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ABSTRACTThe topic of welfare sector development in Belarus nowadays is of huge interest since by means of the welfare development level it is possible to judge the level of the country's economic system and the quality of public sector services as well. In recent years, especially in times of recession, the welfare sector positions in Belarus have been considerably weakened. This is partly explained by the aspiration to keep the old Soviet designs in the welfare system construction. At the same time, when national and subnational budgets are planned, governments try to hold with great difficulty the budgetary indicators of the welfare sphere at the level of last years. Such attempts, however, lead to the saving of budgetary funds only and they influence the deterioration of the welfare quality. The present paper pursues the aim to show: (i) what tendencies of social budgetary policy can be observed in the time of economic recession, (ii) how consistent was the welfare orientation of the central and local budgets in practice, and (iii) prospect ways for the welfare sector financing and what new financial tools and mechanisms are to be introduced. In the paper, methodology is linked with the suggested approach to evaluate the authority's fiscal efforts in welfare branches development using the elasticity coefficient in which exists the correlation between expenditure on welfare sphere branches and total budget revenues. By inserting the authority's financial reports data into the elasticity coefficient there is an opportunity to assess the authority's fiscal efforts in welfare policy. The main methodology background is based on financial reports of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Belarus and on-line databases present in the public finance area. The author considers the Belarusian welfare branches in national and subnational budgets, their structure, dynamics and other important indicators. A comparative analysis of the welfare sector branches with other European countries is submitted. The paper highlights the inconsistent policy of the Belarusian authorities in the sphere of the welfare branches' funding. Also, there are considered debatable issues of the welfare sphere finance reformation in Belarus during the economic crisis.KEYWORDS: welfare sphere, national budget, local budgets, budget expenditures, public finance.JEL CODE: H2.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v26i3.1811

El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar el modo en que Kant concibe la relación entre el derecho político, el derecho de gentes y el derecho cosmopolita, en dos de sus textos de madurez: Hacia la paz perpetua y La metafísica de las costumbres. El análisis de esta cuestión no solo permite esclarecer principios fundamentales de su filosofía jurídico-política, sino que aporta además nociones relevantes para la actual discusión acerca de los derechos humanos, el cosmopolitismo y el derecho internacional; temáticas que posicionan a Kant como uno de los autores modernos de mayor presencia en el marco del debate filosófico contemporáneo. En primer lugar, examinaré la posición asumida por el filósofo con respecto al intervencionismo, que resulta especialmente relevante para comprender la relación entre el derecho político y el derecho de gentes, ya que obliga a pensar el alcance y los límites del principio de soberanía estatal. En segundo lugar, haré referencia al modo en que este autor concibe la conexión entre el republicanismo y la institución de una comunidad jurídica internacional, e intentaré mostrar que se trata aquí de fines independientes —y a la vez, vinculados— a los que debemos aproximarnos en un proceso de perfeccionamiento gradual de las instituciones jurídicas. ; The aim of this paper is to analyze Kant's conception of the relationship between political right, international law and cosmopolitan right, in two late texts: Toward perpetual peace and The metaphysics of morals. The analysis of this issue contributes not only to explain fundamental principles of Kant's political and juridical philosophy, but it also provides some relevant notions for the current discussion on Human Rights, cosmopolitanism right and international law. These topics place Kant as one of the most attractive modern philosophers within the frame of the contemporary debate. In the first place, I will analyze Kant's position on interventionism, a relevant issue for the discussion on the relationship between political right and international right, since it poses the question about the limits and scopes of the principle of the State sovereignty. In the second place, I will focus in the connection between republicanism and the institution of an international juridical community, and I will try to show that we deal here with independent —and yet, deeply connected— ends, which should be promoted, in a gradual process of improvement of political institutions.

