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Avec la peinture, la photographie et le dessin, le surréalisme parvient progressivement à s'éloigner d'une conception trop idéologique du travail de Sade et à engager un dialogue à la fois esthétique et politique entre l'univers érotique surréaliste et la représentation sadienne d'une sexualité qui s'affranchit de toute norme sociale. Man Ray, par l'étendue et la variété des sujets qu'il traite, fait office de figure centrale dans ce mouvement du mythe au dialogue. De ses portraits « imaginaires » du Marquis, à l'illustration du roman Aline et Valcour, aux photographies de figurines en bois faisant référence à des thématiques sadiennes, Man Ray propose différentes manières de conceptualiser un érotisme surréaliste sadien. Le dialogue prend d'autres formes chez Magritte: l'inspiration laisse la place à un processus de création partagée où le jeu sur l'inconscient et l'imaginaire du désir permet de palier à l'absence de références directes au texte illustré. Dans les dessins d'Hans Bellmer, l'enchevêtrement des corps et des lignes fonctionne comme une métaphore de l'écriture sadienne. L'érotisme littéraire est remplacé par le plaisir esthétique produit par un corps sou mis à sa propre aliénation et par un érotisme visuel de la ligne. En mêlant figuration et abstraction, les plasticiens surréalistes soulignent la difficulté de s'approprier le matériau narratif sadien et de le rendre lisible pour d'autres. La translation, la traduction par l'image d'un aspect du personnage ou de l'œuvre de Sade est un processus dialogique qui encourage l'artiste à expérimenter avec de nouvelles formes et à repousser les limites de l'imaginaire érotique surréaliste.

My work is both a commentary on the pervasive societal ills of disposability and detachment in contemporary culture and an active participant in the same environment it criticizes. I demonstrate my simultaneous revulsion and fascination with disposable goods. I photograph myself with such chemically toxic substances as cosmetics, sodas and cleaning products, speaking to their harmful nature while also reveling in their shimmering color. Their clever design is no accident and I find myself giving into the marketing seduction. The same goes for such other harmful behaviors as obsessive use of cell phones and social media, and rabid consumption of reality television and gossip magazines. In my work, I want to show we are the consumers and the consumed. I embrace excess with piles of wires, trash, screaming colors and all sorts of environmentally unfriendly materials such as foil, resin and neon spray paint. It feels a bit over the top at times, screaming for attention like an ad in a swarm of commercialism. We have become hoarders and foragers, sifting through endless stuff: accumulated waste, material goods, and information. This proliferation of technology has enabled greater access to our global community, but leaves us feeling helpless without it. I try to assault the viewer with extraneous material, in the same way media has assaulted me. My ambition to make a political statement has evolved into a paradox. I criticize aspects of contemporary society while simultaneously celebrating them. My work asks the question: Is there a way out of these addictions?

This paper explores the grounded theory method as one of the research strategies within a qualitative approach to research which is widely used in social sciences in areas such as sociology, education, political science as well as others. At the beginning we generally indicate what the essence of grounded theory method is. We analyze the steps that form integral parts of the method like data collection, creation of codes and concepts, hypotheses about connections and ultimately generation of the theory. We particularly highlight significant principles that characterize the grounded theory method such as theoretical sampling, method of constant comparison and application of theoretical saturation. Analyses served to comprehend the importance and role of all parts of the process of grounded theory method and requirements which it place upon researchers who want it use it successfully. Apart from detail analyses of every aspect of grounded theory method in possible application of the method, we deal with some criticism, complaints and doubts about how to use the method to realize possible shortcomings. They are related to the general qualitative approach but also to the requirements of methodological rigor that are placed in front of researchers and the specificities related to way of generating theory. Based on the above we discuss the reach of grounded theory method such as its possible applications. In conclusion, we stress the importance and highlight possible future perspective of the grounded theory method as a research strategy within a qualitative approach.

The paper discusses the impact of organisational polities on IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation. The objective is to determine the extent of organisational polities on strategy implementation in an organisation. The paper considered the interplay between stakeholders in influencing IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation as a socially constructed phenomenon. Thus, the phenomenon can be interpreted and understood by using social theories such Structuration Theory. Hence the paper adopted ANT as a lens through which to understand and interpret the sociotechnical processes associated with IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation. Through IT strategy, many organisations attempt to set out key directions and objectives for the use and management of information, communication and technologies. A shared view among these organisations is that IT strategy allows all parts of the organisation to gain a shared understanding of priorities, goals and objectives for both current and future states as defined in the organisational strategy. It is therefore arguable that IT strategy, for the foreseeable future will remain a key aspect of development within organisations. As a result, there has been more focus on how IT strategy is formulated and articulated. What is missing though, is less attention to the implementation of it. Using interpretive research philosophy and employing semi-structured interviews as data collection instrument, this paper attempts to suggest a matrix that will assist organisation to comprehend and deal with organisational politics to reduce its negative impact on IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation.

