Suchergebnisse

Сгруппированы приоритеты сбалансированного развития территориальной общественной системы в условиях современного налогообложения, сформулированы предложения для достижения на основе инструментария налогового маневрирования целей по стимулированию экономической и социальной составляющих муниципального управления на долгосрочную перспективу. В результате обобщения существующих достижений современной географии приведены модели для апробации налогового администрирования в сложившихся нормативных правовых условиях муниципального построения и межбюджетных взаимоотношений. В рамках моделирования механизмов территориального развития произведено соотнесение границ муниципального деления с понятием «Территориальная общественная система», «Территориальная общность людей», а также выделены ситуации, при которых между данными пространственными единицами возникают структурные несоответствия. Разработанные предложения в области организации местного налогообложения позволяют их использовать на уровне формирования законодательных инициатив, долгосрочного стратегического территориального развития, информационного взаимодействия с предпринимательским сообществом и территориальной общностью людей на основе экономико-географических принципов. ; The priorities of the balanced development of the territorial social system in the conditions of today's taxation are put together. The proposals are given as to achieving the goals concerning the stimulation of economic and social components of the municipal administration in the long run, based on the apparatus of law manoeuvring. The generalization of the existing achievements of modern geography provides a model for testing the tax administration in the current regulatory terms of the municipal building and inter-budgetary relations. Within the process of modeling of mechanisms of territorial development, the borders of the municipal division were put into correlation with the concepts of «territorial social system» and «territorial community of people». The situations marked by a certain structural discrepancy between its spatial units are identified. The developed proposals in the field of local taxation allow them to be used on the level of formation of legislative initiatives, long-term strategic territorial development, and informational interaction with the business community as well as with the territorial community of people on the basis of economic-geographical principles.

Abstract Background The opportunities for developing new drugs and vaccines for malaria control look brighter now than ten years ago. However, there are few places in sub-Saharan Africa with the necessary infrastructure and expertise to support such research in compliance to international standards of clinical research (ICH-GCP). The Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN) was founded in 2008 to provide a much-needed GCP-compliant clinical trial platform for an imminent large-scale Phase 3 malaria vaccine trial. A dynamic approach was used that entailed developing the required infrastructure and human resources, while engaging local communities in the process as key stakeholders. This provided a better understanding and ownership of the research activities by the local population. Case description Within five years (2008–2013), the CRUN set up a fully and well-equipped GCP-compliant clinical trial research facility, which enabled to attract 25 grants. The research team grew from ten health workers prior to 2008 to 254 in 2013. A Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), which covers a total population of about 60,000 people in 24 villages was set up in the district. The local community contributed to the development of the facility through the leadership of the king and the mayor of Nanoro. As a result of their active advocacy, the government extended the national electrical grid to the new research center, and later to the entire village. This produced a positive impact on the community's quality of life. The quality of health care improved substantially, due to the creation of more elaborate clinical laboratory services and the acquisition of state-of-the-art equipment. Conclusion Involving the community in the key steps of establishing the centre provided the foundation for what was to become the CRUN success story. This experience demonstrates that when clinical trials research sites are carefully developed and implemented, they can have a positive and powerful impact on local communities in resource-poor settings, well beyond the task of generating expected study data.

This research has an objective of 1) to study the Local economy networking Strategy of woman leaders In the lower north eastern provinces (Ubon Amnat Charoen and Yasothon) of Thailand. 2) to study the Women's Leadership In the lower north eastern provinces of Thailand. 3) to study factors in the local communities for the development of women leaders in the lower north eastern provinces northeastern and 4) to present model of the local economy networking Strategy of woman leaders In the lower north eastern provinces. Using in-depth interviews with Key Informant 34 people. Research the specific purposive Sampling was a women who chaired the group, village headman, the headman, chairman of the local government In the northeastern of 410 people. The research found that 1) the strategic economic community network of women's groups in the northeastern shall be encourage community self-reliance and sustainability by the network must support a group of local women, the exchange of information and to cooperate. 2) the Women's Leadership must have the ability to convince and motivate their learning in a group of people working to achieve the goals. The emphasis on the participation of community members, to develop to meet the needs of people today and future. 3) factor to community development need to adopted used sufficiency economy for an economic community and 4) Model of the strategic economic community network. Summarized as follows : From "The Subsistence Self- Struggling Barter Trades" To "The State-Local and Cross Border Commerce Linkage Advantage" the approach include (1) the economy strong communities. (2) the participation of the community. (3) The principles of religion (4) The philosophy of sufficiency economy. (5) the state shall promote and encourage people in the community. I have loved their local and (6) awareness cherished of natural resources.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) country partnership strategy (CPS), 2013–2017 for Nepal aimed to accelerate sustainable and inclusive economic growth. To meet this objective, ADB provided sovereign financing (including cofinancing) in the form of loans, grants, and technical assistance totaling $2,542.71 million from 2013–2018. This validation considers the program successful on the borderline. The CPS was relevant to the sustainable and inclusive growth objective of the government, although the program was less responsive to the country's transition to federalism since ADB did not adjust existing and planned projects quickly enough. ADB operations are yielding outputs and some outcomes in key areas, particularly urban infrastructure, school reconstruction after the earthquakes, energy, and agriculture and/or rural development. Little progress was made in private sector development. Allowing for differences in various sector programs and after weighing their size, the program is on balance effective, although on the margin. Some sovereign flagship projects in water provision, energy, and transportation are well behind schedule, raising reputational risk to the government and ADB. Slow progress on institutional development against the country's ambitious federalization goal, some poor results, and delays in many projects account for the validation's rating of the program as less than efficient. The government struggles to achieve reforms and institutional arrangements that ensure the sustainability of project results, making the program less than likely sustainable. The development impacts are nevertheless satisfactory, in the expectation that delayed flagship projects will be concluded soon. This report makes five recommendations: (i) engage more intensively on institutional development and governance reform, and match project scale and complexity with emerging capacities in government; (ii) ensure that ongoing and new operations take due consideration of the emerging federal system of government and provide strategic support to key intergovernmental subsystems to facilitate the transition; (iii) clarify in the next CPS ADB's position in the broad effort to support inclusive economic growth, indicating the specific contributions of key sector programs, and the Strategy 2030 priorities; (iv) make a strong effort to attract grant cofinancing and focus on capacity development; and (v) build resident mission capacity to ensure it plays a meaningful role in project processing, implementation, and policy dialogue.