Skrbništvo kao institut obiteljskog prava je desetljećima bilo važno, ali ipak neriješeno pitanje. Posljednja reforma obiteljskog prava iz 2014. i 2015. godine donijela je određene promjene koje su objašnjene i zagovarane kao novi doprinos poboljšanju pravnog položaja odraslih osoba s invaliditetom s jedne, te doprinos pravnoj sigurnosti te vladavini prava s druge strane. Obiteljski zakon propisuje da se osoba ne može potpuno lišiti poslovne sposobnosti, već samo djelomice. Možemo se samo zapitati kako se ova odredba može primijeniti, primjerice, u slučajevima kad je ta osoba u komi? Mudar zakonodavac dopušta da suci budu daleko više od samih izvršitelja njegovih namjera. Međutim, čini se da bi mudar sudac pri donošenju odluke o tom pitanju u određenim slučajevima djelovao contra legem, ako bi pokušao dosljedno i sveobuhvatno zaštititi osobu s invaliditetom, što ne može biti prihvatljivo. Stoga je cilj ovog rada dodatno osvijetliti novousvojene odredbe Obiteljskog zakona u odnosu na lišenje poslovne sposobnosti, s općom pretpostavkom da se takva zakonodavna intervencija ne može smatrati ni razmjernom niti učinkovitom. ; Guardianship as a family-law institute has been an important, yet unsolved issue for decades now. The latest family law reform of 2014 and 2015 brought certain changes, which have been explained and advocated for as a new contribution to the improvement of the legal position of adults with disabilities on one hand as well as the legal certainty and the rule of law on the other. The Croatian Family Act proclaims that a person cannot be deprived of legal capacity completely, but only partially. One can only wonder - how can this provision be implemented in cases of a coma for instance? A wise legislator allows judges to be far more than the pure executors of a person with disabilites´ intentions. However, it seems that a wise judge when deciding upon this issue would in certain cases be acting contra legem if attempting to coherently protect the person with disabilities, which cannot be acceptable. Therefore, it is the aim of this paper to shed additional light on the newly adopted provisions of the Family Act as regards the deprivation of legal capacity, with the general premise that such a legislative intervention is neither proportional nor efficient.

Розглянуто застосування кримінальної процесуальної складової при здійсненні кваліфікації злочинів. Проаналізовано застосування та співвідношення норм матеріального та процесуального права при кваліфікації злочинів і при виконанні завдань і мети конкретного кримінального провадження. ; The author of the article has studied and established the importance and need for the correct qualification of crimes during the pre-trial investigation; has determined the feature of its separate stages. It has been emphasized that the proper qualification of criminal offenses is the necessary condition for the realization of the constitutional principle of legality in criminal proceedings, perfect and considerate pre-trial investigation and consideration of criminal proceedings in the courts, sentencing just and reasonable punishment for persons convicted by the court or their dismissal from prosecution or from punishment. The author has determined the results of the study revealed concerning defined criminal procedural component while implementing the qualification of crimes. Application and correlation of substantive and procedural law norms while qualifying the crimes and executing the tasks and objective of the certain criminal proceedings have been analyzed and determined. The issue about the process of qualification of crimes has been primarily considered within criminal procedural area. Scientific positions of individual scholars both from the point of view of law on criminal liability and from the point of view of the criminal procedural law and their correlation have been analyzed. The author has determined controversial issues arising in the theory and law-enforcement activity; has provided propositions for their solution. The author has separately researched the issues of correlation between accuracy of qualification of crimes on pre-trial investigation and while sentencing just punishment or exemption from criminal liability or court punishment, assessment of their correctness while further consideration by different courts. It has been concluded that the proper qualification of criminal offenses at the stage of pre-trial investigation can be provided only in terms of the compliance and the correct application of the law norms on criminal liability and the provisions of criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine within criminal proceedings that will ensure the protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals. ; Рассмотрено применение уголовной процессуальной составляющей при осуществлении квалификации преступлений. Проведён анализ применения и соотношения норм материального и процессуального права при квалификации преступлений и при выполнении задач и цели конкретного уголовного производства.

