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Riga has suffered a population loss of more than 29% between 1990 and 2014 which has led to increasing number of abandoned and degraded buildings in the city and optimization of the network of educational and cultural institutions. These trends are characteristics of urban shrinkage – a complex process affecting Riga for more than two decades and resulting in a pattern of growing, shrinking, and stable districts. A similar pattern has also been identified in other shrinking cities in Europe, but it has not been researched in more detail. In the given context, this research aims to narrow the knowledge gap on processes occurring in shrinking cities and to provide some understanding of the determinants of these processes on the city and local level through analysis of single embedded case study of Riga. To achieve this aim, resilience is used as an analytical concept. It allows to conceptualize urban shrinkage as a slow-burn (slowly occurring disturbance) and propose three possible responses - adaptation, transformation, and decline. These responses emerge from actions of actors on various spatial scales and lead to different outcomes. It also provides the basis for analyzing the determinants of these responses by conceptualizing them as sources of resilience and suggesting seven different aspects found in literature: leadership, networks, resources, learning, people-place connection, common cause, and system of institutions and governance. Finally, these theoretical assumptions are used to define two main research questions: (1) what are responses to urban shrinkage in Riga? (2) what are sources of resilience to urban shrinkage in Riga? The need for in-depth research of urban processes led to choosing mixed method strategy for both selecting the embedded units of analysis (districts) in Riga and finding answers to the proposed research questions. Based on combined results of secondary data analysis, controlled expert group discussion, and structured site visits, five districts in Riga were selected – Avoti, Maskavas forštate, Bolderāja, Sarkandaugava, and Ķīpsala. Further data collection and analysis included semi-structured interviews with different actors at the city and district level and document analysis. The study finds that there are four different responses to urban shrinkage in Riga: mitigation, adaptation, transformation, and possible decline. Mitigation can be identified on city (also national) level and is closely linked with the strategic actions proposed by the local and national government in response to population decline. Adaptation can be observed on the city and local level. It is the dominant response type in Riga emerging from strategic actions and different activities by various actors in response to all of the identified processes associated with urban shrinkage in Riga. Transformation, however, can be found only on local level – district (in one specific case) or unit level. It emerges from activities of mostly non-government actors that are making use of the opportunities provided by urban shrinkage in Riga. Finally, further decline is a potential response in several Riga districts resulting from strategic actions of local municipality and inability of some of the actors to deal with the existing situation. The analysis of sources of resilience reveals that there are four main determinants of adaptation and transformation – leadership, networks, resources, and learning. Other sources of resilience (people-place connection, common cause, and engaged governance) function as additional drivers or catalysts. All of these sources of resilience can be identified in Riga, but not consistently across all spatial scales and units or actor groups. The main deficiencies are linked with availability of resources (human and financial) among different actor groups, the existing system of governance (involvement of actors in the decision-making process) and leadership (on city level). The study also shows differences related to responses to urban shrinkage and different sources of resilience, especially leadership, learning, and resources. Overall, the findings support the main theoretical assumptions of the study and allow refining the understanding of responses to urban shrinkage and sources of resilience. The results can be used as the basis for developing an approach for assessment of the level of resilience to urban shrinkage or other slow burns in the urban context.

This book is about the practices, roles and impacts of directly elected mayors in the cities that they govern. The volume draws on recent, original research evidence, to locate the debates on directly elected mayors in context in Europe, the US, and Australasia.

"As a result of global dynamics--the increasing interconnection of people and places--innovations in global environmental governance haved altered the role of cities in shaping the future of the planet. This book is a timely study of the importance of these social transformations in our increasingly global and increasingly urban world. Through analysis of transnational municipal networks, such as Metropolis and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, Sofie Bouteligier's innovative study examines theories of the network society and global cities from a global ecology perspective. Through direct observation and interviews and using two types of city networks that have been treated separately in the literature, she discovers the structure and logic pertaining to office networks of environmental non-governmental organizations and environmental consultancy firms. In doing so she incisively demonstrates the ways in which cities fulfill the role of strategic sites of global environmental governance, concentrating knowledge, infrastructure, and institutions vital to the function of transnational actors"--Provided by publisher.

Cities are undoubted key players in technology creation and adoption for sustainable transitions. This book addresses both the active and passive roles of cities in technology innovation, commercialisation, mass-production and adoption. In particular, it examines elements of three socio-technical systems, energy, transport and healthcare. The authors investigate cities in Europe, Asia and North America, providing an in depth understanding of the differences in leadership roles that cities adopt across the globe. The book breaks new ground in the analysis of topical issues such as local `cradle' conditions, incentive schemes, niche-development, living labs, impact bonds, grass-roots intermediation and adaptive policy making. Researchers and students involved in the urban studies, socio-technical transitions and sustainability would greatly benefit from reading this book. The variety of practical examples also makes this book an important tool for city policy makers, as well as public policy and public sector scholars

Planning is central to economic, social and environmental life but its practice is frequently criticised by all who engage in it. Seen as too restrictive by those who promote development and too weak by those opposing it, planners who advise on proposals cannot sit on the fence. Is it the planning system that is problematic or is it the planners who work within it? This valuable book examines these issues at the continuing professional development level and discusses the ways in which management theories, tools and techniques can be applied to planning practice and used by all who engage in it. Written by an experienced author and widely respected academic, the book includes case studies and question and answer sections, and will be valuable through both initial and continuous professional education, helping candidates prepare for examinations and subsequent management

An analysis of Ur black politics, requiring examination of both the magnitude of the problems confronting black office holders at the municipal level & the politicosocial context within which black leadership seeks to confront these problems is advocated. Regarding the former, cities with black leadership are typically older, poorer, & blacker than most in the US. The important factors considered in understanding the sociopolitical context in which Ur black leadership is exercised are: (1) political & moral inaccessibility of certain policies theoretically available to white leadership; (2) fiscal strain of varying degrees of severity; (3) power apportionment as reflected in city government structure; (4) the character of state & federal initiatives; & (5) institutional & affective racism. Each factor is explicated, & Ur black leadership policy impact & the formal political system's capacity to promote ghetto reform are addressed. A review of the aspects of Ur politics & black political leadership covered by the articles in this volume of The Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science is included. 3 Tables. Modified HA.

