Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Khanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 698 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 550 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 3 ha by railway line, 69 ha by rock outcrops and about 75 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 27 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 52 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 8 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 50 per cent area very low (0.75%), 47 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 9 per cent is low ( 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of 3 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 10 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 60 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 77(11) Guava - - Maize - 77(11) Sapota - - Bajra - 77(11) Pomegranate - - Groundnut - 12(2) Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - 65(9) Amla - 12(2) Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - 12(2) Jamun - - Tomato - 12(2) Custard apple - 12(2) Brinjal - 12(2) Tamarind - - Onion - 12(2) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 12(2) Marigold - 12(2) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 12(2) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 107 (64.07%) men and 60 (35.90%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.25, marginal farmers' was 4.88, small farmers' was 5.58, semi medium farmers' was 4, medium farmers' was 3 and large farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 34 (20.36%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (43.71%) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (25.75%) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (10.18%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Khanahalli had 49.70 per cent illiterates, 20.36 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.20 per cent of them had middle school education, 11.98 per cent of them had high school education, 4.79 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.60 per cent did ITI, 5.99 per cent of them had degree education and 0.60 per cent of them did masters.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 8.57 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 5.71 per cent were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.09 per cent of the household members, 4.19 per cent were agricultural laborers, 4.19 per cent were in private service, 22.75 per cent were students, 8.98 per cent were housewives and 4.79 per cent were children.  The results show that 99.40 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. Only 1 person was participating in cooperative banks.  The results indicate that 65.71 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 34.29 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 60 per cent of the households possess TV, 20 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess auto and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.8857, mixer grinder was Rs.2071, motor cycle was Rs.35333, auto was Rs.70000 and mobile phone was Rs.2014.  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 25.71 per cent of them possess plough and 65.71 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.15000, plough was Rs.1500 and the average value of weeder was Rs.56.  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 25.71 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.91, average own labour (women) available was 1.38, average hired labour (men) available was 12.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.39.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Khanahalli micro-watershed possess 20.51 ha (49.14%) of dry land and 21.23 ha (50.86%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.20 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 7.95 ha (61.71%) of dry land and 4.93 ha (38.29%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.37 ha (45.07%) of dry land and 8.98 ha (54.93%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 5.30 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 419,057.01 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 546,064.42. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 788,707.16 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 339,389.31 for dry land and Rs. 972,600.52 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 244,285.72 for dry land and Rs. 567,944.10 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 395,200 for irrigated land and Rs. 169,694.65 for large farmers.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 40 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 39.28 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had irrigated area of 4.91 ha, 8.98 ha, 2.02 ha and 5.30 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (21.03 ha), greengram (9.69 ha), paddy (3.64 ha), red gram (5.62 ha) and groundnut (1.79 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, green gram and red gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, groundnut, green gram and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, greengram, redgram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown paddy and large farmers have grown cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Khanahalli micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 35529.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 66963.04. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 31433.90, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.88. 3  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 33159.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65178.06. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 32018.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 47842.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67616.25. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 19773.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.41.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 24367.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38615.62. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 14248.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.58.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 71772.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79766.38. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 7993.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.11.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 28.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 52,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 84,437.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 162,750, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 249,444.44, for medium farmers it was Rs. 230,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 400,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,398.47. For landless households it was Rs. 8,937.50, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,822.92, for small farmers it was Rs. 15,234.72, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 17,643.74, for medium farmers it was Rs. 118,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 210,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 lemon and 4 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 43 neem, 1 tamarind, 5 teak and 1 banyan tree in their field. Also, 7 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 98.33 per cent, greengram was sold to the extent of 80.49 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 75 per cent and redgram was sold to the extent of 78.