Invasive alien species (IAS) cause myriad negative impacts, such as ecosystem disruption, human, animal and plant health issues, economic damage and species extinctions. There are many sources of emerging and future IAS, such as the poorly regulated international pet trade. However, we lack methodologies to predict the likely ecological impacts and invasion risks of such IAS which have little or no informative invasion history. This study develops the Relative Impact Potential (RIP) metric, a new measure of ecological impact that incorporates per capita functional responses (FRs) and proxies for numerical responses (NRs) associated with emerging invaders. Further, as propagule pressure is a determinant of invasion risk, we combine the new measure of Pet Propagule Pressure (PPP) with RIP to arrive at a second novel metric, Relative Invasion Risk (RIR). We present methods to calculate these metrics and to display the outputs on intuitive bi- and triplots. We apply RIP/RIR to assess the potential ecological impacts and invasion risks of four commonly traded pet turtles that represent emerging IAS: Trachemys scripta scripta, the yellow-bellied slider; T. s. troostii, the Cumberland slider; Sternotherus odoratus, the common musk turtle; and Kinosternon subrubrum, the Eastern mud turtle. The high maximum feeding rate and high attack rate of T. s. scripta, combined with its numerical response proxies of lifespan and fecundity, gave it the highest impact potential. It was also the second most readily available according to our UK surveys, indicating a high invasion risk. Despite having the lowest maximum feeding rate and attack rate, S. odoratus has a high invasion risk due to high availability and we highlight this species as requiring monitoring. The RIP/RIR metrics offer two universally applicable methods to assess potential impacts and risks associated with emerging and future invaders in the pet trade and other sources of future IAS. These metrics highlight T. s. scripta as having high impact and invasion risk, corroborating its position on the EU list of 49 IAS of Union Concern. This suggests our methodology and metrics have great potential to direct future IAS policy decisions and management. This, however, relies on collation and generation of new data on alien species functional responses, numerical responses and their proxies, and imaginative measures of propagule pressure.

Abstract : The Background of the writing is the result of Palembang District Court No.62/PDT.G/2010/PN PLG juncto High Court verdict Palembang 101/PDT/2011/PT.PLG Number, Object lawsuit is Grant Deed No. 623/2009 dated July 30, 2009 which made before a Land Deed Official TA, SH. The decision of the judges in a lawsuit in state court can not be accepted and the decision of the judge also rejected the appeal in its entirety , a lawsuit can not be accepted because of the competence of courts to sue the Land Deed Officer and Head of the Land Office should at the State Administrative Court is not in Judicial Affairs , while the Grant Deed to cancel Judicial Affairs is the authority for Deed Land Deed Official beschikking not the result of a decision , but based on the wishes of the parties ( Partij acte ) contractual and to cancel the certificate that has been turned over the name of the authority of the State Administrative Court . Legal sanctions for Land Deed Official TA , SH which has made the Deed of Grant No. 623/2009 dated July 30, 2009 which can be legally flawed administrative sanctions and dismissal with no respect from his post by the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia , after a court ruling have permanent legal force . While the legal sanctions for the Head of the Land Office had registered under the name of the Certificate of Property No. 910/24 downstream Village by the Deed of Grant No. 623/2009 which is a legal disability for severe disciplinary offense which is the Head of the Land Office for Civil Servants, the sanction under Article 7 figure 4 Government Regulation No. 53 of 2010 Concerning Civil Service Discipline, demotion level may be lower for 3 (three) years, in order to decrease the transfer of lower level positions, exemption from office, dismissal with respect not by his own request as Employee Civil, and dismissal with no respect as a civil servant. Keywords: the Judicial Authority of judging, registration of transfer of rights of Evidence, Sanctions Law Land Deed Officer and Head of the Land Office

The economic and environmental performances of the swine farming industry have always resulted in heated discussions in developing countries. Exploring the relationship between these features and the producers&rsquo ; overall performance is the focus of this paper. For constructing multi-objective features that include the above features, a compromise approach for optimization is taken into consideration. For classifying the overall performance into different levels and detecting the effect of economic and environmental features on such features, an iteration scheme is developed in which the overall performance is treated as a target label. By neglecting this target label, a k-means clustering method is then used to help predict the producer&rsquo ; s overall performance given their economic and environmental features. In data pre-processing, correlation analysis for feature selection shows that the producer&rsquo ; s pollution emission and received regulation intensity largely affect its overall performance, while profit is found to be negatively correlated with pollution emission as regulation intensity is neglected. The classification result derived from the Silhouette Coefficient shows that the data set can be efficiently split into different groups in terms of the producer&rsquo ; s overall performance. The average distance between the objects in the low-performance group is larger than that of the high-performance group. The threshold position between the two groups is found to be largely dependent on the features of pollution emission and regulation intensity. The clustering result obtained by the k-means method shows good effectiveness and efficiency in separating the objects into different groups based on various features other than the overall performance. In 2- and 3-cluster cases, the result also shows evidence of the impact of economic and environmental features on the clustering result. The cross-validation analysis under a set of randomly chosen splitting points shows an increasing out-of-sample prediction quality with increases in training sample size. As one of the by-products of this paper, the geographical distribution in the clustering result is found partially consistent with the official report from Chinas central government regarding advantageous regions within the industry. In addition to current research, the ease of using the knowledge obtained in this paper for transfer learning is discussed.

