Suchergebnisse

Il rapporto tra genere e pensionamento in Italia è ambiguo. Anche se il tasso di occupazione femminile tra i 50 e i 64 anni è aumentato (tenendo però in considerazione le differenze tra il livello di istruzione e il divario nord/sud) le donne in pensione hanno trascorso meno anni nel mercato del lavoro, guadagnato di meno e cambiato diverse occupazioni rispetto agli uomini della stessa età. Questa tesi presenta una panoramica sul divario tra i generi esistente nel sistema pensionistico italiano, concentrandosi sulle problematiche familiari e lavorative delle donne. Le ricerche precedenti hanno spesso ignorato il gap di genere, mentre studi più recenti hanno esaminato come i ruoli di genere interagiscono con i cambiamenti delle politiche pensionistiche. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di migliorare la comprensione delle tendenze e dei fattori che influenzano le decisioni di pensionamento delle donne in Italia, considerando come il contesto istituzionale, le caratteristiche individuali e familiari influenzano tali decisioni. I dati provengono dai moduli "Transizione dal lavoro al pensionamento" del 2006 e del 2012 nell'ambito dell'indagine europea della forza lavoro. L'analisi dei dati è volta ad analizzare il legame tra le decisioni di pensionamento e le caratteristiche individuali, e familiari dei soggetti intervistati. La prima parte del documento descrive brevemente gli approcci e i risultati della revisione della letteratura e la seconda parte presenta l'analisi delle determinanti del pensionamento. I risultati, interpretati alla luce del contesto socio-economico italiano, indicano che sussistono delle differenze di genere nella transizione verso la pensione, a discapito delle donne. ; The relationship between gender and retirement in Italy is ambiguous. Although the female employment rate between the ages of 50 and 64 increased, (even counting with big differences between education level and with a persistent strong North/South divide), retired women spent a small numbers of years in the labour market, earned less over their lifetimes, and worked in different jobs than men of the same age. This thesis presents an Italian overview of pension gender gap, focusing on family and work-life issues. Previous researches ignored gender bias, while more recent studies have scarcely investigated how gender roles interact with the changes in pension policies. The aim of this paper is to improve the knowledge regarding trends and factors influencing women's retirement decisions in Italy, considering the institutional context, the individual and family characteristics influencing retirement decisions. Data comes from "transition from work into retirement" module within the 2006 and 2012 European Labour Force Survey. Regression analysis was used to analyse the link between individual as well as family and pension system characteristics and retirement age of women in Italy. Results, which are interpreted in light of the national socio-economic Italian context, point to gender differences in retirement transitions. For women the incidence of involuntary retirement is higher compared to man, reflecting an institutional context where women are subjected to more difficulties.

Il contributo esamina la disciplina giuridica dei requisiti anagrafico-contributivi necessari per il pensionamento in Italia, in particolare la novità principale introdotta con il d.l. n. 4/2019, ossia la pensione anticipata a "quota 100" con almeno 38 anni di contribuzione previdenziale e 62 anni di età, purché maturati entro il 2021. Trattasi di una riduzione di ben 5 anni d'età dei requisiti pensionistici previgenti. Questo intervento legislativo del 2019 ha inoltre sospeso fino al 2026 il rilievo giuridico dell'aspettativa di vita ai fini dell'aumento automatico dei requisiti pensionistici (che era stato stabilito con un'importante normativa del 2010-2011). L'opinione dell'Autore è che queste neo-introdotte agevolazioni al pensionamento siano un privilegio disarmonico rispetto alle linee evolutive le sistema pensionistico italiano degli ultimi decenni, nonché incoerente rispetto alle esigenze prevedibili sulla base delle evidenze socio-economiche. Difatti il presente scritto offre inoltre una contestualizzazione del predetto assetto normativo, mediante i principali dati economici e demografici che caratterizzano il sistema pensionistico italiano: alla luce di tali dati statistici, l'Autore ravvisa che il sistema italiano soffra di una serie di squilibri che ne mettono in pericolo la sostenibilità economica e sociale di medio-lungo periodo. Il più grave squilibrio è quello generazionale, a svantaggio delle coorti di lavoratori attualmente giovani.

