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El plazo razonable es en la actualidad un derecho fundamental en el ordenamiento
de la Unión Europea. La compensación de los daños que pudiera haber producido
su conculcación ha sido una cuestión debatida y en la que la interpretación del Tribunal
de Justicia ha experimentado una clara evolución. La última postura al respecto, que obliga
a iniciar un recurso de indemnización ante el Tribunal General puede tener dos consecuencias,
no previstas inicialmente, en el sistema de responsabilidad extracontractual de la
Unión Europea: que la lesión de un derecho fundamental constituya per se una violación
suficientemente caracterizada y que el no respeto del plazo razonable por el Tribunal de
Justicia deba enjuiciarse por el Tribunal General.
Zentzuzko epea funtsezko eskubidea da Europar Batasunaren ordenamenduan.
Askotan eztabaidatu da hori urratzeak eragin ahal ditzakeen kalteak ordaintzeko
modua, eta Justizia Auzitegiaren interpretazioa eboluzionatuz joan da. Horri buruzko azken
jarrerak berriro abiarazi du kalte-ordainei buruzko helegite bat Auzitegi Nagusian, eta horrek
bi ondorio izan ditzake, hasieran aurreikusi gabeak, Europar Batasuneko kontratuz kanpoko
erantzukizun-sisteman: funtsezko eskubide bat urratzea per se nahikoa karakterizatuta egotea,
eta Auzitegi Nagusiak epaitu behar izatea Justizia Auzitegiak zentzuzko epea bete ez
izana.
The reasonable time limit is currently a fundamental right within the
European Union orden. The award of damages by its violation is a debated matter and the
interpretation by the Court of Justice has experienced a clear evolution. Last approach
in that regard, that obliges to lodge an action for damages befor the General Court can
have two not initially foreseen consequences in the non contractual liability system of the
European Union: that the impairment of a fundamental right is by itself a serious breach
and that the reasonable time limit by the Court of Justice is flouted is tried before the
General Court.

La Sentencia del TSJ del País Vasco de 13 de junio de 2008 declaró nulo,
de oficio, el párrafo segundo del artículo 247 de la Norma Foral 2/2005, General Tributaria
del Territorio Histórico de Gipuzkoa, de 3 de marzo, que permitía, en determinados supuestos,
interponer directamente recurso contencioso-administrativo, sin necesidad de plantear
previamente reclamación económico-administrativa. La declaración de nulidad se basó en
que la norma se apartaba del procedimiento administrativo común tributario (artículo 249
LGT), vulnerando el artículo 149.1.18.ª CE; afectando también a la competencia exclusiva
del Estado en materia de legislación procesal (artículo 149.1.6.ª CE). El TS, en Sentencia de
26 de enero de 2012, confirmó este razonamiento.
Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Auzitegi Nagusiaren 2008ko ekainaren
13ko epaiak baliogabetzat jo zuen ofizioz Gipuzkoako Lurralde Historikoko Zergei buruzko
martxoaren 3ko 2/2005 Foru Arauaren 247. artikuluaren bigarren paragrafoa. Zenbait kasutan,
erreklamazio ekonomiko-administratiboa egin gabe, administrazioarekiko auziak zuzenean
aurkezteko aukera ematen zuen. Araua baliogabe adierazteko argudiatu zuten ohiko
zerga-prozedura administratibotik urruntzen zela (249. artikulua) eta ez duela betetzen Espainiako
Konstituzioaren 149.1 artikuluaren 18. atala. Gainera, auzibide-legediaren gaineko
Estatuaren eskumenari eragiten dio (Espainiako Konstituzioaren 149.1 artikuluaren 6. atala).
Auzitegi Gorenak arrazonamendu hori berretsi zuen 2012ko urtarrilaren 26ko epaiaren bidez.
The judgment of the High Court of Justice of June 13th of 2008 declared
null and void, ex officio, the second paragraph of article 247 of the Foral Norm 2/2005 on
General Taxation of the Historical Territory of Gipuzkoa of March 3rd that allowed in some
specific cases to lodge directly a contentious administrative appeal without previously filing
an economic-administrative claim. The nullity was based on that the provision strayed from
the tax common administrative procedure (article 249 General Taxation Law) infringing
article 149.1.18 of the Constitution; affecting also the exclusive state competence on
procedural legislation (article 149.1.6 Constitution). The Supreme Court by its judgment of
January 26th, uphold this reasoning.