Ukraine is the importer and the main Russian gas transiter to Europe. The underground gas storages are important for its stable supply. The need of undergrounding storage of gas for Ukraine, as well as for the majority of the gas-using countries, is caused by constantly growing gas consumption in Europe and in Ukraine particularly. The majority of the Ukrainian underground gas storages situated in the west part of Ukraine. The formation of East-European or West Ukrainian hub is planned on the basis of these underground gas storages. The geopolitical position of the western region of Ukraine can be considered as a favourable factor of Ukrainian entry into various European economic and political structures.Also important factors of formation of a gas hub are a region environment, social and economic conditions which will influence further substantially definition of a Ukrainian place in the gas transmission system of Europe. The purpose of article is to analyse a wide range natural and socio-economic factors of functioning of the projected hub. In particular, the fossil fuels, water, forest, recreational resources allow estimate mineral base of the region; a demographic situation, interindustry complexes (fuel and energy, construction, machine-building, chemical and industrial, wood production, agro-industrial, light industry, transport, recreational, etc.) which influence formation of a gas hub. ; Україна є імпортером та основним транзитером у Європу російського газу. Для його стабільного постачання важливими є підземні сховища газу. Потреба в підземному зберіганні газу в Україні, як і в більшості країн, що споживають газ, зумовлена щораз більшим споживанням газу в Європі загалом та Україні зокрема. Більшість українських підземних сховищ газу розміщені на заході України. Заплановано формування на базі цих газосховищ Західноукраїнського (Східно- європейського) хабу.Геополітичне положення західного регіону України можна розглядати як сприятливий чинник входження України до різноманітних європейських економічних та суспільно-політичних структур. Не менш важливими чинниками формування газового хабу є природні умови регіону, а також соціально-економічні передумови, які надалі значно впливатимуть на визначення місця України у газотранспортній системі Європи. Проаналізовано якнайширший спектр природних та соціально-економічних чинників функціонування проектованого хабу, зокрема, паливно- енергетичні, водні, лісові, рекреаційні ресурси, що дають змогу оцінити мінерально-сировинну базу регіону; демографічну ситуацію, міжгалузеві комплекси (паливно-енергетичний, машинобудівний, хіміко-індустріальний, будівельний, лісовиробничий, агропромисловий, легкої промисловості, транспортний, рекреаційний тощо), які впливають на формування газового хабу.