Mangrove ecotourism as one of the tools for mangrove forest conservation has indeed a large impact on the protection of mangrove forests. This paper assesses the intervention of local authorities in the management of mangrove ecotourism by the local community. A qualitative method was used with in-depth interviews involving local communities, including local leaders, local resource users, and local authorities. The findings of this paper show that the intervention of local authorities in mangrove rehabilitation management can cause a threat to mangrove sustainability in terms of environmental protection. The involvement of the community in the mangrove ecotourism management has become indeed remarkable. The intervention of the government in the mangrove ecotourism management through a policy is believed to reduce the community participation. Co-management as an approach to engaging the community in mangrove management can mediate the management conflict between the local community and the government. Furthermore, the development of the relevant policy is necessary following the successful implementation of the community-based mangrove rehabilitation and preservation of mangrove forests as part of environmental protection.

Mangrove ecotourism as one of the tools for mangrove forest conservation has indeed a large impact on the protection of mangrove forests. This paper assesses the intervention of local authorities in the management of mangrove ecotourism by the local community. A qualitative method was used with in-depth interviews involving local communities, including local leaders, local resource users, and local authorities. The findings of this paper show that the intervention of local authorities in mangrove rehabilitation management can cause a threat to mangrove sustainability in terms of environmental protection. The involvement of the community in the mangrove ecotourism management has become indeed remarkable. The intervention of the government in the mangrove ecotourism management through a policy is believed to reduce the community participation. Co-management as an approach to engaging the community in mangrove management can mediate the management conflict between the local community and the government. Furthermore, the development of the relevant policy is necessary following the successful implementation of the community-based mangrove rehabilitation and preservation of mangrove forests as part of environmental protection.

The developmental successes of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and India are eshaping the economic landscape of not only Asia but also the world. The diverse and rich development experiences of these two countries emanate from the wide differences in their economic policies and systems, dissimilarities in their institutions, and their social diversities. However, their development challenges are similar. The PRC and India can learn from each other's experience in meeting their common challenges. The successes and failures of the PRC and India in their quest to transform and grow will also provide some valuable insights on development policy to other developing countries in Asia. At the 39th Annual Meeting of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in Hyderabad, India, the Prime Minister of India suggested that ADB supports studies on the development experience of the PRC to benefit India and other developing countries. The Ministry of Finance of the Government of the People's Republic of China supported the suggestion and also expressed its interest in studying India's development experience. Responding to these requests, ADB provided a technical assistance grant (RETA 6398: A Program of Studies on the Development Experience of the PRC and India) for conducting the studies. The program started in August 2007.

The developmental successes of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and India are eshaping the economic landscape of not only Asia but also the world. The diverse and rich development experiences of these two countries emanate from the wide differences in their economic policies and systems, dissimilarities in their institutions, and their social diversities. However, their development challenges are similar. The PRC and India can learn from each other's experience in meeting their common challenges. The successes and failures of the PRC and India in their quest to transform and grow will also provide some valuable insights on development policy to other developing countries in Asia. At the 39th Annual Meeting of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in Hyderabad, India, the Prime Minister of India suggested that ADB supports studies on the development experience of the PRC to benefit India and other developing countries. The Ministry of Finance of the Government of the People's Republic of China supported the suggestion and also expressed its interest in studying India's development experience. Responding to these requests, ADB provided a technical assistance grant (RETA 6398: A Program of Studies on the Development Experience of the PRC and India) for conducting the studies. The program started in August 2007.

