Suchergebnisse

The history of Pakistan's political parties shows various characteristicaily different stages. Before partition, the Muslim League developed from a constitutional party representing mainly the Muslim landlord and urban middle class interest into a broad national movement. It could not maintain this unique position, however, within Pakistan, and various opposition parties were soon formed. They represented on one side mainly the orthodox Islamic elements and, on the other, various regional and autonomistic tendencies. Parties were loose combinations of politicians without much mass support. Their instability and frequent change of loyalties enhanced the influence of Governor-General and bureaucracy. Ayub Khan's attempt to build an entirely partyless democracy failed, and he had to readmit the old parties placed, however, under severe restraints. In the last phase increasing social tensions led to mass agitation of a new order and the overwhelming successes of Awami League und PPP as well as their inevitable regional confrontation.

Making History with Pictures: Visual Representations of National Socialism in the GDR History Textbook Dieser Beitrag untersucht die bildliche Repräsentation des Nationalsozialismus
in Geschichtsschulbüchern der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
(DDR) von 1960 bis 1988 mit inhaltsanalytischen Verfahren. Dabei kann gezeigt
werden, dass die Schulbuchabbildungen die DDR-eigene Deutung des Nationalsozialismus
plausibilisieren und legitimieren. Nationalsozialistische Täterschaft
wird durch Bilder zumeist mit dem Wirken von "Kapitalisten" in Verbindung
gebracht, während bei den Verfolgten eine hierarchische Abstufung zwischen
"antifaschistischen"
und jüdischen Opfern erfolgt. Lediglich in der letzten Ausgabe
vor dem Ende der DDR findet sich eine leichte Verschiebung des Narrativs. Zudem
wird unter Bezug auf den geschichtsmethodischen Diskurs in der DDR untersucht,
wie die Didaktisierung der Bilder im Schulbuch zur Vermittlung dieses Deutungsmusters
beiträgt.

Abstract
Aspects of the History of Presumptions. Modern research on medieval presumptions shows the role of canon law in the development of this highly artificial legal device. Presumptions may even be proof of a sophisticated jurisprudence. Without a dogmatic model in Roman law, the decretals started to collect presumptions and develop a doctrinal system of different sorts and grades. These collections not only led to famous works by Alciato, Menochius, and Mascardus; they also led to the recognition of inherent difficulties: A judicature based on a system of presumptions transfers prejudices into final verdicts. For this reason, presumptions lost their appeal to lawyers and even acquired a bad reputation, at least in some countries. To some extent, therefore, canon law rules and maxims still function today.

At the Congress of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) participated from Germany, 20 members participate, in total there were 500 from 44 countries. In Kazakhstan, the IPPNW has only a very small section, but the made up for their small extent by extraordinary hospitality and activity. The President of the World Congress 2014 Abay Baigenzhin, is a surgeon and head of the National Research Center of Medical Sciences in Astana, for organizing the oncologist and radiologist Alikhan Dossakhanow was responsible. Before Congress a group of medical students went through Kazakhstan - from Semipalatinsk (Semipalatinsk) to Astana, to promote a nuclear-free world. This cycling have for IPPNW tradition: Since the 1990s, there are always such trips, to learn more of the country and the people and at the same time to let people know on the spot that the IPPNW discourages a world congress in their country. Adapted from the source document.

"Vielfach ist von einer 'Aids-Angst' in den 1980er Jahren die Rede. Doch wurde weniger eine spezifische Angst vor der Krankheit artikuliert, als viel häufiger ein allgemeineres Gefühl: die Angst vor Stigmatisierung und sozialer Ausgrenzung." (Autorenreferat)