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 88.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.86 per cent have carried head load as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 87.50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 83.33 per cent of the small farmers, 88.89 per cent of semi medium, 100 per cent of 4 the medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 91.67 per cent small farmers, 77.78 per cent of semi medium farmers, 100 per cent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.43 per cent of the households also used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 17.14 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of the landless, 37.50 per cent of the marginal, 66.67 per cent of the small, 22.22 per cent of the semi medium, 100 per cent of the medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 20 per cent, fruits were adequate for 28.57 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 62.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 80 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 71.43 per cent and meat was inadequate for 34.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (88.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (77.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (80%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.14%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.43%) and inadequate extension services (11.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raisabad Hosalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 333 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 305 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 25 ha by rock outcrops and about 3 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 54 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to deep (75 - 150 cm) and 38 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 46 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 27 per cent is very low (57 kg/ha) in an area of 27 per cent.  About 72 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 116(35) 48(14) Guava - 98(29) Maize 53 (16) 112(33) Sapota - 98(29) Bajra 53 (16) 144(43) Pomegranate - 161(48) Groundnut - 116(35) Musambi 50(15) 112(34) Sunflower 63(19) 65(19) Lime 50(15) 112(34) Red gram - 161(48) Amla 65(19) 99(30) Bengal gram 63(19) 101(30) Cashew - 65(19) Cotton 63(19) 101(30) Jackfruit - 65(19) Chilli - 197(59) Jamun - 96(29) Tomato 53 (16) 98(29) Custard apple 81(24) 83(25) Brinjal 128(38) 69(21) Tamarind - 99(29) Onion 108(33) 89(27) Mulberry - 65(19) Bhendi 75(23) 122(37) Marigold - 197(59) Drumstick - 161(48) Chrysanthemum - 197(59) Mango - 63(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Raisabad Hosalli-2 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.43 %) were landless, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal farmers, 11 (31.43 %) were small farmers, 6 (17.14 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 101 (58.05 %) men and 73 (41.95 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.25, marginal farmers' was 6.02, small farmers' was 4.54, semi medium farmers' was 4.5 and medium farmers' was 11.  The data indicated that, 19 (10.92 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 95 (54.60 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (25.86 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.62 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Raisabad Hosalli-2 had 62.64 per cent illiterates, 8.05 per cent of them had primary school, 2.30 per cent of them had middle school, 13.22 per cent of them had high school education, 5.75 per cent of them had PUC, 1.72 per cent of them had Diploma, 4.02 per cent of them had Degree education and 0.57 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 2.86 cent of the household heads were General labourers and 5.71 cent of the household heads were Housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 58.62 per cent of the household members, 5.17 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.45 per cent were in general labour, 2.30 per cent were private service, 20.69 per cent were Student, 8.05 per cent were housewives and 1.72 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 65.71 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 17.14 per cent of them possess Pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 57.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Computer/Laptop, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Landline Phone, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,275, mixer/grinder was Rs. 5,300, Bicycle was Rs. 3,750, motor cycle was Rs. 63,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 1,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,832. 2  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Tractor, 20 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent of the households possess Sprinkler, 8.57 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 22.86 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 12,000, plough was Rs. 3,528, Seed/Fertilizer Drill was Rs. 4,000, Tractor was Rs. 400,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,900, sprinkler was Rs. 9,250 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 90.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow and Goat, 8.57 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess Poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.39, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 11.32 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.61.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Raisabad Hosalli-2 micro-watershed possess 27.61 ha (69.06 %) of dry land, 12.37 ha (30.94 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 418,122.53 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 476,709.19. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 633,479.67 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for Irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 401,853.96 for dry land and Rs. 893,239.01 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 438,461.54 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 191,878.53 for dry land and Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 De-functioning and 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 8.19 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium farmers and marginal had an irrigated area of 0.85 ha, 2.43 ha and 3.24 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (16.81 ha), green gram (10.84 ha), Paddy (6.72 ha) and red gram (2.09 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton and green gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy and green gram. Medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy and green gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raisabad Hosalli-2 microwatershed was found to be 87.01 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 26607.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91581.57. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 64974.30. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 3.44.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 25425.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 133070.48. