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Preface --Authors --About the Editors --Introduction --Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights --Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property --Regulation No. 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters --Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights --Regulation (EC) No. 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the Law Applicable to Non-Contractual Obligations (Rome II) --Council Regulation (EU) No. 608/2013 of 12 June 2013 concerning Customs Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights and Repealing Council Regulation (EC) No. 1383/2003 --European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 316/2014 of 21 March 2014 on the Application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to Categories of Technology Transfer Agreements --List of Abbreviations --List of Treaties, Legislation and Other Documents --List of Cases and Advisory Opinions.

The South West Africa Cases presented the International Court of Justice (ICJ) with a choice not only between the parties to the suit but also between rival claims about the nature of international law itself. Perhaps every case presents the Court with a choice of some degree between jurisprudential foundations, but in the South West Africa Cases the choice is striking.

This publication, which is jointly produced by the OECD and Eurostat, includes statistics by detailed type of service on international trade in services for the 30 OECD countries, the European Union and the euro area as well as analysis, definitions and methodological notes. The data are reported within the framework of the fifth edition of the IMF´s Balance of Payments Manual and the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification (EBOPS), which is consistent with the balance of payments classification but is more detailed. This book includes summary tables by country and by service category and zone totals for the European Union, Euro area, G7, NAFTA, OECD - Asia and Pacific,OECD - Europe and total OECD which are comparable. Tables for each individual OECD country and for the EU and the euro area showing data for detailed service categories are also provided. Series are shown in US dollars and cover the period 2000-2008.

AbstractThis research explores the mechanisms through which member states informally shape staffing decisions in the United Nations, extending the traditional view of influence beyond mere structural power within international organizations. Interviews with UN officials uncover three primary informal governance tactics: leveraging financial contributions, nurturing social networks, and fostering educational and institutional pathways for grooming candidates. These strategies subtly impact UN staffing, policy development, and access to sensitive information. The study points to the UN's structural challenges, such as reliance on voluntary funding and decentralized administration, which, coupled with the intertwined interests across organizational levels and the lack of effective oversight mechanisms, enable member states' informal influence. This environment not only restricts the involvement of developing countries but also undermines the UN's legitimacy and effectiveness. The findings illuminate the intricate dynamics of power within IOs, underscoring the need for a comprehensive understanding of influence and its implications for global governance.

The aim of this paper is to shed light on some of the views of Iran's supreme political and spiritual leader on Western countries. The paper is based on information obtained through quantitative content analysis of texts and the method of semi-structured interviews with leading Czech and Slovak experts in the field of the Middle East. A number of research questions can also be defined: What are the Iranian regime's main accusations against Western countries? To what extent should these statements be taken seriously? Does Iran pose a potential threat to the international community on the basis of this hostile rhetoric? As the analysis shows, although some of these statements are based on a realistic basis, the rest constitute a well thought-out propaganda concept with which the local regime is trying to cover its own shortcomings or to win the favour of the local population.

Abstract
This article argues that legal certainty provides the most compelling justification for recognizing legitimate expectations in international investment law, and that the prohibition on arbitrary conduct provides the most persuasive reason for their protection. After considering other rationales for recognizing legitimate expectations, the article analyses the types of government action typically arising in investment cases through the lens of legal certainty, arguing that the strength of the claim for recognizing legitimate expectations depends on the government conduct at issue, with interference with legal rights or formal decisions generating the strongest claim for recognition, and changes to laws generating the weakest claim. The article discusses the prohibition on arbitrary conduct as the relevant touchstone for protecting legitimate expectations, demonstrates that this interpretation accords with recent treaty innovations, and explains how the expected degree of legal certainty correlates with the risk of arbitrariness in relation to different types of government conduct.

The Muslim Rohingya people live in the western part of Myanmar and their right to obtain the citizenship of Myanmar has been denied by the Government of Myanmar. They also can not enjoy the basic human rights like freedom of movement, right to education, right to employment, right to marry and form a family, right to register the birth of their child, right to have medical care and legal protection etc. their human rights are being violated because of lack of their identity as a citizen of any State. Consequently the main questions leading this research are: What is statelessness? Why the Rohingya Muslims are considered stateless? What are rights of Stateless person and How to protect the Human Rights of Stateless Rohingyas? The primary responsibility to protect the human rights of the Rohingyas rests on the Government of Myanmar. The International Community also has liability to protect them.

This article reviews the cumulation of evidence from survey experiments in the field of international political economy (IPE) and discusses their strengths and weaknesses in explaining the backlash against globalization. I first review the advancements made by the most commonly used survey experiment design in IPE, namely the Globalization-as-Treatment design, in which scholars randomly assign information about different features of globalization and solicit respondents' attitudes toward protectionism. Then I discuss three issues with this design in addressing key puzzles in the emergence of globalization backlash: ( a) using a coarse informational treatment that stacks the deck against the economic self-interest hypothesis; ( b) overattributing globalization as a source of hardship; and ( c) neglecting heterogeneous room-to-maneuver beliefs across and within countries. The article suggests alternative designs and strategies to study these questions. Evidence from survey experiments suggests that much of the globalization backlash we witness today is deeply rooted in domestic politics.

