Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Cet article étudie la place de la rhétorique chez certains écrivains qui, contestant l'opposition de l'art des discours et de la philosophie, ont conçu le premier comme un relais de la seconde, qui le fondait en retour, en temps de crises politiques : G. de Staël, B. Constant du côté français, J. G. Fichte du côté allemand. Cet art des discours n'a pas seulement vocation à populariser la philosophie, mais à rendre celle-ci active politiquement. Cependant, le rapport du discours philosophique à une pensée collective définie ou non comme opinion publique, le dialogue ou au contraire la position de surplomb que l'orateur endosse vis-à-vis de son public, enfin la capacité de la pensée, exprimée éloquemment, à résoudre les crises politiques, montrent qu'il existe ici deux modèles qui valent tout de même la peine d'être confrontés de par leur contemporanéité.

Astroturfing, trolling, bots, false amplifiers and social media accounts with inauthentic behavior are used in online political communication even if they have a real-world dangerous effect on democratic systems. Some of these activities are involving users that are over-proportionally active in relation to the mean. This explanatory research sought to determine whether such hyperactive users are utilized to share political posts to create an impression of popularity for a specific political message and, thus, to influence the recommendation algorithms of social networks in order to increase the exposure of political messages. In this study, I analyzed the most shared posts during the election campaign on the official Facebook pages of the first three ranked candidates in the 2019 Romanian presidential election. The research revealed an average of 18.3% of shares were made by hyperactive users on their own timeline or in different Facebook groups, with users that shared the same post for 69 times. Furthermore, I identified some of the characteristics of hyperactive users' accounts based on their public social media profile, which may helps understand the specifics of these accounts. The results show that election communication involves activities considered by Facebook to be a practice of "manipulating public opinion" and of "manipulating political discussion" (Weedon et al., 2017, p. 5).

Abstract Background As a part of nationwide healthcare reforms, the Chinese government launched web-based appointment systems (WAS) to provide a solution to problems around outpatient appointments and services. These have been in place in all Chinese public tertiary hospitals since 2009. Methods Questionnaires were collected from both patients and doctors in one large tertiary public hospital in Shanghai, China.Data were analyzed to measure their satisfaction and views about the WAS. Results The 1000 outpatients randomly selected for the survey were least satisfied about the waiting time to see a doctor. Even though the WAS provided a much more convenient booking method, only 17% of patients used it. Of the 197 doctors surveyed, over 90% thought it was necessary to provide alternative forms of appointment booking systems for outpatients. However, about 80% of those doctors who were not associated professors would like to provide an 'on-the-spot' appointment option, which would lead to longer waits for patients. Conclusions Patients were least satisfied about the waiting times. To effectively reduce appointment-waiting times is therefore an urgent issue. Despite the benefits of using the WAS, most patients still registered via the usual method of queuing, suggesting that hospitals and health service providers should promote and encourage the use of the WAS. Furthermore, Chinese health providers need to help doctors to take others' opinions or feedback into consideration when treating patients to minimize the gap between patients' and doctors' opinions. These findings may provide useful information for both practitioners and regulators, and improve recognition of this efficient and useful booking system, which may have far-reaching and positive implications for China's ongoing reforms.

The emergence of the "Islam industry," an ideology-based strategy of manipulating American public opinion into supporting a culture war against fundamentalist Islam & embracing moderate, pro-democracy Islamic movements, in the contemporary US is examined. A review of various works published after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks indicated the emergence of an ideological movement within the US that delineated Islam as anti-modernist, anti-secular, & dangerously fundamentalist. It is stressed that few works identified the circumstances that prompted Islamic guardedness toward American society & eventually militant Islam; therefore, the conditions that engendered radical Islam are documented, eg, Israel's regional foreign policy during the 1960s & 1970s & the failure to enhance the socio-economic status of the poor classes in Algeria & Morocco. It is concluded that the Islam industry forced US foreign policymakers to advance counterproductive policies in order to prevent fundamentalist Islamic movements from acquiring national power. J. W. Parker

