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New institutional economics (NIE) studies institutions and how they emerge, operate, and evolve. They also include organizational arrangements, intended as modes of governing economic transactions. Universities offer an exciting ground for testing the role of different institutional arrangements (governance forms) in coordinating (academic) transactions. In a context of contractual incompleteness where production is characterized by a highly specialized nature and requires the cooperation among co-essential figures, we argue that shared governance models (versus models with more concentrated authority) foster idiosyncratic investments in human capital and promotes performance. From the evolutionary viewpoint, we explain why institutions based on shared governance have developed within universities. The normative question of how universities should be governed is a debated issue in the literature. Since the 1980s, the new public management paradigm provides a theoretical framework that suggests analyzing university like firms. It is based on the firms archetypical conception as top-down hierarchical organizations and as a descending sequence of principal-agent problems. We advance a different interpretation of the university-firm analogy leveraging on the NIE and its developments. To empirically analyze our hypothesis, we collected original data from Italian universities in 2015. We find that more shared decision-making processes are correlated with better research performance.

Today's societies face intense problems caused by rapid urbanization and land degradation, globalization and socio-economic poverty, global warming and climate change that affect the world and can be the cause of natural disasters. According to the United Nations ''urban risk, city planning and the role of local governments in dealing with risk reduction have been recognized as key factors to build resilient communities and nations'' (United Nations, 2010) Physical exposure to disasters can affect not only the informal settlements that carry physical vulnerabilities due to their location or construction practices. In many cases, ''formal'' urban areas are as well vulnerable due to the absence of adequate building standards and urban planning that would reduce disaster risk by physical exposure. The current paper will focus on the coastal city of Chania and its vulnerability because of the lack of urban planning. The case study is selected because it concentrates the characteristics of a typical coastal Greek city, which faces rapid demographic growth and unplanned urban and touristic expansion. The examined city has been diachronically influenced by the liberalization of construction regulations, an unqualified private sector emerged, hastily developing housing mostly with government oversight and without building permits.

The Covid-19 virus has caused a decrease in transportation movement activities on the Z.A Pagar Alam road. Transportation movement activities due to the pandemic in which the government established a WFH (Work From Home) with this policy resulted in a reduction in the level of transportation modes so that it had a positive effect, namely reducing traffic congestion in the city center and also reducing air pollutants.In connection with the above problems, it is necessary to study the calculation of the emission load on the Z.A Pagar Alam road during the new normal period which can then be compared with the Z.A Pagar Alam emission load during the normal period, in order to find out how much the emission load changes on the R.A road. Kartini due to Covid-19.this study aims to determine the emission load of Pagar Alam Z.A during new normal conditions and during normal conditions. The results of this study indicate that there is a change in the emission load for each of the existing concentrates and the most significant is CO2 on the Z.A Pagar Alam road due to changes in vehicle volume that occur during normal and new normal conditions.

This article aims to uncover the views of Islamic law as a universal rule does not only discuss the relationship between humans and God but also the relationship between humans and other humans. The order of life in society as part of the interaction between humans creates various problems. Land becomes an object of economic driving for humans and the state whose users cannot be separated from politics and law, as well as having a function to create life together. The research method used is field research and is qualitative and comparative. Sources of data used in this study come from primary and secondary data. The result of this research is that the purpose of this land acquisition is for the public interest. In Islamic law, land acquisition for public purposes is included in one of the objectives of Islamic law (maqashid syariah). Islamic law teaches to help each other in terms of goodness, by having joint ownership of objects that have been held, the soul is calm because the needs have been provided. An object that is used as a public facility is a valuable asset so that the procurement process also uses a well-ordered system.

Adolescents are susceptible to many serious sexual problems in a growth period. The education sector has an obligation to give accurate information about sexuality for students. The purpose of this study to determine the implementation of sexual education curriculum in Semarang high school, develop a sexuality education curriculum, knowing validity and test its effectiveness. The methods is research and development (R & D) Borg and Gall design. Field studies and literature studies were carried out to get ideas as material for designing a sexuality education curriculum according to students' needs. Then the curriculum design is validated by experts. Testing of sexuality education curriculum products in the classroom to determine its effectiveness. Results: nothing comprehensif of sexuality education to implementation in learning. Validity of experts judges in the sexuality education of curriculum product is worth it for implementation in school. The study indicated that the students have increased understanding of sexuality knowledge. The students showed a change perception and good attitudes about the issue of sexuality after receiving this program. It was recommended as material for the government to make new policies. The teacher can be using a sexuality education curriculum to guide learning in class.