Abstract
This paper analyzes findings from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 31 farmers in the Willamette Valley in which farmers were asked about their needs for climate data and about the usability of a range of outputs from the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) for their soil management practices. Findings indicate that climate and soils data generated from CESM and other Earth system models (ESMs), despite their coarse spatial scale resolutions, can inform farmers' long-term decisions, but that the data would be more usable if the outputs were provided in a format that allowed farmers to choose the variables and thresholds relevant to their particular needs and if ESMs incorporated farmer practices including residue removal, cover cropping, and tillage levels into the model operations so that farmers could better understand the impacts of their decisions. Findings also suggest that although there is a significant gap in the spatial resolution at which these global ESMs generate data and the spatial resolution needed by farmers to make most decisions, farmers are adept at making scalar adjustments to apply coarse resolution data to the specifics of their own farm's microclimate. Thus, our findings suggest that, to support agricultural decision-making, development priorities for ESMs should include developing better representations of agricultural management practices within the models and creating interactive data dashboards or platforms.

The economic and legal support for assessing the socio-economic effectiveness and efficiency of the development of functional types of Ukraine's territories is substantiated. In the conditions of a full-scale war, the norms of state regional policy are developed using a territorially oriented and security approach, which involves the definition of such functional types of territories as recovery territories, territories with special conditions for development, regional poles of growth, territories of sustainable development. The assignment of macro- and micro-regions, territorial communities to a particular functional type of territory depends on the indicators of their socio-economic situation, given that their coherence is established using a matrix approach. A matrix for assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of the development of functional types of Ukraine's territories and their development tracks (full and short) has been designed. The emergence of potentially dangerous territories and temporary non-recovery territories is noted. Two key indicators are proposed for the preliminary assignment of macro- and micro-regions, territorial communities to a particular functional type of territory: the expediency coefficient of territories development (recovery and growth) after the war and the coefficient of population decline in the region or territorial community due to the war. For the development of regions and territorial communities, the development and implementation of programs for the comprehensive recovery of the region (oblast) and territorial communities are envisaged. The indicators (parameters, characteristics) that reflect the specifics of the destruction, substantiate the expediency and feasibility of territories recovery in the context of their comprehensive revival programs based on the current legislation are singled out. It is emphasized that it is advisable to determine quantitative and qualitative indicators for assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of the development of functional types of Ukraine's territories, taking into account the impact of the war.

El objetivo ha sido conocer la problemática del trabajo infantil rural, a partir de analizar el lugar que ocupa en la agenda pública de los actores sociales y políticos interesados en el desarrollo rural. Se entiende la política 2008-2012 como "proceso", superando la discusión existente entre la definición del problema/el discurso y la hechura (implementación y monitoreo). Se consulta a: UNICEF, CEPAL, INDEC, Observatorio de la Deuda Social, Red de comunidades rurales, etc. Se han realizado entrevistas en: agricultura, educación, trabajo, entre otros. Se concluye que "el desarrollo rural sustentable", se incluye entre académicos pero excluyendo el trabajo decente y el trabajo infantil. Pero existen limitaciones en el abordaje de otros actores sociales y políticos que "naturalizan" el trabajo infantil. ; The objective of this study was to determine rural child labor issues, by analyzing the place it occupies on the public agenda of social and political actors involved in rural development. The policies from 2008-2012 are understood as a "process," overcoming the current discussion between the definition of the problem/discourse and implementation and monitoring. UNICEF, CEPAL, INDEC, the Observatory of the Social Debt and the Rural Community Network, etc. are consulted. People in the fields of agriculture, education and employment were interviewed, among others. Conclusions are that "sustainable rural development" is included among academics, but excludes decent work and child labor. However, limitations exist in addressing other social and political actors who "naturalize" child labor ; Fil: Silva, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentina

This research identified themes when exploring the Dietary Guidelines for Americans' (DGA) attributes of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability to provide information for the design and structure of a nutrition education program for the Mississippi Communities of Healthy Living Nutrition Intervention. Diffusion of Innovations theory was used to develop education sessions to promote the adoption and consumption of a DGAbased healthy diet innovation in the Lower Mississippi Delta. Two focus groups were conducted with a purposive sample of 13 women in the community as well as one expert panel of six registered dietitians. Major themes identified for the DGA were Balanced Nutrition, All-inclusive, and Protective as the relative advantage; Adaptability when exploring compatibility; low complexity as Simple to Follow and Convenient and Portable; Gradual Change and Taste Tests when discussing trialability; and Modeling for observability. A Generational theme reflected participants' desire to impart healthy behaviors to future generations. Results were used to operationalize attributes and develop 12 lesson plans.

Abstract Social innovation (SI) impacts are long-term changes that affect different dimensions of territorial capital (i.e., economy, society, environment, governance) for the territory in which SI occurs. Yet, systematic empirical evidence and theoretically sound assessments of the impacts of SI are scarce. This paper aims to fill the gap and assess the different aspects of SI's impacts in European and Mediterranean areas that are characterized by marginalization processes. To assess the impacts of SI in marginalized areas, we use the evaluation framework developed within the Social Innovation in Marginalized Rural Areas (SIMRA) Horizon 2020 project and apply it to nine SI initiatives related to the fields of agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and rural development. Our findings show that SI produces cross-sectoral (societal, economic, environmental, and governmental) and multi-level impacts (on individuals, community, and society), which have improved the societal well-being, and contributed to the reduction of certain forms of marginality, mainly inside the territory in which SI occurred.