This paper focuses on the relationship between the infringement procedure (Art. 258 TFEU) and the mechanism set up by Art. 7 TEU after the judgment delivered by the Court of Justice on 24th June 2019 (case C-619/18, Commission/Poland). Even if Commission triggered the Article 7 procedure, in fact, Poland did not comply with the recommendations given by the Commission, focused on the lack of judicial independence due to some recent reforms involving the whole judiciary. The infringement procedure launched by the European Commission against Poland concerned the recent reform (2017-2018), adopted by Polish Parliament, which lowers the retirement age of judges of the Supreme Court, provoking the anticipate retirement of 27 judges. The Commission considered this law in contrast with both Article 19 TEU and Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, which establish the requirements that have to be satisfied to comply with the right to an effective judicial protection. After a brief introduction concerning both the orders given by the Court before its final decision and the Opinion delivered by the Advocate General Tanchev, subsequently this paper focuses on the judgment given by the Court, which finally declares that Poland failed to fulfil its obligations under Article 19 TEU. Some concluding remarks follow, especially highlighting the possibility to use the infringement procedure (Art. 258 TFEU) as a powerful (and more efficient) tool to protect fundamental values in the ongoing rule of law crisis.

Benjamin G. Kohl (1938-2010) taught at Vassar College from 1966 till his retirement as Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities in 2001. His doctoral research at The Johns Hopkins University was directed by Frederic C. Lane, and his principal historical interests focused on northern Italy during the Renaissance, especially on Padua and Venice. His scholarly production includes the volumes Padua under the Carrara, 1318-1405 (1998), and Culture and Politics in Early Renaissance Padua (2001), and the online database The Rulers of Venice, 1332-1524 (2009). The database is eloquent testimony of his priority attention to historical sources and to their accessibility, and also of his enthusiasm for collaboration and sharing among scholars.

The attitude of individuals towards saving, the motivations which lead people to save or not to save, the government-mandated pension and retirement policies have changed dramatically during the past decades. The purpose of this work is to give an in-depth look at these important policy issues and changes happened in four chapters. Chapter one provides some definitions of the main economic variables both at the micro and macro levels and a closer look at the current data on savings and on the complex range of public, private and voluntary retirement plans which are now playing a greater role in pension-provision in many OECD countries. Chapter two is devoted to the most significant theories about the origin and the effects of pension systems, in particular, the "Intertemporal choice model" by Irving Fisher, "The life cycle model" by Franco Modigliani and the "Permanent Income Theory" by Milton Friedman. Chapter three presents a consistent framework which describes the social security systems across OECD countries: replacement rates, financial schemes (Pay-As-You-Go and Fully Funded), contribution systems (defined contribution and defined benefit), the calculation of pension benefits, the effects of the social security system on individual decisions and the problems related to the transition from a Pay-As-You-Go to a Fully Funded program. Finally, chapter four attempts to develop a model whose purpose is to find the optimal mix between the Pay-As-You-Go and Fully Funded programs, and in the last section it also provides some numerical estimates related to the model. A description of the Italian pension system and the most significative steps of the long series of reforms that have affected the social security system in Italy in the last two decades are provided for in Appendix A.

With the present Festschrift written in times of pandemic, the authors wish to honour and thank Gian Maria Varanini, paying tribute to him on the occasion of his retirement from the University. Varanini is a great scholar, sustained by an inexhaustible passion for history in all its dimensions, from the most minute to the most universal, and by a sensitive and critical attention to the interpretation of historical phenomena that has been provided by successive generations of scholars. A generous cultural organiser and an excellent publisher and editor, as an academic and professor he has always been committed to the safeguard of historical disciplines. Papers of E. Artifoni, S. Carocci, G. Castelnuovo, P. Corrao, M.N. Covini, M. Della Misericordia, F. Del Tredici, M. Gentile, P. Grillo, P. Guglielmotti, I. Lazzarini, J.-C. Maire Vigueur, E.I. Mineo, G. Petralia, L. Provero, R. Rao, F. Senatore, L. Tanzini, M. Zabbia.

A seguito del d.lgs. n. 509/94, che ha reso di natura essenzialmente privatistica la posizione assicurativa dell'avvocato, annullando la garanzia costituzionale in favore del medesimo della continuità della erogazione, nel tempo, del trattamento pensionistico, vi è stata una particolare attenzione del legislatore sulla Cassa forense, al fine di garantire per le future generazioni, sia gli equilibri finanziari e gestionali, che l'erogazione delle prestazioni. Lo scritto illustra, sia pure per grandi linee, gli interventi legislativi e regolamentari sulla previdenza forense. ; As a result of 509/94 Decree, which made private the lawyer's insurance position, canceling the constitutional guarantee in favor of the continuity of supply, over time, of the retirement, there has been a focus by the legislator on the Cassa forense, in order to guarantee for future generations, both financial and managerial balance, and the provision of benefits. The paper illustrates, albeit in broad terms, the legal and regulatory interventions on forensic security.

