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Legal decisions made at the state and federal levels on controversial social policies have a direct impact on business, particularly when such rulings conflict with stakeholder values. The authors provide examples that illustrate why companies need to be prepared to respond strategically to sudden public policy changes and political upheavals, and offer five principles to help leaders plan a course of action.

The author of the article observes that the issues of consolidating Islam as a state religion and the main source of legislation in combination with the fixing at the constitutional level of the "Western" concept of human rights is largely out of the question. Since the traditional norms of the state religion – Islam are seriously influenced by the constitutional rights and freedoms of the monarchy of the Arab East, it is unequivocally possible to affirm the purely "European modernization" in this area. Considering this, one should pay attention to a number of features of the constitutional status of a person in these states. On the basis of the current constitutions of the monarchies of the Arab East and political and legal practice the author has demonstrated the features of consolidation of the rights, freedoms and duties of citizens (subjects). It has been concluded that the peculiarities of the constitutional status of a person in the monarchies of the Arab East are that the existing constitutions have consolidated a wide range of principles, rights, freedoms that often go beyond Shariah, but their interpretation is often limited to Islam. The constitutional status appears formally to be substantially upgraded and democratized, but in fact it is not. At the same time, the author of the article provides examples of the activities of the agencies of constitutional justice, which testify to significant changes in the understanding of the established principles, rights and freedoms. The implementation of the agencies of constitutional control and the practical activities of these agencies indicate about significant changes in the understanding of the established principles, rights and freedoms. It should be noted quite a concise list of duties of citizens in these states. At the same time, the duty to observe public order and respect for public morality more closely concerns the respect for the principles of Islam as the state religion and the basis of legislation. Only in the Basic Nizami of Saudi Arabia contains a categorical provision on the practice of Islam and, in fact, it is not permitted to spread another religion. However, the constitutions of other monarchies of this region guarantee freedom of religion. ; На основі чинних конституцій монархій Арабського Сходу та політико-правової практики продемонстровано особливості закріплення прав, свобод та обов'язків громадян (підданих). Зроблено висновок про те, що конституційний статус особи в цих державах лише формально виглядає суттєво модернізованим і демократизованим, проте фактично не є таким. Водночас наведено приклади діяльності органів конституційної юстиції, що свідчать про суттєві зміни в розумінні закріплених принципів, прав та свобод.

AbstractThis article examines the legal and policy implications of information asymmetry for foreign domestic workers employed under the Kafala sponsorship system in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Drawing from ethnographic and field‐based observations in large GCC migrant destinations – including Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) – we investigate the information flows and market uncertainties between five key stakeholders: labour‐receiving governments, labour‐sending governments, recruitment agencies (subagents), sponsors (employers), and social networks. Several factors contribute to asymmetric information: the lack of bilateral labour agreements and government policy coordination, programs between and among government entities, the absence of labour law for domestic workers, and the laissez faire approach of the labour‐receiving government. These sources of asymmetric information create serious market vulnerabilities for the domestic worker population, often resulting in loss of employment and early deportation. The concluding section further outlines policy implications and areas of methodological research on GCC migration.

This paper examines the legal and policy implications of information asymmetry on foreign domestic workers employed under the Kafala sponsorship system in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Drawing from ethnographic and field-based observations in large GCC migrant destinations – including Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) – we investigate the information flows and market uncertainties between five key stakeholders: labor-receiving governments, labor-sending governments, recruitment agencies (subagents), sponsors (employers), and social networks. Several factors contribute to asymmetric information: the lack of bilateral labor agreements and government policy coordination, programs between and among government entities, the absence of labor law for domestic workers, and the laissez faire approach of the labor-receiving government. These sources of asymmetric information create serious market vulnerabilities for the domestic worker population, often resulting in loss of employment and early deportation. The concluding section further outlines policy implications and areas of methodological research on GCC migration.