Abstract "The Use of Accounting Data for Lawyers in Thailand" is a qualitative research, which has main objectives of exploring, studying the use of accounting data of lawyers in Thailand and legislative systems in accordance with different categories of enactments, and synthetizing such data as guidance of teaching Accounting for lawyers through in-depth interviews of lawyers in Thailand graduated with Bachelor of Laws and having 10-year work experience. The researcher executed the method of purposive sampling which included judges, police officers, soldiers, attorneys, businessmen, bankers, lawyers, administrators of private companies, university lecturers, and public and private sector officers, equivalent to 25 people. The result found out that 80% was male lawyers, whereas 20% was female. The average age was 47 years old, and the average year of work experience was 24 years. Most male lawyers (64%) used to work in other fields prior. Within the 24-minute interview per interviewee, 92% of lawyers have worked in professions incorporating accounting, whilst another 8% has never experienced any accounting. 86.95% of the use of accounting data is financial accounting. About 47.82% of the use of accounting intersected most with civil and commercial laws. 68% of the lawyers opined that it is crucial for lawyers in Thailand to possess some knowledge of accounting because it will be very advantageous to their careers. Nevertheless, 4% claimed that accounting becomes necessary when being in positions of top management teams. Only 28% pointed out that lawyers need accounting. Topics of accounting lawyers ought to enlighten on tend to be financial statements, overall operations and liquidity as well as the calculation of interest and taxation. Key words: The use of accounting data, lawyers in Thailand ; บทคัดย่อ การวิจัยเรื่อง การใช้ข้อมูลทางบัญชีสำหรับนักกฎหมายในประเทศไทย เป็นการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ (Qualitative Research) มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อสำรวจการใช้ข้อมูลทางบัญชีของนักกฎหมาย ศึกษาการใช้ข้อมูลทางบัญชีของนักกฎหมายในประเทศไทยกับระบบกฎหมายตามบทบัญญัติแต่ละประเภทและเพื่อสังเคราะห์ข้อมูลอันเป็นแนวทางการสอนวิชาการบัญชีสำหรับนักกฎหมาย ด้วยการสัมภาษณ์แบบเจาะลึก (In depth Interview) นักกฎหมายในประเทศไทยที่สำเร็จการศึกษานิติศาสตร์บัณฑิตและมีประสบการณ์ทำงานมาแล้วอย่างน้อย 10 ปี โดยเลือกตัวอย่างแบบเจาะจง (Purposive Sampling) ซึ่งประกอบด้วย ผู้พิพากษา ตำรวจ ทหาร ทนายความ นักธุรกิจ นายธนาคาร นิติกร ผู้บริหารบริษัทเอกชน อาจารย์มหาวิทยาลัย พนักงานหน่วยงานของรัฐและเอกชน จำนวน 25 คน ผลการวิจัยพบว่า นักกฎหมายเป็นเพศชาย ร้อยละ 80 เพศหญิงร้อยละ 20 อายุเฉลี่ย 46.76 ปี ประสบการณ์ทำงานเฉลี่ย 24.24 ปี นักกฎหมายร้อยละ 64 เคยทำงานด้านอื่นนอกเหนือจากอาชีพปัจจุบันมาก่อน ระยะเวลาในการสัมภาษณ์เฉลี่ย 24 นาที นักกฎหมายร้อยละ 92 มีงานที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการใช้ข้อมูลทางบัญชี ร้อยละ 8 ไม่เคยพบงานที่เกี่ยวกับบัญชีเลย ข้อมูลทางบัญชีที่นักกฎหมายใช้ร้อยละ 86.95 เป็นบัญชีการเงินมากที่สุด การใช้ข้อมูลทางบัญชีร้อยละ 47.82 มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์มากที่สุด นักกฎหมายร้อยละ 68 มีความเห็นว่าจำเป็นมากที่นักกฎหมายต้องมีความรู้ทางบัญชี เพราะได้ใช้ประโยชน์ในการทำงาน ร้อยละ 4 มีความเห็นว่าจำเป็นต้องมีความรู้ถ้าเป็นผู้บริหารและร้อยละ 28 เห็นว่านักกฎหมายควรมีความรู้ด้านบัญชี เรื่องที่นักกฎหมายเห็นว่าควรมีความรู้ทางบัญชีมากที่สุด คือ งบการเงิน รองลงมา คือ ผลการดำเนินงานและสภาพคล่อง นอกจากนี้ ควรมีความรู้เพิ่มเติมในเรื่องการคิดดอกเบี้ยและภาษีอากร คำสำคัญ (1) การใช้ข้อมูลทางบัญชี (2) นักกฎหมายในประเทศไทย

Despite the relative «youth» of hypercompetition theory, a lot of research has been carried out currently. But most of them study hypercompetition threats from the perspective of transnational companies. We estimate that enterprises of all sizes, including small ones, are exposed to this threat, because hypercompetition reduces the life cycle of competitive advantage, and thus constantly changes the positions of market players. The study determines to what extent the hypercompetition drivers are manifested in the Russian economy, in which industries and regions the small industries are subject to its threats the most. We have classified small enterprises of manufacturing industries to «small industry» as prevailing in small industrial structure. The paper revealed that the Russian economy has already shown the driving forces of hypercompetition and sectoral and regional differentiation. This conclusion