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 107644.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 5.23.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 19845.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24572.82. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 4727.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.24.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 34785.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 209260.05. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 174474.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 6.02.  The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 154,283.33for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 139,454.55, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 179,458.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 521,900.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 443,541.67. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 113,833.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 64,875, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 109,833.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 77,500.  The results indicate that, households have planted 7 Coconut and 5 Mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 43 Neem, 1 Acacia, 1 Banyan, 4 Pongamia and 11 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,242.86 for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton and Green gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 86.57 per cent and Red gram was sold to the extent of 95.45 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 88.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. 4  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation and 2.86 per cent of the households have used Cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and Pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, Vegetables were adequate for 48.57 per cent, Egg were adequate for 14.29 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk was adequate for 85.71 per cent and Meat were adequate for 2.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables and milk were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, Milk were inadequate for 14.29 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households and Meat was inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and Frequent incidence of pest and diseases were the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (85.71 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), High rate of interest on credit (80 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71 %), Low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (82.86 %) and Less Rainfall (2.86 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosakanakapura microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 511 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 39 per cent is covered by soil, 19 per cent by Mining/Industrial area, 38 per cent by rock out crops and 4 per cent by water bodies,. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 24 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 26 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 44 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 29 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 45(9) Sapota - 16(3) Maize - 45(9) Pomegranate - 16(3) Bajra - 61(12) Guava - 16(3) Redgram - - Jackfruit - 16(3) Bengal gram - 45(9) Jamun - 16(3) Groundnut - 64(13) Musambi - 16(3) Sunflower - - Lime - 16(3) Cotton - 45(9) Cashew - 102(20) Chilli - 45(9) Custard apple - 151(29) Tomato - 49(9) Amla - 151(29) Brinjal - 90(18) Tamarind - - Onion - 90(18) Marigold - 45(9) Bhendi - 90(18) Chrysanthemum - 45 (9) Drumstick - 3(<1) Jasmine 45(9) Mulberry - 106(21) Crossandra 45(9) Mango - - - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 110 (57.89%) men and 80 (42.11%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.6, marginal farmers' was 2.1, small farmers' was 3.3, semi medium farmers' was 11.5 and medium farmers' was 0.60.  The data indicated that, 35 (18.42%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 81 (42.63%) were in 16-35 years of age, 57 (30%) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (8.95%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hosakanakapura had 36.53 per cent illiterates, 0.53 per cent them had functional literate, 13.68 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.63 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.53 per cent of them had high school education, 6.32 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.58 per cent had diploma 2.11 per cent them had ITI, 4.21 per cent of them had degree and 7.89 per cent of them had others education.  The results indicate that, 23.68 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 73.68 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.63 per cent of households head were private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 13.68 per cent of the household members, 53.68 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.53 per cent were household industry, 3.68 per cent were private service 0.53 per cent were trade & business, 17.37 per cent were student, 3.68 per cent were housewife and 6.84 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.26 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 76.32 per cent of the households posses Katcha house, 10.53 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 7.89 per cent of the households possess semi Pucca houses.  The results show that 86.84 per cent of the households possess TV, 60.53 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 18.42 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 92.11 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,696, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,847, motor cycle was Rs.45, 714, and mobile phone was Rs.2, 308.  About 71.05 per cent of the households possess weeder. The results show that the average value of weeder was Rs. 56.  The results indicate that, 2.63 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 21.05 per cent of the households possess local cow 7.89 per cent possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.83, average own labour (women) available was 1.42, average hired labour (men) available was 8.08 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.53.  The results indicate that 94.74 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hosakanakapura micro-watershed possess 20.24 ha (54.21%) of dry land and 17.10 ha (45.79%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.04 ha (86.14%) of dry land and 0.97 ha (13.86%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 7.60 ha (54.26%) of dry land and 6.41 ha (45.57%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.60 ha (54.44%) of dry land and 5.52 ha (45.56%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.20ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 503,779.24 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 643,076.93. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 927,077.74 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.95 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 368,068.13 for dry land and Rs. 826,452.02 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 272,760.73 for dry land and Rs. 543,255.14 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 357,280.62 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 16 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 42.11 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 44.92 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.97 ha, 6.41ha, 5.52ha and 2.17 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (15.16 ha), bajra (13.53ha), groundnut (4.05 ha), paddy (2.26 ha), sesamum (0.81ha), sugarcane (0.81 ha) and navane (0.4 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, groundnut, navane and bajra, while small farmers have grown maize, bajra, paddy, sesamum and sugarcane. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hosakanakapura micro-watershed was found to be 99.75 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 34602.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62407.45. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 27804.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.8.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 42894.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27481.15. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. -15413.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.64.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sesamum was Rs. 20830.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 13183.63. The net income from 3 Sesamum cultivation was Rs. -7646.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.63.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 26857.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 17569.93. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. -9287.30. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.65.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 31054.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 247000.00. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 215945.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:7.95.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 55327.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 131419.02. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 76091.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.38.  The results indicate that, 18.42 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, green fodder was adequate for 18.42 per cent of the households  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 32,600 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 53,727.27, for small farmers it was Rs. 67,776.92, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 91,714.29and for medium farmers it was Rs. 121,312.50.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,322.43. For landless households it was Rs. 4,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 7,812.99, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,935.90, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,448.98 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 40,000  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 17coconut trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 55 neem, 2 tamarind and 12 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households average additional investment capacity of Rs, 5,026.32 for land development, Rs, 2,605.26 for irrigation facility, Rs, 2,868.42 for improved crop production, Rs, 657.89 for improved livestock management and Rs.736.84 for orchard development/ maintenance.  The results indicate that, Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 65.79 per cent for land development, 50 per cent for irrigation facility, 44.74 per cent for improved crop production and 13.16 improved livestock management. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 5.26 per cent of the households for land development, 2.63 per cent for improved crop production and improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut, paddy, sesamum and sugarcane were sold to the extent 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 94.37 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 2.63 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders, 68.42 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 21.05 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market.  The results indicated that, 76.32 per cent of the households used tractor and 15.79 per cent of them used cart as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 67.50 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.37 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.63 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 89.47 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 7.89 per cent of the households and canal/nala was the source of drinking water for 2.63 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 55.26 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.37 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.63 per cent of the sampled households not possessed card.  The results indicated that, 47.37 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 86.84 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 23.68 per cent, fruits were adequate for 13.16 per cent, milk and egg were adequate for 94.74 per cent and meat were adequate for 92.11 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 13.16 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 76.32 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 86.84 per cent, milk was inadequate for 5.26 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 5.26 per cent and meat was inadequate for 7.89 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 76.32 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (65.79%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (78.95%), inadequacy of irrigation water (71.05%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (76.32%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (76.32%), low price for the agricultural commodities (15.79%), inadequate extension services (5.26%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (15.79%), less rainfall (15.79%) and Source of Agri-technology information (5.26%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sutar Hosalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 378 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 8 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils. An area about 367 ha in the microwatershed is covered by rock outcrops and about 3 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 2 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 2 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75 -100 cm) and less than 1 per cent soils are very shallow (4.5 ppm) in an area of about 2 per cent in the microwatershed  Available manganese is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of about 2 per cent in the microwatershed  Available coper is sufficient (>0.2ppm) in an area of about 2 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) is 2 per cent area of microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 6(2) Sapota - 6(2) Maize - 6(2) Pomegranate - 6(2) Bajra - 6(2) Musambi - 6(2) Groundnut - 6(2) Lime - 6(2) Sunflower - 6(2) Amla - 6(2) Redgram - 6(2) Cashew - - Bengal gram - - Jackfruit - 6(2) Cotton - - Jamun - - Chilli - 6(2) Custard apple 6(2) - Tomato - 6(2) Tamarind - - Drumstick - 6(2) Mulberry - 6(2) Mango - - Marigold - 6(2) Guava - 6(2) Chrysanthemum - 6(2) Brinjal - 6(2) Bhendi 6(2) - Onion 6(2) -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 93(50.54%) men and 91 (49.46%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.25, marginal farmers' was 5.31, small farmers' was 6.11, semi medium farmers were 5.11 and medium farmers' was 1.  