This paper traces Finer's intellectual development, including a short period of Marxism, a thorough reading of Pareto, & an intensive dialogue with comparative politics scholars in the US. He criticized the black box model of systems theory as well as the evolutionary bias in comparative development studies. While his early work concerned GB, his role in heading two departments of politics made him rethink a general political science curriculum. He pioneered the study of the lobby in Anonymous Empire (1958) & of the military in politics in The Man on Horseback (1962). In his retirement, he wrote A History of Government from Earliest Times, published posthumously in three volumes (1997), leaving valuable testimonies about methods & concepts. Only a true erudite, fascinated by all aspects of government, could have engaged in such a venture. Finer was a teacher sans pareil of both the professional & the layman interested in the ubiquity of government & politics. 32 References. Adapted from the source document.

Nel 2021 Giovannella Cresci Marrone, Professore Ordinario di Storia Romana presso l'Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, è andata in pensione. Il volume ripercorre i suoi diversi interessi, attraverso la prospettiva di colleghi che con lei hanno condiviso esperienze particolarmente importanti dal punto di vista professionale e personale. All'indagine dei nuclei tematici che hanno caratterizzato la sua attività di ricerca segue una riflessione sugli aspetti maggiormente innovativi della sua didattica e del suo impegno istituzionale. Il volume si configura come un riconoscimento del fondamentale ruolo che Giovannella ha rivestito per i suoi numerosi allievi, i suoi moltissimi studenti e per tutti coloro che hanno in diversi modi potuto trarre profitto dal suo magistero. ; This book is a collection of essays in honour of Giovannella Cresci Marrone, Professor of Roman History at Ca' Foscari University of Venice, on the occasion of her retirement on 1 October 2021. The volume explores Giovannella's interests through the eyes of a group of colleagues, who, over the years and since the very beginning of her academic career, have shared with her significant experiences in a professional and personal capacity. The essays cover the main domains of Giovannella's scientific research: epigraphy and regional history, ancient writing cultures, historiography and political history, from the Greek classical period to the uses of the past in the twentieth century. Specific attention is given to the multiple patterns through which different areas of Italy were incorporated into the Roman world and to the scrutiny of several key figures of ancient history, such as Themistocles, Alexander the Great, Caesar, and Augustus, as well as their receptions. They also consider Giovannella's innovative teaching methodologies and her commitment to the institutions at which she worked. The book is conceived as a tribute to the crucial role that Giovannella has played for her many pupils, for her countless students, and for all those who have had the privilege of benefiting in different ways from her mentorship.

The article deals with Jenny Griziotti Kretschmann, born in Wishni-Wolostchok (Russia) on 22 June 1884 in a middleclass family of German origin & died on 4 December 1980 in Pavia (Italy). In October 1905 she moved from Moscow to Lausanne in order to enroll at the Faculty of Social Sciences where she attended Vilfredo Pareto's courses in Economics. Here she met Benvenuto Griziotti, also in Lausanne for a postgraduate specializing course; in Pavia he would become one of the major Italian scholars in Finance. In 1908 she followed him to Rome where she enrolled at the Faculty of Law, & attended courses held by Antonio De Viti De Marco, Rodolfo Benini & Maffeo Pantaloni, who was carrying out innovative analysis on system dynamics factors. Under Pantaleoni's supervision, she got her full degree in December 1912. From 1930 until her retirement in 1954 she taught as a Lecturer in Economics at the University of Pavia (1930-1933), was assigned the course of Financial Law & Finance at the University of Parma (1935-1940) & of History of Economic Doctrines at the University of Pavia (1940-1954); since 1948 she was also assigned the course of Finance & Economic Policy. She never had the possibility to hold any academic chair; those who knew her acknowledged that her political creed & her status as an academic's wife did not favor her career at all. Some prevailing paths of interest can be discerned in her numerous articles, essays & monographs on issues in Economy & Economic Theory. Initially (1915-1929) she carried out pioneer systematic analysis of the peculiar features of Russian economy. Another area of interest of hers was the analysis of long-term price movements. A third research area she addressed included issues in economic & financial policies, & a fourth area of interest was the history of economic thought, in which regard her handbook is of primary importance; it is based on an interdisciplinary approach, as systems can be fully understood only if analyzed in the context of the social & ideological milieus in which they constitute & evolve in time. Part of her fecund activity is reflected in textbooks on economic policy & finance (1950-1954) & her commitment, also to the diffusion of economic thought, is testified by her transla-tions into Italian of works by Wagemann (1932), Wicks ell, von Mises & Hayek (1935) & the fifth Italian edition of Economics by P. Samuelson (1964). Partly inventoried biographical material & the collection of her writings are available in the Griziotti Family Archive in Pavia (Italy). The most significant recognition of her status has only recently been awarded by those few -- not Italian -- authors who came in contact with her scientific work. References. Adapted from the source document.