The article analyses the legal status of the natural gas market regulatory institutions in Lithuania and in the member states of the European Union (EU). First, the authors assess the most important elements of the legal status of the natural gas market regulators in the EU member states, namely, the degree of autonomy (type of institution, appointment and dismissal procedures of management, duration of the terms of office, sources of funding) and the measures aimed at ensuring accountability, transparency, and prevention of conflicts of interest. Second, the legal status of the National Control Commission for Prices and Energy (Commission), which carries out functions of regulation and control of the natural gas sector in Lithuania, is examined. Finally, the authors conclude that the imperfections in the regulation of the legal status of the Commission result in several negative effects and provide reasoned proposals regarding the improvement of the legal status of the Commission. ; Straipsnyje lyginamuoju aspektu analizuojami svarbiausi gamtinių dujų rinką reguliuojančių institucijų teisinio statuso elementai Lietuvoje ir kitose Europos Sąjungos (toliau – ES) valstybėse narėse. Straipsnis sudarytas iš įvado, dviejų dalių ir išvadų. Pirmoje dalyje nagrinėjami, autorių nuomone, svarbiausi gamtinių dujų rinką reguliuojančių institucijų teisinio statuso elementai Europos Sąjungos valstybėse narėse: nepriklausomumo lygis (institucijos tipas, vadovybės skyrimo ir atleidimo tvarka, kadencijos trukmė, finansavimo šaltiniai), atskaitomybės, skaidrumo, interesų konfliktų prevencijos užtikrinimo priemonės. Daroma išvada, kad reguliuojanti institucija laikytina nepriklausoma, jei ji atitinka šiuos teisinio statuso elementus: 1) veikia turėdama autonomiją nuo vykdomosios valdžios struktūros ir sektorinių interesų; 2) šios institucijos vadovai skiriami įstatymuose nustatytam terminui, iš pareigų atleidžiami tik atsiradus įstatyme baigtiniu sąrašu nurodytoms aplinkybėms; 3) finansuojama iš sektorinių mokesčių ir nepatiria politikų ir reguliuojamų įmonių įtakos atlikdama reguliavimo funkcijas. Pabrėžiama, kad reguliuojančios institucijos nepriklausomybė nėra absoliuti ir turi būti derinama su atskaitomybės ir skaidrumo principais. Antroje straipsnio dalyje analizuojami Valstybinės kainų ir energetikos kontrolės komisijos (toliau – Komisija), kuriai įstatymais pavesta atlikti gamtinių dujų sektoriaus kontrolės ir reguliavimo funkcijas, teisinio statuso ypatumai. Tiesioginio pavaldumo ryšių su vykdomosios valdžios institucijomis nebuvimas, aiškiai reglamentuota Komisijos pirmininko bei narių skyrimo ir atleidimo iš pareigų tvarka, kadencijos trukmė iš esmės užtikrina Komisijos nepriklausomumą nuo vykdomosios valdžios institucijų, tačiau Komisijos nepriklausomumą riboja jos veiklos finansavimas iš valstybės biudžeto. Siūloma pasinaudoti ES valstybių narių reguliuojančių institucijų patirtimi ir įstatymu įtvirtinti Komisijos veiklos finansavimą bent iš kelių alternatyvių šaltinių: valstybės biudžeto ir (ar) nustatyto procento nuo reguliuojamų įmonių apyvartos, rinkliavų už licencijas ir pan. Autorių nuomone, teisinio reguliavimo ta apimtimi, kiek jis susijęs su Komisijos teisiniu statusu, netobulumas neigiamai veikia Lietuvos gamtinių dujų rinkos ekonominio reguliavimo efektyvumą, sudaro galimybes iškreipti vartotojų ir dujų įmonių interesų pusiausvyrą. Atsižvelgiant į Komisijai priskirtų funkcijų svarbą ir sudėtingumą, siūloma Energetikos įstatyme nustatyti bent specialaus teisinio ar ekonominio išsilavinimo reikalavimą asmenims, pretenduojantiems tapti Komisijos nariais, taip pat stiprinti energetikos įmonių kontrolę, sudarant Komisijai teisines prielaidas pasitelkti šiai funkcijai vykdyti adekvačius išteklius. Siūloma Energetikos įstatyme nustatyti Komisijai teisę samdyti kvalifikuotus atitinkamų sričių specialistus ir pareigą laikytis licencijų išdavimo ir licencijų sąlygų priežiūros funkcijų atskyrimo principo. Taip būtų sudarytos galimybės užtikrinti efektyvesnį gamtinių dujų rinkos ekonominį reguliavimą, vartotojų ir dujų įmonių interesų pusiausvyrą.

The paper deals with the use of predictive genetic tests in medical research. I limit my discussion to those advances in genetics which try to overcome the limits represented by our genetic make-up, in particular by gene mutations that lead, or could lead, to the development of genetic diseases. Besides the ethical issues concerning the topic of the current discussion, the reader will also find an evaluation of the legal provisions elaborated at the different levels of the legal order (international, European, and national). The aim of this evaluation is to find out which model of Law is being adopted in bioethical issues like the one discussed in this paper. The paper underlines and argues how Law can contribute (and has already contributed at the different levels: International, European, and national) to value and to spread an ethics of responsibility.