Companies and corporate foundations have become important players in philanthropy. For many companies, philanthropy is part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) policy. They brought their entrepreneurial customs, values and expectations into the world of philanthropy. This gave rise to new forms of philanthropy next to the conventional form of donations. These developments lead to several questions related to tax incentives, including gift deduction, for charitable donations and charities. Many of those questions are at the top of the charitable agenda in the Netherlands. The Netherlands struggles to fit entrepreneurial forms of philanthropy into its system for gift deduction and charities. This chapter discusses the general business rationales for corporate philanthropy. It also gives a brief overview of corporate philanthropy in the Netherlands and discusses problems which have been encountered in the Netherlands in relation to deductibility of corporate gifts, donations of shares, donations to for-profit entities and program-related investments, solutions that have already been found and solutions that are proposed. In addition, the chapter discuss the threats a proposal for an EU Directive on a common corporate tax base (CCCTB) entails for an EU level playing field of corporate giving and competition for corporate donations.

The Annual Irish Transport Research Network (ITRN) Conference 2021, University of Limerick, Ireland, 26-27 August 2021 ; The dramatic increase in the occurrence of natural and man-made disasters makes it necessary to have adequate evacuation management. Evacuation planning is a very significant operation when a disaster strike. In evacuation operations, the main goal is to evacuate people from dangerous zones and transfer them to safer zones in the minimum possible time. Therefore, it is significant for all governments and societies worldwide to have pre-disaster and post-disaster plans to cope with the negative consequences that happen during and after a disaster to save lives and properties. To better understand the available approaches to address this challenge, this study presents a review of evacuation planning models with a focus on the resilience of transportation systems in evacuation operations and human behaviour. The concepts of evacuation planning, resilience, and human behaviour are discussed in this study to identify the research gaps in evacuation problems. Finally, this study's outputs can help decision-makers improve decisions based on the importance of evacuation planning and the resilience of the transport network. ; University College Dublin ; Check for published version during checkdate report - AC

ABSTRACTThe teaching and learning process is a very important activity and must be carried out even though the situation is not possible in schools amid the Covid-19 pandemic as it is today. So this study aims to analyze learning difficulties, distance learning, and analysis of student learning difficulties in PJJ amid the Covid-19 pandemic. This research uses a qualitative approach to the type of case studies, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. The results of the study show First, learning difficulties in students can be experienced due to disruption in him both from within and outside himself. This condition can also occur amid the Covid-19 pandemic. In the end, through various appeals from several parties, students were asked to carry out their learning activities in their respective homes. Second, with the appeals and suggestions of students studying at home, then Distance Learning (PJJ) becomes an alternative learning activity for students in order to break the corona virus transmission chain. Third, during the Covid-19 pandemic with PJJ students faced problems accessing internet devices and quotas, thus the government and all education administrators to provide internet quota subsidies, emergency curricula, and develop effective learning strategies for communities affected by Covid-19.

Adolescents are susceptible to many serious sexual problems in a growth period. The education sector has an obligation to give accurate information about sexuality for students. The purpose of this study to determine the implementation of sexual education curriculum in Semarang high school, develop a sexuality education curriculum, knowing validity and test its effectiveness. The methods is research and development (R & D) Borg and Gall design. Field studies and literature studies were carried out to get ideas as material for designing a sexuality education curriculum according to students' needs. Then the curriculum design is validated by experts. Testing of sexuality education curriculum products in the classroom to determine its effectiveness. Results: nothing comprehensif of sexuality education to implementation in learning. Validity of experts judges in the sexuality education of curriculum product is worth it for implementation in school. The study indicated that the students have increased understanding of sexuality knowledge. The students showed a change perception and good attitudes about the issue of sexuality after receiving this program. It was recommended as material for the government to make new policies. The teacher can be using a sexuality education curriculum to guide learning in class.

European Reference Networks (ERNs) were founded on the principle that many rare disease (RD) issues are pan-European and any single Member State cannot solve them alone. In 2021, ERNs are already in the deployment stage; however, their day-to-day functioning and realization of their potential are still severely hampered by many challenges, including issues in governance and regulation, lack of legal status, insufficient and unsustainable funding, lack of ERN integration into national systems, endangered collaboration with UK RD experts due to Brexit, insufficient exploitation of ERN potential in RD research, underappreciation of highly qualified human resources, problems with the involvement of patient representatives, and still unclear place of ERNs in the overall European RD and digital ecosystem. Bold and innovative solutions that must be taken to solve these challenges inevitably involve pan-European collaboration across several sectors and among multistakeholder RD communities and in many cases crucially rely on the constructive dialogue and coherent, united decisions of national and European authorities that are based on common EU values. Importantly, unresolved challenges may have a strong impact on the further sustainability of ERNs and their ability to realize full potential in addressing huge unmet needs of RD patients and their families.