is based on the analysis of changes in conditions and rules of competition. Therefore, the challenge was to develop a research method to assess small industry resistance to hypercompetition threats in the regions. The method has allowed to assess 47 Russian regions according to three criteria: the degree of hypercompetition threat; potential growth and importance of small industry for the regional development; open innovations availability for small industries as an effective method for increasing hypercompetition resistance. The integrated results of these assessments made it possible to identify 11 regions: the Republic of Mordovia, Chuvash Republic, Sverdlovsk region, Tula region, Krasnoyarsk region, Chelyabinsk region, Vladimir region, Lipetsk region, Penza region, Republic of Mari El, Ryazan region. These are the areas where, on the one hand, threats of hypercompetition for primary branches of the small industry are rather big. However, on the other hand, small industry has a high development potential even in hypercompetition through open innovation. © 2018 Institute of Economics Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. ; Проанализированы движущие силы гиперконкуренции. Выявлены регионы с высокой резистентностью малой промышленности к угрозам гиперконкуренции на базе модели открытых инноваций. Доказано, что для малых промышленных предприятий источником инновационных решений должны стать открытые инновации. ; The article has been supported by the Government of the Russian Federation (the resolution No 211 from 3.16.2013), the agreement No. 02.A03.21.0011).

La montagne est un milieu vulnérable vis-à-vis du changement climatique comme l'indiquentdéjà les évolutions paléoclimatiques.Inédite à l'échelle des Pyrénées-Atlantiques, l'analyse de longues séries homogénéisées dedonnées sur la période 1950-2013 indique une augmentation des températures de +0,2 °C à +0,3 °C par décennie. Les projections climatiques établissent la poursuite du réchauffement :à l'horizon 2071-2100, selon le scénario RCP 8.5, le réchauffement pourrait atteindre 4°C. Enmatière d'enneigement, en dépit d'une forte variabilité inter-annuelle et d'une tendance plusmarquée à basse altitude, une perte de 2 à 3 jours d'enneigement par décennie est observéedepuis le début des années 1980 ; les projections futures présagent d'une accélérationsensible à partir des années 2050. Ces changements physiques ont des conséquencessur la biodiversité et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes ainsi qu'un impact économiqueet social majeur. Les aspects opérationnels de l'appropriation du changement climatique,des stratégies d'adaptation et d'atténuation adoptées, mis en oeuvre à différentes échellesterritoriales témoignent du besoin de mieux comprendre les interactions entre processusenvironnementaux et sociaux dans les espaces montagnards, avec au centre la question desperceptions et des représentations du changement climatique, qui demeure un volet essentielpour saisir les freins et les leviers potentiels à l'adaptation des sociétés locales. En cherchantune meilleure résilience climatique et une planification plus durable de la totalité du modèleéconomique actuel, anticipation et adaptation sont les grands défis auxquels les différentsterritoires de montagne devront faire face. Cela passe nécessairement par une connaissanceaccrue de la question climatique et des risques naturels associés.Concernant la montagne limousine, sa position en tête de bassin et ses ressourcesessentiellement de flux constituent un enjeu particulier vis-à-vis du changement climatique.Le maintien de zones humides et la biodiversité associée est conditionné par la préservationde la ressource en eau tandis que les pratiques agricoles, sylvicoles et d'élevage vont devoirquant à elles s'adapter à davantage de sécheresses. Sur le plan socio-environnemental, lescaractéristiques démographiques (faible densité, ménages modestes) et l'ancienneté du bâtirequièrent une attention particulière dans la mise en place de politiques d'accompagnementdes territoires vers une meilleure résilience.Nous, ou les générations futures, assisterons sans aucun doute à une recomposition despaysages montagnards. Sans réaction adaptée rapide, le risque est grand de laisser semodifier des services écologiques essentiels et d'impacter les activités et le bien-être d'unepartie de la population dépendant des ressources de haute et moyenne altitudes.