The data indicated that, 62 (33.70%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 63(34.24%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (25.54%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (6.52%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Sutar Hosalli had 53.26 per cent illiterates, 23.37 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.98 per cent of them had middle school education, 6.52 per cent of them had high school education, 3.80 per cent of them had PUC education and 1.09 per cent did degree.  The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 2.78 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 8.33 per cent of the households were general labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.91 per cent of the household members, 2.72 per cent were agricultural and general labourers, 32.61 per cent were students, 5.98 per cent were housewives and 6.52 per cent were children.  The results show that 0.54 per cent of the population has participated in raitha sangha and 99.46 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.11 per cent of them possess katcha and pucca house and 77.78 per cent of the households possess katcha house and pucca/ RCC.  The results show that 77.78 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.78 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 27.78 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.89 per cent of the household possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,928, bicycle was Rs. 1,500, motor cycle was Rs. 48,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,644.  About 27.78 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 36.11 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.56 per cent of them were in seed/fertilizer drill, 33.33 per cent of them possess sprayer, 8.33 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 58.33 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 17,100, plough was Rs. 3,538, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 3,250, sprayer was Rs.2,941, sprinkler was Rs. 5000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.30.  The results indicate that, 41.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 16.67 per cent of the households possess local cow, 13.89 per cent of them possess buffalo and 8.33 per cent of them possess goat. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.72 average own labour (women) available was 1.47, average hired labour (men) available was 8.63 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.66.  The results indicate that 88.89 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Sutar Hosalli micro-watershed possess 27.34 ha (68.31%) of dry land and 12.68 ha (31.69%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.05 ha (98.51%) of dry land and 0.12 ha (1.49%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.27 ha (61.83%) of dry land and 3.87 ha (38.17%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 13.02 ha (69.18%) of dry land and 5.80 ha (30.82%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.89 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 420,503.33 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 685,673.27. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs 807,189.54 for dry land and Rs. 3,293,333.20 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 334,645.17 for dry land and Rs. 1,058,202.74 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 222,730.10 for dry land and Rs. 603,279.84 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 242,156.87 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 10 de-functioning and 9 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, 27.78 per cent of the bore well was the major source irrigation, 5.56 per cent of open well was the source of irrigation and 2.78 per cent of the tank was the major source of irrigation in micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 13.55 meters, open well was found to be 1.82 meters and tank was found to be 0.85 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium farmers and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.30 ha, 3.67 ha, 7.02 ha and 2.89 respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (25.08 ha), cotton (9.88 ha), paddy (2.45 ha), groundnut (1.24 ha), sorghum (1.21 ha) and green gram (0.4 ha), and Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton, paddy and green gram. Small farmers had grown red gram, cotton, paddy and groundnut and sorghum. Semi medium farmers had grown red gram, cotton, paddy and sorghum. Medium farmers had grown red gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Sutar Hosalli micro-watershed was found to be 84.64 per cent.  The results indicate that, 61.11 per cent of the households have bank account. 3  The results indicate that, 66.67 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 31053.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 5996.96, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 51740.77. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81266.63. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 29525.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.57.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 66804.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 153326.42. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 86521.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.3.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 52626.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104228.98. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 51602.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.98.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 34674.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57519.13. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 22844.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.66.  The results indicate that, 55.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.56 per of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 76,250.00 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 101,638.46, for small farmers it was Rs. 151,400, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 204,977.78 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 299,500.00.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,096.50. For landless households it was Rs. 7,812.50, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,580.47, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,961.11, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 12,364.20 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 166,750.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 10 coconut, 25 custard apple and 10 mango trees in their field and 2 coconut, 13 custard apple,2 gauva and 3 lime in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 17 teak, 29 neem trees, 3 tamarind, 20 acacia and 1 banyan tree in their field and 15 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 14,555.56 for land development and Rs. 7,055.56 for irrigation facility.  The results indicated that Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development and for 11.11 per cent for irrigation facility. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.78 4 per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 33.33 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 57.45 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 30.11 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 70.24 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 61.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 36.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent of the households used firewood and 30.56 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 61.11 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 66.67 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 91.67 per cent, milk was adequate for 94.44 per cent and eggs were adequate for 5.56 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 33.33 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were inadequate for 5.56 per cent, and egg was inadequate for 91.67 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was the constraint experienced by 88.89 per cent of the households, inadequacy of irrigation water (11.11%), (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (91.67%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.33%) and lack of transport for the safe transport of agricultural produce to the market (47.22%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hattikuni Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 737 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 648 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 16 ha in the microwatershed is covered by rock outcrops and about 71 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 63 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 26 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 58 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 23 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 81 per cent area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 24 per cent area very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%).  About 81 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 7 per area is high (>57 kg/ha).  Entire cultivated area is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 87 per cent area of the microwatershed and <1 per cent of area is deficient (<4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 435(59) 41(6) Guava - - Maize - 476(65) Sapota - - Bajra - 502(69) Pomegranate - 435(59) Groundnut - 26(4) Musambi 422(57) 13(2) Sunflower 423(57) 12(2) Lime 422(57) 13(2) Redgram - 435(59) Amla - 502(69) Bengal gram 435(59) 41(6) Cashew - - Cotton 423(57) 53(8) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 476(65) Jamun - 435(59) Tomato - 463(63) Custard apple 434(59) 68(10) Brinjal 50(7) 452(62) Tamarind - 435(59) Onion 291(39) 67(10) Mulberry - 26(4) Bhendi 195(26) 307(43) Marigold - 476(65) Drumstick - 461(63) Chrysanthemum - 476(65) Mango - 39(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The data indicated that there were 96 (61.94%) men and 59 (38.06%) women in the micro watershed.  The average family size of landless farmers was 2.8, marginal farmers were 4.6, small farmers were 5.3, semi medium farmer was 4.5 and in medium farmers it was 4.5.  The data indicated that 13 (8.39%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 62 (40%) were in 16-35 years of age, 67 (43.23%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (8.39%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hattikuni had 58.06 per cent illiterates, 18.06 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.52 per cent of them had middle school education, 8.39 per cent of them had high school education, 5.16 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.94 per cent them had Diploma education, 2.58 per cent of them had degree education, and 1.29 per cent of them had other education.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 8.82 per cent of the household heads were general labourers, 2.94 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 5.88 per cent were housewives.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 54.84 per cent of the household members, 2.58 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.94 per cent were general labours, 1.94 percent were in private service, 10.32 per cent of them were students, 25.81 per cent were housewives and 1.29 per cent were children.  The results showed no participation of households in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 64.71 per cent of the households possess katha house, and 35.29 per cent of the households possess pucca house.  The results showed that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.82 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 23.53 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The average value of television was Rs. 9088, mixer grinder was Rs.2500, motor cycle was Rs.70500, and mobile phone was Rs.2391.  About 23.53 per cent of the households possess plough, 23.53 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 23.53 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.7250, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16500, and the average value of weeder was Rs. 106.  The results indicated that, 29.41 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.88 per cent of the households possess local cow, and 5.88 per cent of the households possess sheep. Marginal farmers possessed bullock and local cow, small farmers 2 possessed bullock and sheep, semi medium farmers possessed bullock and local cow, and medium farmers possessed bullock and sheep.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the microwatershed was 9.82, average own labour (women) available was 7.16, average hired labour (men) available was 58.79 and average hired labour (women) available was 54.46.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Hattikuni micro-watershed possess 28.11 ha (70.12%) of dry land and 11.98 ha (29.88%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.49 ha (94.93%) of dry land and 0.45 ha (5.07%). Small farmers possess 14.27 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.34 ha (61.51%) of dry land and 3.34 ha (38.49%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.18 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 426,781.86 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 250,422.44.  The results indicated that, there were 3 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 8.82 per cent of the farmers and canal was the major source of irrigation for 2.94 per cent of the farmers in the micro watershed.  The depth of bore well was 70.34 meters on an average and the depth of canal was 1.14 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.45 ha, in case of small farmers there was 1.29 ha, in case of semi medium farmers there was 3.34 ha and in case of medium farmers there was 8.18 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown groundnut (14.06 ha), paddy (11.53 ha), redgram (6.95 ha), greengram (3.98 ha) and cotton (3.59 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown groundnut, redgram, greengram and cotton. Small farmers have grown groundnut, redgram and greengram. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut, paddy and cotton. Medium farmers have grown only paddy.  The cropping intensity in Hattikuni micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent among marginal farmers, small farmers, semi medium farmers and medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. 