Se considera la esencia de las visiones del mundo de Jürgen Habermas sobre los temas de los conceptos personales modernos para comprender la naturaleza humana, las relaciones entre un ser humano y la sociedad, los procesos de democratización de la vida social y la actividad de una persona en los procesos descritos. Los conceptos de investigación de Jürgen Habermas se comparan con la perspectiva nacional ucraniana sobre los problemas humanos, la sociedad y el desarrollo de la democracia. Se consideran el componente de contenido de las ideas y el componente práctico de aplicación en el espacio nacional de Ucrania. Se modela la comunicación interpersonal, la profundidad de la comunicación y la articulación equilibrada, un modelo de diálogo de la actividad de un individuo con otros actores. Se describen los riesgos de la sociedad nacional moderna y se identifican las posibles formas de contrarrestarlos y desactivar los conflictos en el entorno social en diferentes ámbitos de actividad. ; The essence of Jürgen Habermas's worldviews on the issues of modern personal concepts in understanding human nature, relations between a human and society, democratization processes of the social life and activity of a person in the outlined processes is considered. Jürgen Habermas's research concepts will be compared with Ukrainian national outlook on human problems, society and the development of democracy. The content component of ideas and the practical component of application in the national space of Ukraine are considered. Interpersonal communication, depth of communication and balanced articulation, a dialogue model of an individual's activity with other actors are modeled. The risks of the modern national society are outlined and the possible ways of counteracting them and defusing conflicts in the social environment in different spheres of activity are identified.

Canada's Response to the Cyber-Security Threats to Elections / Lisa Young -- Defending Democracy from Foreign Cyber-Interference: The Role of Canadian Intelligence Agencies in the 2019 Federal Election / Leah West -- A Cyber-Threat Analysis of Online Voting in Canada / Aleksander Essex and Nicole Goodman -- Public Opinion on the Use of Technology in the Electoral Process in Canada / Holly Ann Garnett and Laura B. Stephenson -- Digital Campaign Threats: Party Responses in an Age of Disinformation / Anna Lennox Esselment -- Confronting Disinformation: Journalists and the Conflict over Truth in #elxn43 / Chris Tenove and Stephanie MacLellan -- Hierarchy Over Diversity: Influence and Disinformation on Twitter / Alexei Abrahams and Gabrielle Lim -- Microtargeting, Social Media, and Third Party Advertising: Why the Facebook Ad Library Cannot Prevent Threats to Canadian Democracy / Philippe R. Dubois, Camille Arteau-Leclerc, and Thierry Giasson -- A Moderate Proposal for a Digital Right of Reply for Election-Related Digital Replicas: Deepfakes, Disinformation, and Elections / Elizabeth F. Judge and Amir M. Korhani.

A new era of Information Warfare has arrived. Various actors, including state-sponsored ones, are weaponizing information on Online Social Networks to run false information campaigns with targeted manipulation of public opinion on specific topics. These false information campaigns can have dire consequences to the public: mutating their opinions and actions, especially with respect to critical world events like major elections. Evidently, the problem of false information on the Web is a crucial one, and needs increased public awareness, as well as immediate attention from law enforcement agencies, public institutions, and in particular, the research community. In this paper, we make a step in this direction by providing a taxonomy of the Web's false information ecosystem, comprising various types of false information, actors, and their motives. We report a comprehensive overview of existing research on the false information ecosystem by identifying several lines of work: 1) how the public perceives false information; 2) understanding the propagation of false information; 3) detecting and containing false information on the Web; and 4) false information on the political stage. Finally, for each of these lines of work, we report several future research directions that can help us better understand and mitigate the emerging problem of false information dissemination on the Web.

In user-pay public private partnership (PPP) projects, private sectors collect user fees to cover cost and reap revenue. For projects that cannot be self-financed, public sectors usually invest public funds to make them financially feasible. The concession agreement allocates revenues and risks, and lies in the center of balancing public and private interests. However, stakeholders may have contrary opinions regarding the optimization of concession agreement. While private sectors are concerned about earning money, public sectors pay more attention to the efficient use of public funds. To address this challenge, this paper firstly identifies several key concessionary items, including concession period, concession price, capital structure and government subsidy. Then, a multi-objective optimization model is presented using discounted cash flow method, in which key concessionary items act as decision variables and public and private interests are represented by two sub-objectives. Subsequently, the model is solved using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Furthermore, a numerical case based on Beijing No. 4 Metro Line is provided to demonstrate the application of the model. Results show that the proposed model can produce a series of viable combinations of concessionary items that balance public and private interests, which provides practical references for relative decision making activities.