La tesi ricostruisce la vita e la dottrina politica di Mary Astell (1666-1731), pensatrice politica, filosofa e teologa inglese. La sua riflessione costituisce un capitolo essenziale ma poco esplorato della storia costituzionale e del pensiero politico inglese. Malgrado il suo conservatorismo anglicano, Astell incarna una critica proto-femminista al patriarcato. Questa critica, pur essendo specialmente affilata nel pensiero di Astell, è condivisa, al netto di alcune significative differenze, anche da altre importanti pensatrici tra metà Seicento e inizio Settecento. Essa è definita come antipatriarcalismo materiale, in quanto mette in discussione i rapporti materiali di potere tra i sessi e si oppone all'antipatriarcalismo formale di Locke. L'antipatriarcalismo materiale si lega all'irruzione femminile nella sfera pubblica in formazione, durante la grande ribellione degli anni Quaranta del Seicento, che è contestuale allo sviluppo di una agency femminile in campo economico e giuridico. Insieme al dibattito politico-religioso, dunque, si considerano i trattati giuridici, i manuali di condotta, le petizioni e le profezie femminili del secolo delle Rivoluzioni, al fine di ricostruire il contesto giuridico e sociale a cui appartengono Astell e le altre donne "straordinarie" del tempo. In questo scenario Astell elabora la sua teologia politica, che implica una critica delle politiche di tolleranza e del tentativo dei dissenzienti e dei whig di riscrittura della storia. Astell teorizza la necessità dell'ordine politico, laddove tutto il potere è nelle mani di Dio e del re, Suo vicario sulla terra. L'autorità divina assoluta consente di pensare un'eguaglianza radicale delle anime davanti a Dio, condizione che rende la subordinazione delle donne agli uomini impossibile da sostenere. Questa rivendicazione dell'uguaglianza delle donne emerge con forza nel dibattito sull'educazione, in cui Astell interviene proponendo la creazione di un ritiro filosofico-religioso femminile che inauguri una sfera pubblica separata in grado di preparare le donne ad affrontare la società degli uomini. ; The thesis investigates the life and political thought of Mary Astell (1666-1731), English political thinker, philosopher and theologian. Her reflections constitute an essential but rather unexplored chapter of English political thought and Constitutional History. Despite her Anglican Toryism, she embodies a proto-feminist critique to early modern patriarchy. While this critique is most consistently advanced by Astell, it is shared, notwithstanding some significant differences, by other outstanding female thinkers of the Century of Revolution. It can be defined as material antipatriarchalism, insofar as it questions the material power relations between the sexes and opposes the formal antipatriarchalism of Locke. Material antipatriarchalism is strictly linked to the female irruption into the emerging public sphere during the great rebellion of 1640s, which concurs with women's economic and legal agency. Therefore, together with the political and religious debate, legal treatises, conduct books, female petitions and prophecies of XVII and early XVIII century are taken into account in order to reconstruct the judicial and social context to which Astell belongs. Against this backdrop Astell elaborates her own political theology, which entails a critique of toleration policies and of the dissenters' and Whigs' attempt to reinterpret the English past. Astell theorizes the necessity of political order, whereby all power is held by God and the King, His vicar on earth. Absolute divine authority, in turn, paves the way to the radical equality of all souls in front of God, a condition that makes women's subordination to men unsustainable. The claim to women's equality is strongly reflected in the educational debate, where Astell intervenes proposing the creation of a philosophical-religious retirement that should lead to a separate public sphere able to prepare women to confront the male-run society.