Cities are crucial for national economic, social and environmental performance. A national urban policy (NUP) has been recognised by the international community as an important instrument for harnessing urbanisation to achieve national and global goals. This report, prepared for the United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), provides an assessment of the state and scope of NUPs across 35 OECD countries. It also describes how urban policy, and its place in national political agendas, is evolving. This publication has been prepared for the Habitat III conference and builds on existing United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN Habitat) methodology. It is inspired by the joint work of UN-Habitat and the OECD following their co-leadership of Policy Unit 3 on National Urban Policies during the preparations for the New Urban Agenda. The findings of this report will contribute to the global monitoring process of National Urban Policy, as will the Global Report on National Urban Policy, jointly produced by UN Habitat and the OECD.

This study examines the experiences of three aspiring Latina school leaders in a principal preparation program with a social justice emphasis. Employing theoretical perspectives grounded in a community-based educational leadership framework and transformational resistance theory, this study documents how coursework informed the perspectives of participants regarding educational equity and racial justice. This comparative case study takes place at a Hispanic Serving Institution and focuses on two social foundations courses spanning a 5-month period. Findings illustrate participants' capacity to (a) reframe their past experiences as P-20 students in relation to meritocracy; (b) respond to current injustices as K-12 teachers, particularly the power of language to disrupt or perpetuate inequities; and lastly (c) re-envision educational leadership as future Latina principals as deeply intertwined with communities. The research highlights a need for a broadened approach to principal preparation that fosters future leaders to consider the engagement and leadership of marginalized students and families.

Large and small urban school districts : empirical identification and comparison utilizing student population -- Leadership preparation in small and mid-sized urban school districts -- Working conditions and retention of principals in small and mid-sized urban districts -- Principals' and teachers' decision making power in small, medium, and large school districts -- Teaching students in poverty in small and mid-sized urban school districts -- Leadership for English learners -- Engaging Latino parents in the middle : valuing, validating, and building upon what families already do -- Instructional leadership for special education in small to mid-size urban school districts -- Prekindergarten interventions and instructional leadership in small and mid-sized urban school districts -- Executive coaching of school leaders in a mid-sized urban school district : development of a model of effective practice -- Educational leadership in medium and small urban districts serving the new mainstream -- A look into the workings of data use in a mid-sized district.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. INNOVATIVE GOVERNANCE IN THE URBAN ERA: Goos Minderman -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 THE STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK -- REFERENCES -- SECTION A: CIVIC RIGHTS, BUILDING CITIZENSHIP AND SERVICE DELIVERY -- 2. FROM THE FREEDOM CHARTER, THROUGH THE BILL OF RIGHTS TO THE 'RIGHT TO THE CITY': WHAT IS THE RELEVANCY FOR A SUSTAINABLE SOUTH AFRICA?: Anneke Muller -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVES -- 2.3 HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA -- 2.4 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- LAWS AND POLICIES -- COURT CASES -- 3. THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND CORRUPTION: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INNOVATIVE LEADERSHIP: Pregala Pillay and Evangelos Mantzaris -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ON CORRUPTION -- 3.3 ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE -- 3.4 LEADERSHIP, ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND THE CREATION OF INNOVATIVE CLIMATE -- 3.5 THE NDP AND THE SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL SERVICE -- 3.6 THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF COLLECTIVE LEADERSHIP -- 3.7 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4. TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH FOR INNOVATION IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT UPGRADING: Lorraine Amollo Ambole -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 METHOD -- 4.3 REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE -- 4.4 RESULTS -- 4.5 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 5. INNOVATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT WITHIN SOUTH AFRICA: A CRITIQUE OF SOFT SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY: Cheryl Mohamed Sayeed, Pregala Pillay and Purshottama Sivanarain Reddy -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION -- 5.3 INNOVATION MODELS FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT -- 5.4 SYSTEMS MODELLING -- 5.5 SYSTEMS THINKING -- 5.6 CASES OF SSM IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA -- 5.7 CRITIQUE -- 5.8 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 6. WHAT STRUCTURAL FACTORS INFLUENCE PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY? LESSONS LEARNED FROM A STUDY OF SWISS MUNICIPALITIES: Reto Steiner, Claire Kaiser and Lukas Reichmuth.

1. Einführung in die Disruption der Automobilindustrie und die urbane Mobilitätsrevolution -- 2. Charakterisierung der Automobilindustrie -- 3. Elemente der Disruption der Automobilindustrie -- 4. Urbane Mobilitätsrevolution: Eine quantitative Analyse -- 5. Geschäftsmodell 2030: Eine Metamorphose der automobilen Landschaft -- 6. Fazit zu Automotive Disruption und der Urbanen Mobilitätsrevolution -- 7. Aussichten: Ein Blick darüber hinaus.