,Ex-convicts must wait for a five-year gap after passing their prison term and announce their background if they want to run for governor, regent, or mayor, according to the Constitutional Court's decision Number 56/PUU-XVII/2019. The election of regional heads is an activity in the context of implementing a government system in the form of democracy. In the implementation of regional head elections, to get quality regional leaders, it takes qualified candidates promoted by political parties as well as those who run independently. Among the requirements for a regional head candidate, both at the provincial and district/city levels, a candidate must not be in a status of an ex-convict. The research method in this research was normative juridical. This research shows that based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, ex-convicts are also citizens who have the same political rights as other citizens. The existence of a provision that is a requirement to run as a candidate for the regional head in the election clearly limits or even negates a person's right to participate in exercising their rights. The decision of Constitutional Court No.42/PUUXIII/2015 states that ex-convicts can participate in regional head elections with certain conditions.

This article analyzes some theoretical and practical issues of setting the content of foreign law. In accordance with the analysis conducted, the author considers that further improvementof the national law of the Republic of Uzbekistan in respect of application and setting the content of foreign lawwould be expedient. In particular, the author suggests that the Civil Procedural Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan should be supplemented with relevant norms, with considerationofadoptionof the separate Law On Private International Law.

Freedom of Information laws are governance tools aimed at promoting government transparency, increasing public participation in government activity, and enhancing government trust. Nevertheless, do these laws enable the disclosure of sensitive documents? This article analyzes the legal regime of classified information and its practice in the Brazilian federal executive agencies, discussing the regime's compatibility with the country's current democratic system. The research adopts mixed methods based on analysis of an exploratory set of appeals to information requests, selecting cases for qualitative analysis. We argue that the legal regime of classifying information is not subject to effective social or horizontal accountability. This article has two contributions to contemporary discussions regarding public transparency. From a theoretical point of view, the study demonstrates that the information classification system imposes obstacles to the general rule stating that democracies must allow informed participation of people in the political process. From an empirical perspective, the article demonstrates that the lack of accountability mechanisms can lead public agencies to overclassify public information. In conclusion, we suggest the need to rethink the very existence of a legal regime of classified information due to its inherent problems. ; Las leyes de acceso a la información se han convertido, en todo el mundo, en instrumentos de gobernanza dirigidos a promover la transparencia de los actos estatales y, así, permitir más participación política, control de la corrupción y la probidad de los actos públicos. Sin embargo, ¿hasta qué punto esas leyes permiten la publicización de documentos políticamente sensibles? Ese artículo analiza críticamente el régimen legal de la "información clasificada", la práctica institucional resultante de dicho régimen y su compatibilidad con una Constitución democrática. Por medio de un estudio de métodos mixtos, que parte del análisis de un conjunto exploratorio de recursos de acceso a la información para posteriormente seleccionar casos para análisis cualitativo, argumentamos que el régimen jurídico del acto de clasificación no está sometido a mecanismos de control social u horizontal. El artículo presenta dos contribuciones a las actuales discusiones sobre transparencia y control social. Desde el punto de vista teórico, argumentamos que el acto de clasificación impone obstáculos institucionales a la regla que postula que, en regímenes democráticos, se deben tomar decisiones que permitan la participación de las personas. Desde el punto de vista empírico, el estudio demuestra que el no sometimiento a mecanismos de control puede inducir a los órganos públicos a la sobreclasificación de información. En la conclusión, señalamos posibles investigaciones futuras sobre el tema. ; Leis de acesso à informação têm se tornado instrumentos de governança voltados a promover a transparência de atos estatais e, assim, permitir maior participação política, controle da corrupção e lisura dos atos públicos. No entanto, essas leis permitem a publicização de documentos politicamente sensíveis? O objetivo deste artigo é analisar criticamente o regime legal das "informações classificadas", a prática institucional decorrente desse regime e a sua compatibilidade com uma Constituição democrática. Por meio de um estudo de métodos mistos, que parte de uma análise de um conjunto exploratório de recursos de acesso à informação para depois selecionar casos para análise qualitativa, concluímos que a sistemática jurídica do ato de classificação torna-o um ato não submetido a mecanismos de accountability social ou horizontal. O artigo possui duas contribuições às atuais discussões sobre transparência e controle social. Do ponto de vista teórico, argumentamos que o ato de classificação impõe obstáculos institucionais à regra de que, nas democracias, deve-se tomar decisões que permitam a incorporação informada das pessoas. Do ponto de vista empírico, o estudo demonstra que a não submissão a mecanismos de controle pode permitir a sobre-classificação de informações por órgãos públicos. Nas conclusões, apontamos possíveis pesquisas futuras sobre o tema.

