Suchergebnisse

Ausgehend von der Überlegung, daß die Anwendung unterschiedlicher sozialwissenschaftlicher Methoden denselben Untersuchungsgegenstand unterschiedlich erschließen und darzustellen vermag, untersucht der Autor "Bedeutungswelten" parlamentarischer Politikberatung in Abhängigkeit von der Anwendung spezifischer Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung. Er beleuchtet das Verhältnis von Sachrationalität und Politik bei der Enquete-Kommission für Technikfolgen-Abschätzung und -bewertung vermittels Dokumentenanalyse, teilnehmender Beobachtung und Interview und gelangt durch den Vergleich der Untersuchungsergebnisse dieser ursprünglich "objektiv erscheinenden Beratungswelt" zu unterschiedlichen, teilweise gegensätzlichen Ergebnissen. Einen Ausweg aus diesem Dilemma ist nach Ansicht des Autors nicht gegeben, da die ausschnitthafte Zugänglichkeit eines komplexen Untersuchungsgegenstandes und seine methodisch bedingten Verzerrungen sich stets nur begrenzt auflösen lassen. (RS)

The increasing availability of digital resources is an opportunity as well as a challenge for ethnographers who seek to incorporate 'the digital' into their field studies. This article is an attempt to reflect on the peculiar nature of new digital resources, their relation to conventional method integration problems, and the practical opportunities for making the digital relevant to ethnographic field studies. These reflections are grounded in the authors' trials and tribulations during an ethnographic project, in which a deliberate attempt was made to combine digital methods with traditional ethnographic methods. This involved wrestling with a series of methodological issues, which were eventually managed by developing an approach called the slalom method. The slalom method consists of a series of rules and heuristics that together constitutes a pragmatic strategy for facilitating the integration of digital resources into the iterative and reflexive process of an ethnographic field study.

Watermarks. The term evokes visions of shady characters secretly beavering away in dark basements surrounded by forged $100 bills drying on clothes lines. In a digital media context, away from the traditional world of inks and paper, the same old problem remains but it relates not just to forgery but also to outright theft, because one digital copy can spawn millions of others with the single click of a mouse button. It is hardly surprising that the notion of a digital watermark has stimulated avid interest amongst artists and publishers alike. It is commonly recognized that digital watermarks must be as robust as the media in which they are embedded. For example, a rotated, cropped, and rescanned water-marked image should still be a watermarked image. However, this robustness requirement directly conflicts with the need for a digital watermark to be unobtrusive. The most effective techniques used to embed watermarks are the result of a combination of secret key-based techniques used for military communication and simple models of the human visual system. The most familiar application for digital watermarks is for copyright protection and protection of intellectual property. On its own, a watermark does not provide any legal proof of ownership. In other words, the use of a given digital watermark to protect intellectual property must be registered with a trusted third party to be of any value. Any technique for embedding robust digital watermarks must be compatible with methods for registering copyright. A watermark's resistance to intentional and unintentional degradation has been the main subject of interest in the watermarking community. The main challenges are geometric transformations such as change of proportion or simple rescaling. One watermark removal technique that is supplied on the Internet simply shifts a corner of the image. Lossy image compression such as JPEG and filtering are more easily overcome and, generally speaking, watermarks have evolved into very resistant forms. The laboratory, but will they really work in the real world?

Volume 27 of Advances in Econometrics, entitled Missing Data Methods, contains 16 chapters authored by specialists in the field, covering topics such as: Missing-Data Imputation in Nonstationary Panel Data Models; Markov Switching Models in Empirical Finance; Bayesian Analysis of Multivariate Sample Selection Models Using Gaussian Copulas; Consistent Estimation and Orthogonality; and Likelihood-Based Estimators for Endogenous or Truncated Samples in Standard Stratified Sampling.

Cyberwar (Cyber war, Cyber warfare) is the military confrontation with the means of information technology. This paper presents the current state and deals with the theoretical and practical problems. In practice, cyberwar is an integral part of military action, but cannot be completely separated from espionage, since the intrusion into and reconnaissance of target systems is essential for further action. After an overview of attack methods, attackers (Advanced Persistent Threats), spy tools, cyber weapons and cyber defense, a particular focus is on the attribution of cyber attacks and the Smart Industry (Industry 4.0). Afterwards, the cyberwar strategies of the US, China, Russia and further leading actors will be discussed. A final chapter deals with biological applications.

Main description: Das sozialwissenschaftliche Forschungsverfahren der Netzwerkanalyse wird in Theorie und Praxis dargestellt. Die beschriebenen Einsatzbereiche umfassen unter anderem die Untersuchung von Teilgruppenbildungen, von interaktiven Mikrostrukturen in Gesamtnetzwerken sowie von Interaktionsprozessen in Kleingruppen.