The purpose of the study was to analyze situations of occurrence and spread of destructive rumors and, at the same time, to identify effective legal practices to counteract them in multicultural urban communities. In most cases, rumors do not reflect the factual situation, so they cannot be a tool for unbiased presentation of facts and, in the case of intercultural interaction, they can also provoke extreme and unlawful negative feelings about a certain group of people. The results of the study indicate that in the city Melitopol there are rumors about immigrants, refugees, ethnic groups, national communities or other groups, which are mostly negative. The analysis made it possible to identify the most common ethnic rumors: «Roma are thieves», «Jews are selfish»; confessional: «Muslims are terrorists»; socio-cultural: «IDPs live on state aid», «Ukrainians are cheap labor from Western Europe». Based on a qualitative analysis of social practices of Melitopol community members, in the conclusions the authors corroborate the effectiveness of ways of counteracting destructive rumors in multicultural urban communities as a legal means of solving the problems of intercultural interactions.

The study consisted of identifying the existing problems in the implementation of international standards of digitization of criminal investigation at the legislative level. The research was carried out in stages as a summary, based on the logic of presentation of the material, to achieve and meet the objectives set out in the article. The method of direct observation, the method of comparison and analysis of the content of the documents, the method of systemic and pragmatic approach were used. The key results of the study were the analysis of the experience of implementing digital standards in forensic activities in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Denmark, England, Austria, Estonia, and Ukraine. It is concluded that the problems that exist in the implementation of these standards, were identified from the criteria of evaluation of the efficiency and capacity of digital data processing by the agencies involved in the criminal investigation. In addition, the problems and difficulties faced by the authorities in implementing existing international digitization standards, indicate the need for comprehensive measures to organize criminal investigations. To overcome them, appropriate measures must be taken in the field of legislative changes.

Through the dialectical method the objective of the article was to analyze the process of the elaboration of modern laws, considering their structure and main problems. There is a major structure and problems inherent in the modern law-making process described in the article. The structure of law-making comprises four parts: 1. Cognitive-analytical part; 2. Theoretical foundations of the legal norms and acts they dictate; 3. Validation of legal act or norm; 4. Monitoring of relevant rules and legal acts. The main legislative task is to draft legal norms that stimulate the active development of all parts of the State and society through a deep perception of all related processes, including those involving standard-setting. It is concluded that the main factor affecting the quality of legislation is the lack of a uniform legislative basis for the issuance of legal acts. There seems to be a real need to develop a uniform legislative act on the law-making process. The Code containing general and specific parts of each law must be developed.

The purpose of the research was to reveal the process of becoming a person in the information society. The problem of personal formation in the modern conditions of growth of the role of information communication technologies becomes topical problems in the field of social studies. The volume of information, information resources and corresponding technologies significantly influence different sides of social life and processes of humans. The following methods were used in the study: analysis, synthesis, modeling, mathematical statistics and others. The tasks of the study included analyzing the approaches, ideas about the features of personality formation in the information society. It has been shown that the solution of this problem is associated with the formation of human information culture. The paper presents the process of perception of the essence of this category, as well as describes a number of concepts, the essence of which allows to specify the content of the concept of "information culture". These are the following categories: information, culture, information needs. Special attention was paid to the development of information needs in educational institutions.

