldo del centroizquierda), ambos rechazados por el cuerpo electoral en los correspondientes referendos, el análisis histórico merece el interés de presentar esta última consulta como una forma de reabrir, en cierto sentido, el camino de las reformas constitucionales, aprovechando un tema que presenta un marcado carácter antiparlamentario y populista.

Committed employees, effective companies (Berceruelo & Estudio de Comunicación, 2020) is not only an enjoyable and interesting volume, but also a very useful tool for professionals in the field of communication, human resources, business management or public relations, as well as for researchers and academics. This is due to the fact that it tackles internal communication from a strategic perspective to make the organizational culture and values of an entity evolve, with the aim of reflecting internal audiences and promoting their sense of belonging by constituting the link between all of them at an individual level

Enmarcada en los estudios sobre la vertiente sociopolítica de la transnacionalidad, esta investigación analiza dos organizaciones políticas diseñadas exógenamente (promovidas y coordinadas desde un ámbito y espacio supralocal o supranacional), inspiradas por la existencia de residentes extranjeros en varios municipios españoles, en este caso de nacionalidad rumana. Los datos proceden de la investigación documental, análisis estadístico de candidaturas y resultados electorales, y de entrevistas en profundidad a representantes de dichos partidos. El trabajo concluye que la presencia de un colectivo elevado de residentes extranjeros no son, per se, indicadores de potencial electoral; a no ser que medien los elementos motivadores de movilización. El argumento electoral de compartir la misma nacionalidad de origen no parece suficiente, aun cuando el programa político intente ser trasversal, evitando posiciones ideológicas y recurriendo a elementos genéricos como son la cultura común y su defensa, y la posibilidad de ayudar a regenerar la política y la democracia en el país de origen. Existen contradicciones importantes como son el enfoque supralocal y nacional en elecciones de lógica local, o la desconfianza previa de los electores potenciales en partidos rumanos sobre la base de la experiencia en su país de origen. ; Based on the studies on the socio-political aspect of transnationality, this research analyzes two exogenously designed political organizations (promoted and coordinated from a supralocal or supra-national scope and space), inspired by the existence of foreign residents in several Spanish municipalities, in this case Romanian nationality. The data come from documental research, statistical analysis of candidacies and electoral results, and from in-depth interviews with representatives of these parties. The paper concludes that the presence of a large group of foreign residents is not, per se, indicators of electoral potential; unless the motivating elements of mobilization are mediated. The electoral argument of sharing the same nationality of origin does not seem enough, even if the political program tries to be transversal, avoiding ideological positions and appealing to generic elements such as common culture and its defense, and the possibility of helping to regenerate politics and democracy in the country of origin. There are important contradictions such as the supralocal and national approach in local logic elections, or the previous distrust of potential voters in Romanian parties based on experience in their country of origin.

The purpose of the article is to study the regulatory policy of Eastern Europe in the context of effective public administration and to identify areas for ensuring its effectiveness in modern development conditions. The need for conceptual substantiation of the regulatory policy implementation directions, development of appropriate applied nature recommendations taking into account public administration system transformational processes has caused urgency of a theme. The methods of comparative analysis, statistical analysis, method of abstraction and formalization, grouping method, SWOT-analysis method were used as empirical research methods. It was substantiated that modern science considers this concept in the following aspects: complex, special, normative and globalization. In the context of the Good Government concept, regulatory policy was analyzed according to the transparency criterion. It was determined that the disadvantage for Ukraine is the lack of regulatory policy transparency, the lack of single database with draft regulatory acts and performance monitoring reports. It is proposed to use SWOT-analysis as a strategic tool for regulatory impact analysis. Conceptual bases of improvement of regulatory policy realization process have been developed in the following directions: economic development, improvement of internal business environment, harmonization of normative-legal regulation system, stimulation of partnership in the regulatory policy field.

ABSTRACT Although globalization and communication technology are bringing the world closer together in a global village, language barriers constitute a common challenge to individuals, groups, international companies, governments, nations, and the whole world. This qualitative study aimed at exploring the factors that cause non-verbal language barriers, their types and impact on effective communication, and our life, as well, are making people aware of the importance of overcoming them. This study concludes that misunderstanding, miscommunication, and misinterpretation of non-verbal messages arise when the sender (speaker) and receiver (listener) do not fully understand each other's language and culture.RESUMEN Aunque la globalización y la tecnología de la comunicación están uniendo al mundo en una aldea global, las barreras idiomáticas constituyen un desafío común para las personas, los grupos, las compañías internacionales, los gobiernos, las naciones y el mundo entero. Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo explorar los factores que causan las barreras del lenguaje no verbal, sus tipos e impacto en la comunicación efectiva, y nuestra vida, así como las formas, están haciendo que las personas sean conscientes de la importancia de superarlas. Este estudio concluye que los malentendidos, la falta de comunicación y la mala interpretación de los mensajes no verbales surgen cuando el emisor (hablante) y el receptor (oyente) no entienden completamente el idioma y la cultura del otro.

In this paper, we examine the problem of building a user profile from a set of documents. This profile will consist of a subset of the most representative terms in the documents that best represent user preferences or interests. Inspired by the discrete concentration theory we have conducted an axiomatic study of seven properties that a selection function should fulfill: the minimum and maximum uncertainty principle, invariant to adding zeros, invariant to scale transformations, principle of nominal increase, transfer principle and the richest get richer inequality. We also present a novel selection function based on the use of similarity metrics, and more specifically the cosine measure which is commonly used in information retrieval, and demonstrate that this verifies six of the properties in addition to a weaker variant of the transfer principle, thereby representing a good election approach. The theoretical study was complemented with an empirical study to compare the performance of different selection criteria (weight- and unweight-based) using real data in a parliamentary setting. In this study, we analyze the performance of the different functions focusing on the two main factors affecting the selection process: profile size (number of terms) and weight distribution. These profiles are then used in a document filtering task to show that our similarity-based approach performs well in terms not only of recommendation accuracy but also efficiency (we obtain smaller profiles and consequently faster recommendations). ; This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under projects TIN2013-42741-P and TIN2016-77902-C3-2-P, and the European Regional Development Fund ( ERDF-FEDER ).

This study examines consumer protection in arbitration, especially under the example of property development contract disputes in Brazil. This is a very current issue in light of the presidential veto of consumer arbitration on May 26, 2015. The article discusses the arbitrability of these disputes based on Brazilian legislation and relevant case law. It also analyzes of the advantages, disadvantages and trends of consumer arbitration in the context of real estate contracts. The paper concludes by providing suggestions specific to consumer protection in arbitration based on this analysis.