Latin America is a clear case of how the power structure shapes the destiny of a continent. With the arrival of Europeans in the New World in the fifteenth century, the period of modern history began for Latin America with a continent plentiful in natural and human resources, and the seemingly less generously endowed northern Anglo America. But five centuries later, while Anglo America has become the leader of the wealthy First World, Latin America has fallen into the desperate poverty of the Third World. The cause of this sharp contrast is to be found in the unequal relationships and power structures that have existed from the very beginning of the modern history of the Americas. Liberation theology emerged in Latin America in the 1970s as a response to the structural oppression of the Third World by the First World. Liberation theology has brought hope to the poor and the oppressed amid the revolutionary atmosphere of the Latin American continent. Latin America is the only Third World continent where the majority of people are Christian. Because of this, liberation theology is regarded as a Third World Christian response to the social injustice under transnational capitalism. Latin American historical experience and the history of liberation theology in the light of the political-economic realities of Latin America will be explored in this work. These include socio-political as well as doctrinal aspects such as the hermeneutics of the poor, the dependency theory, and the belief in salvation within history.

Canada admits between 22,000 - 24,000 refugees each year (Beiser, 2005). Immigrants and visible minorities tend to underutilize mental health services. However, ensuring new settlers' physical and mental health is not only humane, but also crucial to enable them to achieve their social and economic potential in the host country. Fundamentally, the need for Multicultural Counselling Competencies (MCC) is due to diverging notions of mental health and healing between clients and therapists who are culturally different from each other. There is ample literature on Multicultural Counselling Competencies. However most of this body of research has been conducted using quantitative approaches. The present study is a qualitative analysis which aimed to answer the research question: "What are therapist-trainees' experiences regarding their Multicultural Counselling Competencies (MCC) while providing therapy to firstgeneration, government assisted, refugee clients?". The sample for this study consisted of fourteen therapist-trainees who were doctoral level students in the Clinical Psychology program, Adult Track, at the University of Windsor. These therapist-trainees completed Critical Incident Journal (CIJ) entries after each session with their refugee clients. The therapist-trainees completed a total of 165 CIJ entries. These entries were analyzed using an adaptation of the Grounded Theory Method (GTM) as a guiding framework (Rennie, 2006). Three main themes emerged from the therapists CIJs: "Feeling the Need to Adapt", "Feeling a Sense of Increasing Cultural Self-Awareness" and "Building the Therapeutic Relationship is Important". In addition, developmental aspects of the therapists' experiences were identified. Implications for future training, practice and research are discussed.

ABSTRACTIt's NOT Whatever: How teacher leaders and novice teachers develop as "politically determined pedagogues" within an urban high schoolbyGerald Tiglao ReyesDoctor of Philosophy in EducationUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Jabari Mahiri, ChairImplementing effective teacher development is one of the most critical aspects of school improvement. This study examines the cultural and structural nature and eventual outcomes of a politically relevant teacher development process in an urban high school that has a specific mission for its teachers to become humanizing, critically conscious, intellectual, and reflective practitioners. This critical participant research examined how three teacher leaders and three novice teachers of color representing English, social studies, and Science departments were facilitated within the school to make sense of and develop as what came to be termed "Politically Determined Pedagogues." Data utilized for this study included existing school documents from the site, participant meetings, participant narratives, observations of participants during school organized teacher collaborations, participant interviews, field notes, and memos. Data was analyzed by initially coding to develop specific categories and eventual themes to capture the nature of focal participant activities within and across several cycles of the teacher development process. The findings illuminate a dynamic and systemic process of teacher development as humanizing, critically conscious, intellectually engaged, and reflective practitioners within the context of a School Cohesion Container as a framework. Within this framework, nurturing teachers' political perspectives as Politically Determined Pedagogues was operationalized in a way that could be adapted for teacher development in other urban schools as well as for teacher preparation programs.