The deteriorating state of South Africa's natural environment has been linked to the exponential growth in anthropogenic pressures associated with urban life. In the wake of dire water shortages and the onslaught of climate change, reports have shown increased environmental degradation and evidence of decreasing water, soil and air quality. The state of the environment has therefore raised concerns as to the legal relationship governing communication, engagement and accountability between citizens, government authorities, and the private sector. Following the promulgation of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the inclusion of the environmental right, environmental law significantly developed as a means to regulate activities affecting people and the environment. The National Environmental Management Act and the Promotion of Access to Information Act therefore, play a critical role in overseeing decision-making and accountability between stakeholders regarding activities that affect the environment. Citizens are usually the ones affected most by environmental degradation and therefore require proper public involvement in decision-making and environmental governance efforts. Public participation is vital to incorporating local knowledge and practices into formal government and private sector decision-making processes with an emphasis on the sharing and access of environmental information as well as the ability to hold wrongdoers accountable. Using academic legal literature, jurisprudence, governmental and organisational reports, the dissertation examines the theoretical notions of environmental governance, public participation and access to information. Following this, links are made between the theoretical notions and to accepted forms of environmental information, the means and outcomes of granting access followed by the important role of rights and laws in providing the procedures with which to allow citizens access to information held by public and private bodies. The dissertation therefore emphasises the value of legislation that offers wide access to information, in a user friendly and explanatory manner, to assist all members of society in accessing information. Access to information is a pivotal tool for holding government and private entities accountable for pollution and environmental degradation and allows citizens to enforce their right to a healthy environment. In doing so, the important oversight role of the courts in adjudicating on and balancing interests where environmental protection is concerned, is highlighted. In light of this, the dissertation assesses the key legal elements that make up any effective access to information regime and compares these key legal elements to those that make up the South African access to environmental information regime with a focus on the Promotion of Access to Information Act. These key elements include the scope and nature of information, limitations, access procedures, protection of whistle-blowers and appeal and review mechanisms. The efficacy and practical implementation of these key elements are critically reviewed alongside a consideration of how they have been interpreted by the courts. The dissertation thus provides a blended discussion and review of the state of access to environmental information in South Africa using relevant laws and cases to highlight various challenges, successes and guidance that has emerged and how it may aid future requesters.

AbstractThe EU's legal system has been built on the principle of a single legal order. Undeniably, however, differentiation has crept in. The UK has been at the forefront of seeking opt‐outs and exceptions to the euro, the Schengen area and so on. After Brexit, will requests by member states for special treatment continue, or will the Brexit experience strengthen the legal order? Is the EU's legal system capable of absorbing differentiation in its fabric? This article argues that differentiation can be accommodated only so far in the Treaty arrangements without a wholescale re‐evaluation of the purpose of EU law. The UK's departure removes the member state most ready to challenge some of the fundamentals of the legal order, but the article urges caution against a full re‐characterization of the nature of EU law post‐Brexit. Instead, the article foresees a continuation of the status quo, in which differentiation exists in various forms but as exceptions to the rule, rather than the rule itself.

Abstract. Elaboration and implementation of investment programs for the development of modern universities, cooperation with the business sector, public investment aimed at modernization of the educational environment, implementation of grants, etc. can now be considered as structural components of investment activities of higher education institutions in the context of strategic planning. Therefore, the process of active reform of the educational sector of Ukraine and its integration into the European educational space require a review of approaches, methods and forms of management of education and educational institutions, in particular on investment policy. The purpose of the study is to analyse and summarize the legislative aspects of introduction of the investment programs for the development of higher education institutions as an element of state educational policy. The subject of the study is the regulatory framework for investment activities of higher education institutions in Ukraine in the implementation of investment programs for their development as an element of state educational policy. The following research methods were used: terminological analysis (definition of the conceptual apparatus of the research), systematization of normative legal acts (study of normative provision and state of the researched problem), classification method (ranging of normative legal acts by branches of human activity). The practical importance of the study is in description of the current state of regulatory and legal support of Ukraine's investment policy in higher education. As a result of the study, we concluded that the investment activity of higher education institutions is determined by laws and subsidiary laws that regulate general aspects of Ukraine's investment policy at the state level and insufficiently regulate the development of investment opportunities at the institutional level. There is no concept of investment and investment activity in the regulations in the field of higher education at all. However, ...

This study aims to: to determine legal certainty regarding the implementation of work agreements between service providers and employers in the event of a delay in payment of work performance by the service provider. The approach method in this research is normative law, the data source is obtained from the literature and the legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials which are then analyzed by means of qualitative analysis. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that : With the presence of a work agreement between the service provider and the employer, this agreement basically provides legal certainty regarding the rights and obligations of both parties, one of the points in the payment is the payment for work performance, in this case the service provider is obliged to accept work repayment that has reached 100 % or it has been completed, when the Regional Government of South Konawe Regency, the Office of Food Crops, Horticulture and Plantations does not make payment, the agency has defaulted because in the agreement it was agreed that when the work was completed, a settlement would be carried out. This certainly violates the Principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda (Agreement Applies as Law) as contained in the provisions of Article 1338 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of the Civil Code which states that "all agreements legally made are valid as laws for those who make them.