Protectionism is on the rise. Although it tends to be associated with tariffs on imports, governments are increasingly applying other mechanisms to influence international business. Import substitution initiatives have been used to replace purchases from foreign producers with local alternatives. Russia implemented import substitution through legislative layering where layers of regulation created requirements targeting different industries and companies. Following sanctions imposed in 2014 on Russia, the government responded with additional import substitution efforts. We are interested in effects of such measures on the Big 4, global professional service firms, and the choice of auditors by partially privatized enterprises (PPEs). PPEs have more complex multilevel agency problems because it is less clear who is in charge. We find that companies with state ownership were more likely to switch away from the Big 4, and this was more pronounced for companies in strategic industries. It also contributed to companies switching from the Big 4 to the next tier of audit firms. After 2015, PPEs were less likely to receive a modified audit opinion on IFRS audits. However, auditor changes did not occur at the cross-listed enterprises that are under enhanced monitoring from global investors and foreign stock exchanges. ; publishedVersion

What constitutes a strong or a weak norm? Scholars often refer to strong or weak, or strengthening or weakening norms, yet there are widespread inconsistencies in terminology and no agreed-upon measures. This has hindered the accumulation of knowledge and made it difficult to test competing hypotheses about norm development and contestation. To address these conceptual problems and their analytical implications, this article conceptualizes norm strength as the extent of collective expectations related to a principled idea and proposes two indicators to assess a norm's strength: the level of international concordance with a principled idea, and the degree of international institutionalization of a principled idea. The article illustrates the applicability and utility of the proposed conceptualization by evaluating the strengths of two transitional justice norms: the norm of legal accountability and the norm of truth-seeking. In so doing, the article resolves empirical disputes over the origins and status of these norms. In particular, the analysis reveals that while legal accountability became a norm in the early 1990s and is today a strong norm, truth-seeking emerged later and remains a weak norm. More generally, the proposed framework should advance existing debates about norm contestation, localization, violation, and erosion.

China and India have a long civilization. Even before the establishment of formal diplomatic relations in 1950, both countries had a long history of exchanges on educational, cultural-spiritual, and trade in ancient times. But since the mid of 1950, both countries didn't enjoy good bilateral relations and that culminated with the war of 1962. Again rapprochement began in mid of 1980. Border issue, ideological-political model, and approach on global orientation are the issues both countries have different views, which sometimes produce severe bilateral relations problems. June 15 incident in Ladakh has created severe confrontation and new regional geopolitical imbalance. Five-point consensus in Moscow helped to reduce prevailing tension. This study finds that only regular cooperation and open dialogue can provide a fruitful platform to create a trustful environment and search for peaceful settlement of the dispute. Harmony between these two countries will support for peace and prosperity of the Trans-Himalaya region. This research is based on qualitative research and follows the secondary data. It takes a comprehensive approach as a theoretical framework to analyze the issues. The researcher is very serious about testing the validity of data and its analysis. As per the research requirement, this paper is explorative in format.

The Covid-19 had changed the causal relationship of the responses about the effective planning of competency, academic, mental health, and technology usage from government, teachers, and students in Indonesian schools. The primary objective in this research was to investigate the problems, the solutions, and the impact of macro level (policies, strategy, and official curricula from Indonesian government), meso level (Indonesian teachers in K12 schools), and micro level (Indonesian students K12 schools) during COVID-19 pandemic and Indonesian online learning policy by comparing K12 Indonesian schools. The study was a qualitative method of the phenomenological approach. The sample of this study was 272 teachers and 3988 students of Indonesian K-12 schools in North Sumatera, Indonesia. The data was obtained through an online survey by using google form and Circular Letters from the Indonesian government by using newspapers. The findings proved that Indonesian teachers and students agreed with the effectiveness of online learning training programs and activities to improve competency and academic progress even though there were some barriers to technology usage. All these findings proved that the transitions of macro, meso, and micro levels in institutional to society-wide level had demonstrated digital pedagogy and students' learning decision-making process changed the organization of Indonesian school management.

Nutrition is known to be the key driver in well-being and fitness generally, and as a driving force behind the growth of capital and child food, it is a source and a product of greater health problems, family income and living conditions. The first 1,000 days of maternal and child care concentrate on healthy physical exercise and cognitive improvement, with long-term health and economic consequences for people and economies. The research reviewed Nutrition for Preschool Children in Africa and Asia and illustrated the economic effect of malnutrition in infants. The review indicated that nutrition for pre-school children in Africa and Asia remains insufficient to ensure enhanced economic and human growth and that each nation needs to consider how money is to be invested through the assistance resources that help the least per cent of the population to fix this gap for children and make it the most efficient investment in society. Citizenship and collective efforts, particularly the voice of youth, are important forces of transformation, which must be encouraged to meet SDGs. Democracy campaigns can play a crucial role in the struggle for justice for children and the family.