The Turkish Justice and Development Party has repeatedly won the general elections, both the Parliamentary and the Municipal, from 2002 until 2014. Its latest big victory has been the one that was held in March 30, 2014, in which the Party maintained control over the main and important cities such as Ankara and Istanbul. There are a number of reasons for such a repeated victory, among the most important of which is the Party's internal policy that is represented by rescuing the critical economic situation the country was suffering from. Among the reasons are also allowing for a wide space of public freedom and enhancing the standards of democracy and human rights. A further reason for the Party's repeated victory is the gradual nullifying of the military institution which had ruled the country for a long period of time and led many military coups that deteriorated Turkey in all aspects of life. Moreover, the Party has neutralized the judicial institution and made a real effort to establish an independent judiciary system. In addition, the Party has paid a great attention to the health sector as well as the social, cultural and educational fields. In this latter regard, the government of the Justice and Development Party has witnessed the biggest budget for education in the history of the Republic. All those efforts have contributed to the increase of the public credit of the Justice and Development Party. Thus, the Party's internal policy has witnessed a big success in the process of the comprehensive reform. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p318

Ruivo, P., Santos, V., & Oliveira, T. (2015). Measuring Customer Data Protection in Nearshores. In M. M. Cruz-Cunha, J. Varajão, R. Rijo, R. Martinho, P. Schubert, A. Boonstra, R. Correia, & A. Berler (Eds.), Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems/International Conference on Project MANagement/Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies, CENTERIS/ProjMAN / HCist 2015 October 7-9, 2015 (Vol. 64, pp. 610-617). (Procedia Computer Science; Vol. 64). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.08.574 ; Customer's data protection and nearshores aspects are currently experiencing an increasing interest from both the academic, governments and business communities. This paper empirically test 12 factors of customer data protection in regards to three nearshores locations. Testing was performed based on a 127 data set web survey across three nearshore locations (Egypt, Portugal and Romania) of a large multinational software company. Our study report high scores for Data Classification and Passwords, moderate scores for Encryption, Approved tools, Access controls, How many access data, Data minimization and Escalation issues, and low scores for Testing data, Data retention, Readiness and training, and Geographic rules. The major finding is that a specialized team on data protection matters is needed as part of the operating model of the nearshores. This study contributes to the IS literature, in particular how customer data protection is been handled by nearshores professionals. Unlike the typical focus on outsourcing IT literature, this study focuses on the specificity of nearshores locations. ; publishersversion ; published

Post-cold war concept of security is based on realistic postulates and emphasises a concept of state, forces,power and national interests. Military and political concept of security was dominant while the relations between the superpowers was based on the so called bipolar balance of power. Identity of states was realised by membership in military, political and economic organisations. The strategy of returning to the era of nuclear weapons reaches its full flowering. The crucial point of security after the end of Cold war consists of searching for giving answers to the threats coming from the outside and abilities of states to maintain their independent integrity against changed relations among the powers, which potentially may become enemies. Under such circumstances powers should not be ignored in any interpretation of any aspect of security, for realistic theories of international relations are still of great influence in the field of security. They will be modified in different conditions and will act in the sense of enlarged concept of security - instead of dominant concepts of political and military security typical for the Cold War era, economic, social and environmental factors will appear. Basic weakness of the realistic theories of security is in the lack of recognising the importance of cooperation between main factors in international community. This failure will be replaced neo realistic and liberal and institutional theories of security which emphasises the concept of cooperation in the first place. Concepts of power, forces and integral processes will be observed within the context of changes in the international relations.

Значительные социокультурные, политические и экономические преобразования повышают интерес к изучению этнической идентификации малых народов. Несмотря на то, что сегодня культура, традиции, духовность и, в целом, культурологический аспект становления и развития этнокультурных процессов народов Памира имеют достаточно обширную базу научных исследований, тем не менее национальное самосознание народов Памира, историческое прошлое, культурные ценности, религия, язык все это находится под угрозой утраты, что нанесёт непоправимый урон дальнейшему развитию среднеазиатской культуры. В статье анализируются особенности этнической составляющей памирских народностей, отмечаются проблемы их межэтнических отношений, такие как различие языков, религиозной принадлежности, культур, а также процессы становления национального самосознания памирцев и правовое положение области. ; Significant social and cultural, political and economic changes taking place in society at the present stage of development increase the interest in the study of ethnic identification of small nations. Despite the fact that at the present stage of development of culture, tradition, spirituality, and indeed the whole cultural aspect of the formation and development of ethnocultural processes of the population of the Pamir are sufficiently extensive database of research, however, the national consciousness of the Pamir peoples, historical background, cultural values religion, language, all this is under the threat of loss as a precious historical heritage that could cause irreparable damage to the further development of culture. The paper analyzes the characteristics of the ethnic component of the Pamir peoples, explores the problems of their ethnic relations, mainly such as differences in language, religion, culture, the processes of formation of national identity and legal status of the Pamir's region.