ResumenEl miedo a la automatización y al «futuro del trabajo», a la superfluidad de los trabajadores y del ser humano en general, se basa en ideas recurrentes sobre la tecnología, el trabajo y el valor económico. El debate se remonta a destacados pensadores como Karl Marx y John Maynard Keynes. Para entender el momento actual, los autores revisan este debate en relación con la historia del capitalismo. Desde una perspectiva centrada en el trabajo y la tecnología, examinan las formas ocultas de creación de valor en la economía actual y las lagunas del debate histórico, y esbozan varias situaciones hipotéticas de cara al futuro.

En el estudio se analizan los contenidos de la reforma al Convenio
Europeo de Derechos Humanos que resulta del Protocolo 14, entrado en vigor el
1 de julio de 2010. En particular, se dedica especial atención al nuevo requisito de
admisión de las demandas individuales, el «perjuicio importante», y a la interpretación
que del mismo ha hecho el Tribunal de Estrasburgo en las primeras decisiones
de inadmisión que aplican aquel Protocolo.
2010eko uztailaren 1ean indarrean hasitako 14. protokoloak
ekarri zuen Giza Eskubideen Europako Hitzarmena berriztatzea. Bada berriztatze
horren edukiak aztertzen ditu lan honek. Bereziki, kontu hauek dira arreta gehien
jaso dutenak: banakakoen eskaerak onartzeko betebeharra, «aurretiko epaiketa
garrantzitsua» eta horri buruz Estrasburgoko Auzitegiak egindako interpretazioa,
protokolo hura aplikatzerakoan auzia ez onartzeko ematen diren aurreneko erabakietan.
In this study, the contents of the amendment to the European
Convention on Human Rights by the Protocol 14 which entered into force this
July 1st, 2010 are analyzed. Particularly, special attention is devoted to the new
requirement of admissibility for individual complaints, significant disadvantage,
and the interpretation given by the Strasbourg Court of the latter in its first
decisions of inadmissibility which apply that protocol.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the general legal problems of the regulation of economic relations in the Russian Federation. Problems that lead to insufficiently effective legal regulation are identified, while identifying directions for resolving them. The objective of this research was to review theoretical and practical problems of the effectiveness of the legal regulation of economic relations in the example of the Russian Federation, which makes it possible to draw some conclusions. To obtain the results, a set of scientific techniques and methods of study of phenomena and processes were applied, such as synthesis methods, comparative jurisprudence, as well as a formal legal method and an economic modelling method. The method of economic modelling made it possible to assess the extent to which and at what costs, the rule of law has produced the expected economic effect. It is concluded that the effectiveness of legal regulation is one of the essential legal categories and that the legislator is obliged to monitor existing legal standards for its effectiveness.

The aim of this study was to examine the migration policy of the European Union EU and to identify its strengths and problems requiring improvement. In order to achieve the objectives, set, international standards, EU legislation, the analysis of EU statistical data and the study of scientific opinions on the problem have been analyzed. It is concluded that the main areas of EU migration policy are the following: the principle of human rights and freedoms; political equality and mutual assistance of the member states of the union; border protection and prevention of illegal migration; integration and inclusion of migrants in the social phenomena of the receiving country; management of migration processes and migration management; negotiation and cooperation policies with third countries; ensuring "circular migration"; active participation of the labor force, particularly highly skilled workers; active participation of migrants in the labor market and of their families, which is a key factor for the success of migration.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the concept of "contract work" in Ukrainian legislation, determine its characteristics, as well as identify the scope of rights that arise with its creation. The methodological basis of the research is a series of general and special scientific methods of cognition. In the research process, formal and logical methods, systems and structural, comparative and legal, logical and legal and other scientific research methods were used. The rules of Ukrainian legislation, which regulate the subject under consideration, were investigated; they were compared with the relevant laws of some states of the world. Judicial practice, which deals with some problems related to the distribution of contract work rights between an employer and an employee, was also examined. Practical implication. The concept of "paid work" in the Ukrainian legislation was analyzed, its characteristics were identified, which are at the same time the conditions for recognizing work as paid work. By way of conclusion, it is convenient to distinguish the non-patrimonial and property rights of an employer and employee to work under contract, which in turn implies the problem of determining the amount of royalties.