Dans sa campagne électorale en 2015, Manuela Carmena avait promis de « gouverner en écoutant ». Quelle politique participative a été mise en œuvre une fois la coalition citoyenne arrivée au pouvoir ? Cet article porte sur les généalogies des processus participatifs à Madrid entre 2015 et 2019, en analysant les trajectoires et les sources d'influence de leurs promoteurs. Il montre que trois conceptions de la démocratie – directe, associative et délibérative – traversent l'expérience madrilène, marquée par différentes traditions de mouvements sociaux. Le 15-M a façonné le projet de la délégation à la participation visant à associer de manière directe les citoyens à la décision via des outils numériques, tandis que la tradition des associations de quartier a impacté la délégation à la coordination territoriale pour développer des espaces de participation présentiels avec les organisations sociales. L'équipe municipale s'est également inspirée d'expériences internationales, notamment pour lancer des procédures délibératives basées sur le tirage au sort.

Summary
This article provides a comparative overview of the main features of special envoys/representatives dispatched by major foreign-policy players. It underlines the relevance of this instrument within a fast-changing diplomatic environment, characterized by increasingly numerous actors, evolving practices and complex processes that require a flexible approach. The analysis draws on nearly 650 cases of special envoys appointed by national administrations and international organizations over the span of 25 years, exposing commonalities and differences in the use of a long-standing diplomatic tool. The article argues that the incremental employment of ad-hoc envoys, mandated to deal with issues of a geographical or thematic nature, signals the ambition of individual actors to achieve specific policy objectives on a crowded global stage. In this perspective, and in keeping with their role of precursors in diplomatic practice, special envoys constitute a versatile resource with boundless potential in terms of adaptation to an ever-expanding diplomatic agenda.

AbstractThe recent European debt crisis has renewed interest as to why debtor countries honour their foreign debts and subscribe to respectively burdensome rescheduling conditions. While the cost of defaulting in a domestic financial system has been recognised as a main motive for repayment, the factors that cause sovereign states to refrain from debt repudiation are not fully understood. This article investigates the reasons behind the repayment decision and weak negotiating position of the Mexican government following the 1982 debt crisis. It shows that leading commercial banks had considerable amounts of external loans in their books, and that Mexican policymakers lacked the foreign exchange access they needed to secure the stability of the domestic banking system. The high exposure of domestic banks to Mexican debt and their heightened dependence on foreign capital worked as mechanisms that allowed international creditors to enforce their claims and deterred Mexico from declaring a unilateral default.

Abstract
In 1945, the émigré psychoanalyst René Spitz published a landmark article in which he suggested that babies cared for in institutions commonly suffered from 'hospitalism' and failed to thrive. According to Spitz this was the case because such babies were deprived of 'maternal care, maternal stimulation, and maternal love.' Historical interest in separation research and the development of the concept of maternal deprivation has tended to focus on the 1940s and 50s. The term 'hospitalism', however, was coined at the end of the nineteenth century and by 1945 the question of whether or not babies could be cared for in institutions had already been debated for a number of decades by an international community of paediatricians and developmental psychologists, later joined by psychoanalysts. Criss-crossing national boundaries and exploring debates over the nature, causes, and prevention of 'hospitalism', this article elucidates the changing understandings of the impact on babies of living in institutions.

Geoengineering technologies aim to make large-scale and deliberate interventions in the climate system possible. A typical framing is that researchers are exploring a 'Plan B' in case mitigation fails to avert dangerous climate change. Some options are thought to have the potential to alter the politics of climate change dramatically, yet in evaluating whether they might ultimately reduce climate risks, their political and security implications have so far not been given adequate prominence. This article puts forward what it calls the 'security hazard' and argues that this could be a crucial factor in determining whether a technology is able, ultimately, to reduce climate risks. Ideas about global governance of geoengineering rely on heroic assumptions about state rationality and a generally pacific international system. Moreover, if in a climate engineered world weather events become something certain states can be made directly responsible for, this may also negatively affect prospects for 'Plan A', i.e. an effective global agreement on mitigation.

Geoengineering technologies aim to make large-scale and deliberate interventions in the climate system possible. A typical framing is that researchers are exploring a 'Plan B' in case mitigation fails to avert dangerous climate change. Some options are thought to have the potential to alter the politics of climate change dramatically, yet in evaluating whether they might ultimately reduce climate risks, their political and security implications have so far not been given adequate prominence. This article puts forward what it calls the 'security hazard' and argues that this could be a crucial factor in determining whether a technology is able, ultimately, to reduce climate risks. Ideas about global governance of geoengineering rely on heroic assumptions about state rationality and a generally pacific international system. Moreover, if in a climate engineered world weather events become something certain states can be made directly responsible for, this may also negatively affect prospects for 'Plan A', i.e. an effective global agreement on mitigation.