La montagne est un milieu vulnérable vis-à-vis du changement climatique comme l'indiquentdéjà les évolutions paléoclimatiques.Inédite à l'échelle des Pyrénées-Atlantiques, l'analyse de longues séries homogénéisées dedonnées sur la période 1950-2013 indique une augmentation des températures de +0,2 °C à +0,3 °C par décennie. Les projections climatiques établissent la poursuite du réchauffement :à l'horizon 2071-2100, selon le scénario RCP 8.5, le réchauffement pourrait atteindre 4°C. Enmatière d'enneigement, en dépit d'une forte variabilité inter-annuelle et d'une tendance plusmarquée à basse altitude, une perte de 2 à 3 jours d'enneigement par décennie est observéedepuis le début des années 1980 ; les projections futures présagent d'une accélérationsensible à partir des années 2050. Ces changements physiques ont des conséquencessur la biodiversité et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes ainsi qu'un impact économiqueet social majeur. Les aspects opérationnels de l'appropriation du changement climatique,des stratégies d'adaptation et d'atténuation adoptées, mis en oeuvre à différentes échellesterritoriales témoignent du besoin de mieux comprendre les interactions entre processusenvironnementaux et sociaux dans les espaces montagnards, avec au centre la question desperceptions et des représentations du changement climatique, qui demeure un volet essentielpour saisir les freins et les leviers potentiels à l'adaptation des sociétés locales. En cherchantune meilleure résilience climatique et une planification plus durable de la totalité du modèleéconomique actuel, anticipation et adaptation sont les grands défis auxquels les différentsterritoires de montagne devront faire face. Cela passe nécessairement par une connaissanceaccrue de la question climatique et des risques naturels associés.Concernant la montagne limousine, sa position en tête de bassin et ses ressourcesessentiellement de flux constituent un enjeu particulier vis-à-vis du changement climatique.Le maintien de zones humides et la biodiversité associée est conditionné par la préservationde la ressource en eau tandis que les pratiques agricoles, sylvicoles et d'élevage vont devoirquant à elles s'adapter à davantage de sécheresses. Sur le plan socio-environnemental, lescaractéristiques démographiques (faible densité, ménages modestes) et l'ancienneté du bâtirequièrent une attention particulière dans la mise en place de politiques d'accompagnementdes territoires vers une meilleure résilience.Nous, ou les générations futures, assisterons sans aucun doute à une recomposition despaysages montagnards. Sans réaction adaptée rapide, le risque est grand de laisser semodifier des services écologiques essentiels et d'impacter les activités et le bien-être d'unepartie de la population dépendant des ressources de haute et moyenne altitudes.

From the very start of his apostolic activity Blessed Josemaría Escrivá proclaimed the calling to holiness in ordinary life, i.e., in the normal circumstances of human existence. Among the set of occupations that comprise ordinary life (social relations, family obligations, political or cultural activities), Blessed Josemaría always stressed one in particular: work. Why did he do so? The motives which explain this fact are clear: in speaking of work, blessed Josemaría Escrivá always referred to professional work, to dedication to a stable occupation, to a profession that defines a man's position in society. Understood and valued in this light, work beco mes the axis around which the ordinary Christian's spiritual life and apostolic action may and should be structured, as he is called to sanctify his profession, to sanctify himself in his profession, and to sanctify others with his profession. The ideal of the sanctification of work logically includes the social reality in which the activity of working takes place. The perspective of a Christian animation of earthly milieus and structures forms an essential part of the message of Blessed Josemaría Escrivá who, at the same time, always placed a strong accent on the personal freedom with which each Christian should face his own task. After pointing out the basic coordinates of Blessed Josemaría Escrivá's doctrine on work, the article proceeds to analyze the evolution that the reflection on work has experienced in recent Catholic thought and doctrine, from the theological essays published in the 1940s and 1950s, until the encyclical Laboren exercens. These historical considerations lead to a fundamental conclusion: any reflection on work that aspires to be conclusive needs to be performed with a clearly theological focus. From this perspective, the author reconsiders the teachings of Blessed Josemaría Escrivá, devoting special attention to the vigor with which Msgr. Escrivá stressed the need for a fusion between the life of prayer and of work, and the connection between Christian perfection and human perfection. ; 1. El trabajo, elemento nuclear de la doctrina espiritual del beato ]osemaría Escrivá. 2. Trabajo profesional y vivencia cristiana. 3. En la cumbre de todas las actividades humanas. 4. En torno a los desarrollos de la teología del trabajo. 5. Responsabilidad social, caridad, justicia.