The present article presents results obtained from a survey focusing on attitudes to solidarity among upper secondary school students. A relation between positive attitudes to solidarity and future-orientation was evident. The survey results were reinforced by a second study, exploring how students in the Swedish upper secondary school perceived the value solidarity, and whether the future-dimension was reflected in teaching. Twenty-two third-year students attending theoretical and vocational programmes at five upper secondary schools were interviewed. After coding and transcribing, a thematic analysis was performed, categorizing the interview responses into sub-themes, representing different aspects of solidarity and future-orientation. The analysis revealed that these students were not acquainted with solidarity as a concept. In the cases solidarity had been brought up at all in class, the students primarily contemplated it in a historical context. Notwithstanding, several students expressed a definite ambition and readiness to act in a solidary manner in order to contribute to improved social and ecological justice, also in relation to future generations. The interviews furthermore disclosed that teaching rarely had included the future-dimension; the students considered the future to be an individual rather than a shared challenge. In terms of resolving future challenges, such as the climate threat, their confidence in natural scientists and technologists was high, but few students conveyed trust in politicians, or believed that school, teachers, and students would take on an active role. Conclusively, activating the future-dimension in the Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) might be a means to ameliorate the preconditions for youths' environmental moral learning.

Одним из важнейших направлений государственной политики РФ является улучшение предпринимательской среды бизнеса. Улучшая компоненты предпринимательской среды и повышая привлекательность для инвесторов, органы власти решают задачу роста валового продукта, создают условия для повышения уровня жизни граждан. Международные рейтинги позволяют сопоставить состояние различных сторон общественной жизни в стране или регионе: экономического развития, условий функционирования бизнеса, эффективности государственного управления и других. В России в последние годы интерес к международным рейтингам в области экономики и делового климата постоянно растет. В статье рассмотрены рейтинги, которые регулярно рассчитываются международными рейтинговыми агентствами и финансовыми институтами и представляют собой независимую оценку, вследствие чего выступают важным элементом международного имиджа государства. Также показано место и динамика показателей России в данных рейтингах. ; One of the most important directions of the state policy of the Russian Federation is the improvement of the business environment. By improving the components of the business environment and increasing the attractiveness for investors, governments provide growth in gross domestic product and create conditions for improving the living standards of citizens. International ratings let compare various aspects of social life in the country or region: economic development, business operating conditions, the effectiveness of public administration and others. In Russia in recent years interest in international ratings in the economic and business climate is constantly growing. The article defines the international independent ratings regularly calculated by international rating agencies and financial institutions. The position in these ratings represents an important element of the international image of the state. Also the place and the dynamics of russian indicators are shown in the article.

The thesis comprises three essays that use experimental methods, one about other-regarding motivations in economic behavior and the others on pro-social behavior in two environmental economics problems. The first chapter studies how the expectations of the others and the concern to maintain a balance between effort exerted and rewards obtained interact in shaping the behavior in a modified dictator game. We find that dictators condition their choices on recipients' expectations only when there is a high probability that the the recipient will not be compensated for her effort. Otherwise, dictators tend to balance the efforts and rewards of the recipients, irrespective of the recipients' expectations. In the second chapter, I investigate the problem of local opposition to large public projects (e.g. landfills, incinerators, etc.). In particular, the experiment shows how the uncertainty about the project's quality makes the community living in the host site skeptical about the project. I also test whether side-transfers and costly information disclosure can help to increase the efficiency. Both tools succesfully make the host more willing to accept the project, but they lead to the realization of different types of projects. The last chapter is an experiment on climate negotiations. To avoid the global warming, countries are called to cooperate in the abatement of their emissions. We study whether the dynamic aspect of the climate change makes cooperation across countries behaviorally more difficult. We also consider inequality across countries as a possible factor that hinders international cooperation.

Abstract: This study aims to describe the position and the role of women in doing the function of legislation in the DPRD Kabupaten Cilacap 2009-2014 period. The analysis is performed using interactive qualitative analysis. The result that is gained in this research shows that the position of councilwomen in the DPRD Kabupaten 2009-2014 period is still marginal politically. The role of the councilwomen in the implementation of the function of legislation in the DPRD Kabupaten Cilacap 2009-2014 period does not seem maximum. The position or the office of councils influences the role of councils either the councilwomen or the councilmen especially in the implementation of the function of legislation in the DPRD Kabupaten Cilacap 2009-2014 period. The suggestion of this research is that it needs the upgrading of skills and self-quality of the councilwomen in order to be able to do the duty and the function well as the local council in the DPRD Kabupaten Cilacap, it needs the upgrading of awareness and sensitivity from the councilwomen in order to be able to represent the aspiration of women, it needs the endorsement from either the councilmen or the executive party in the implementation of the fucntion of legislation in order to create rewarding legal products for the interests of many people and the people themselves need to get socialization in order not to be stuck in the system of patriarchy, so that it will create the equality between women and men in every aspect of the social life.