In user-pay public private partnership (PPP) projects, private sectors collect user fees to cover cost and reap revenue. For projects that cannot be self-financed, public sectors usually invest public funds to make them financially feasible. The concession agreement allocates revenues and risks, and lies in the center of balancing public and private interests. However, stakeholders may have contrary opinions regarding the optimization of concession agreement. While private sectors are concerned about earning money, public sectors pay more attention to the efficient use of public funds. To address this challenge, this paper firstly identifies several key concessionary items, including concession period, concession price, capital structure and government subsidy. Then, a multi-objective optimization model is presented using discounted cash flow method, in which key concessionary items act as decision variables and public and private interests are represented by two sub-objectives. Subsequently, the model is solved using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Furthermore, a numerical case based on Beijing No. 4 Metro Line is provided to demonstrate the application of the model. Results show that the proposed model can produce a series of viable combinations of concessionary items that balance public and private interests, which provides practical references for relative decision making activities.

"This edited volume is a sequel to, and a development of, "The Long Aftermath: Cultural Legacies of Europe at War, 1936-2016" (2016). It focuses on the six major European countries and states that remained officially neutral throughout the Second World War, namely Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the Vatican. Its transnational, comparative and interdisciplinary approach addresses complex questions pertaining to collective remembrance, national policies and politics, and intellectual as well as cultural responses to neutrality during and after the conflict. The contributions are from a broad range of scholars working across the disciplines of history, literature, film, media, and cultural studies. Their thought-provoking chapters challenge many assumptions about neutrality in the post-war European and global context, thereby filling a gap in the existing scholarship. Common themes that run through the volume include the intertwined and dynamic links between neutrality and moral responsibility during and after the Second World War, the importance of memory politics and popular culture in shaping collective memories, and the impact of the Holocaust in shifting traditional perspectives on neutrality since the 1990s. This volume will be of interest to undergraduates, postgraduates, scholars interested in the field of memory studies, as well as non-specialist readers"--

"From the author of Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies, a probing exploration of the bizarre and dangerous conspiracies that have roiled America over the past decade and captured the minds of so many Americans. Among the more disturbing recent trends in politics is the unholy marriage of the Republican Party and virulent conspiracy theories. These theories not only contest the outcome of the 2020 presidential election and the allegiance of American officials, but they also claim that the ship stuck in the Suez Canal in 2021 contained children sex-trafficked for Hillary Clinton and that John F. Kennedy Jr. faked his death and will one day make his return. Who is susceptible to such absurdities, and what makes them so politically potent? Investigating recent conspiracy theories and their historical forebears, Arthur Goldwag helps us make sense of the senseless. As he dissects these strange beliefs and answers the broader question of why so many Americans have fallen prey to them, three uncomfortable truths emerge: that the theories espoused by Trump have roots as deep in our heritage as Enlightenment principles, that these right-wing movements and beliefs will outlive the Trump era just as they preceded it, and that the contention that the system is "rigged" is not altogether false. The real question is: For whom is it rigged, and why? A considered, surprising, and critical examination of America's paranoid style in the modern era, The Politics of Fear delves into the minds of Americans who hold some of the most absurd, confounding, and dangerous beliefs"--

"In Puta Life, Juana María Rodríguez probes the ways that sexual labor and Latina sexuality become visual phenomena. Drawing on state archives, illustrated biographies, documentary films, photojournalistic essays, graphic novels, and digital spaces, she focuses on the figure of the puta-the whore, that phantasmatic figure of Latinized feminine excess. Rodríguez's eclectic archive features the faces and stories of women whose lives have been mediated by the stigma and criminalization surrounding sex work-washerwomen and masked wrestlers, porn stars and sexiles. Rodríguez examines how visual tropes of racial and sexual deviance expose feminine subjects to misogyny and violence, attuning our gaze to how visual documentation shapes perceptions of sexual labor. Throughout this poignant and personal text, Rodríguez invokes the language of affect and aesthetics to bear upon understandings of gender, age, race, sexuality, labor, disability, and migration. Highlighting the criminalization and stigmatization that surrounds sex work, she lingers on those traces of felt possibility that might inspire more ethical forms of relation and care"--