Motivation: European societies face the problem of ageing populations and shrinking labour force. One of the ways to tackle this issue is the development of sustainable approach towards work. Sustainable work means creating such living and working conditions that they enable people to remain in employment throughout their extended working life. It requires gaining adequate skills, adjusting working conditions for elder workers' needs as well as helping them balance work and life. Family obligations are not only related to childcare but also to eldercare given to parents, step-parents or spouses. The balance between work and care might be supported both at the enterprise and the institutional level.Aim: The article aims to examine the legal and institutional approach to care for the elderly in the selected EU countries (Germany, the UK, Finland and Poland) and to answer the question to what extent these institutions and laws support the concept of sustainable work.Results: The extent to which national institutions and laws support sustainable work concept differ between countries, depending on the welfare model they represent. Finland represents Nordic welfare model in which publicly organised and financed eldercare is very generous, so sustainable work model is easy to put in practice. German welfare state also has its social policy well developed, and care systems are supported by the universal long-term care insurance. The UK is an example of a more liberal regime, in which sustainable work concept is more market-driven. Polish efforts to follow the German model with reference to social insurance are still under public debate. However, we doubt whether German solutions are possible to be introduced in Polish conditions due to the different position of trade unions in this country, less importance of employee participation in company management than in Germany, and definitely less than in Germany the regulation of the labor market. In Poland, informal institutions, such as family and cultural customs, play a much greater role in organizing help in the care of an elderly person. Formal institutions play a smaller role in the organization of this care. We propose to take some solutions at the national and enterprise level to raise awareness of the need to take steps to address the issue of support for employees caring for an elderly person.

In a global society shaped by immigration, transcontinental slave-trade, demographic diversity, and political refugees, what it means to create a home is in many ways unclear. Western scholarship has historically posed a split between the homely (heimlich), that which is familiar, and the unhomely (unheimlich), that which is uncanny, unsettling, and alienating. While western philosophers proposed creating built environments as the means for men to live in meaningful unity with a network of natural forces, feminist thinkers have complicated the ways in which lived spaces inform identity. These discourses, however, are contingent on white, Eurocentric views of home-making that do not account for the experiences of those displaced by war, subjected to systemic social injustice, or historically removed from their countries of origin. In her 1990 text, "homeplace ( a site of resistance)," bell hooks argues that for black women throughout history, the making of home is related to the struggle against racism and the building of community. This paper explores how artists who occupy tenuous subject positions as immigrants, people of color, and female engage with home-making. Instead of examining home as an object, I engage with home-making as an action that is shifting, fluid, and in progress. Using philosophical, sociological, and anthropological constructs of "home" as points of departure, I tum toward visual artists Amanda Williams, Mona Hatoum, and Doris Salcedo. In Color(ed) Theory (2015), Amanda Williams repaints and reconstructs vacant urban homes to demonstrate how in vacant structures there persists the presence of the human. Mona Hatoum' s installations Homebound (2001) and Mobile Home (2005) fold the alien and violent into domestic objects that defy being fixed to domestic architectures. Doris Salcedo's La Casa Viuda (1995) and other untitled sculptures transform doors, dressers, and wardrobes with concrete, dust and bone in response to the flights of Colombian women from their homes, and vacillate between tracing memories of the past and being haunted by premonitions of violence, evacuation, and ruination with the passage of time. In the works of these three artists, the binary between homely and unhomely comes apart, and homemaking becomes the act of inhabiting or embodying something that shifts, accommodating for a wider range of experiences in how one constitutes self in relation to home.