3  The results indicate that, the average amount of loan borrowed by semi medium farmer is Rs.25000 and a medium farmer is Rs.175000.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 65030.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88027.40. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 22996.77, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 63586.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 121364.59. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 57778.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 34519.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65035.12. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 30515.38. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.88.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 29855.77. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72510.01. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 42654.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.43.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 30852.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76711.16. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 45858.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.49.  The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 64.29 per cent of marginal, 30 per cent of small farmers, 50 per cent of semi medium farmers and 50 per cent of medium farmers. Around 41.18 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The table indicated that the average income of landless farmers was Rs.57500, marginal farmers' was Rs.110035.71, small farmers' was Rs. 193000, semi medium farmers' was Rs.280750 and medium farmers' was Rs.440000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14906. For landless farmers it was Rs.5625, marginal farmers it was Rs. 2836, for small farmers it was Rs. 15711, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 31875 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 80000.  The results indicated that, cotton, greengram and groundnut were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Paddy was sold to the extent of 98.1 per cent and sorghum 85 per cent.  The results indicated that, 2.94 per cent of the households sold their produce to agent/traders, 82.35 per cent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.94 per cent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 5.88 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 82.35 per cent have used tractor.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing. 4  The results indicated that, 82.35 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the population.  The results indicated that, 23.53 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of landless, 14.29 per cent of marginal, 10 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium famers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 79.41 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 75 per cent of the landless, 57.14 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 79.41 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 55.88 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 35.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 64.71 per cent of the household, fruits for 41.18 percent, milk for 73.53, egg for 70.59 and meat was adequate for 67.65 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.24 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (32.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (79.41%), inadequate extension services (5.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (76.47%) and less rainfall (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bachawar Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 429 ha in Bachawar microwatershed in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 272 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 149 ha by rock outcrops and about 7 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 64 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is medium (23-57 kg/ha) available phosphorus content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 9 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 34 per cent and sufficient (<0.6 ppm) in 30 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - - Guava - - Maize - - Sapota - - Bajra - - Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - - Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 92 (62.16%) men and 56 (37.84%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3, marginal farmers' was 3.8, small farmers' was 4.1 semi medium farmers' was 4.7 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 6 (45%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 66 (44.59 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 61 (41.22%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (10.14%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Bachawar had 70.95 per cent illiterates, 7.43 per cent of them had primary school, 0.68 per cent of them had middle school and masters, 11.49 per cent of them had high school education and 45 per cent of them had PUC and degree.  The results indicate that, 35.14 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 59.46 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers, 2.70 per cent of the households were private services and 5.41 per cent of the households were trade and business.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 39.19 per cent of the household members, 48.65 per cent were agricultural labourers, 23 per cent were in Private Service, 2.70 per cent were in trade and business and housewives, 45 per cent were students and 0.68 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.7 per cent of the households possess Thatched house and 97.3 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The results show that 72.97 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.11 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.7 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 24.32 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.30 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,074, mixer/grinder and bicycle was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 44,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,179.  About 8.11 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 13.51 per cent of them possess plough and chaff cutter, 2.7 per cent of them possess sprayer, harvester and thresher.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 22,000, plough was Rs. 1,166, sprayer was Rs. 4,000, harvester was Rs. 12,000, thresher was Rs. 14,000 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 180.  The results indicate that, 10.81 per cent of the households possess bullocks and local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 23 and average own labour (women) available was 1.5, average hired labour (men) available and average hired labour (women) available was 6.88.  The results indicate that, 91.89 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Bachawar micro-watershed possess 23.99 ha (69.53%) of dry land and 10.51 ha (30.47%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.79 ha (90.5%) of dry land and 0.92 ha (9.5 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 7.77 ha (68.83%) of dry land and 3.52 ha (31.17%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.42 ha (82.9 %) of dry land and 1.62 ha (17.91%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.45 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 502,083.33 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 446,843.72. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 801,357.57 for dry land and average land value was Rs. 541,666.65 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 411,452.37 for dry land and Rs. 596,206.89 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 242,420.94 for dry land and Rs. 494,000 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 291,9099 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 9 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 27.3 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 28.83 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small and semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 4.49 ha, 3.52 ha, 1.62 ha and 4.45 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (14.77 ha), cotton (5.36 ha), groundnut (4.49 ha), sorghum (3.77 ha), green gram (2.15 ha) and paddy (1.3 ha). Marginal farmers have red gram, cotton, groundnut, sorghum, green gram and paddy. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton, groundnut, sorghum and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown red gram, cotton and green gram. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Bachawar micro-watershed was found to be 92.22 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 30490.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90432.97. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 59942.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.97.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 47358.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 194677.30. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 147318.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.11. 3  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 65147.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 123911.66. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 58763.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.9.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 43278.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 92562.89. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 49284.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.14.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 36132.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31115.61. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 5016.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 816769. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91638.50. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 9962.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.12.  The results indicate that, 18.92 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 110,750 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 106,853.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 110,888.89, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 147,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 147,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14,439.67. For landless households it was Rs. 34,375, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,237.11, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,222.22, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 25,625 and medium farmers it was Rs. 67,500.  The results indicate that, households have planted 5 mango and 10 coconut trees in their field and also 2 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 10 teak, 50 Neem, 2 Banyan and 7 tamarind trees in their field and also 5 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,540.54 for land development and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 273 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 224.32 per cent each for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 5.41 per cent each for land development and 2.7 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 87.88 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 93.75 per cent, paddy and sorghum was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 93.81 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.70 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/ traders, 89.19 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. 4  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 62.16 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 91.89 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 8.11 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.3 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 67.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.3 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 78.38 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 81.8 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were adequate for 86.49 per cent, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 97.3 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 18.92 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 13.51 per cent and fruits were inadequate for 91.89 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was the constraint experienced by 89.19 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (48.65%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (51.35%), Inadequacy of irrigation water and High rate of interest on credit (2.7%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (21.62%) and lack of marketing facilities in the area (5.41%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honageri-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 600 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 572 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, An area about 2 ha in the microwatershed is covered by rock outcrops and about 26 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 572 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 85 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 26 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 65 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 95 per cent area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 8 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 12 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 4 per cent area very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 480(80) 40(7) Sapota - 34(6) Maize 3(<1) 517(87) Pomegranate - 512(85) Bajra 3(<1) 549(91) Musambi 313(52) 198 (32) Groundnut - 74(12) Lime 313(52) 198 (32) Sunflower 346(58) 135(21) Amla 66(11) 454(76) Redgram - 450(74) Cashew - 3(<1) Bengal gram 477(80) 43(7) Jackfruit - 3(<1) Cotton 349(58) 172(28) Jamun - 509(85) Chilli - 551(92) Custard apple 478(80) 43(7) Tomato 3(<1) 303(51) Tamarind - 509(85) Drumstick - 511(84) Mulberry - 3(<1) Mango - 35(6) Marigold - 551(92) Guava - 34(6) Chrysanthemum - 551(92) Brinjal 169(28) 382(63) Bhendi 284(47) 267(45) Onion 232(39) 106(18)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 112 (64.37%) men and 62 (35.63%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 5.6, semi medium farmers' was 6 and medium farmers' was 2.  The data indicated that, 33 (18.97 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (42.53%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (31.03 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (7.47%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Honageri-2 had 63.79 per cent illiterates, 8.62 per cent of them had Primary School, 1.72 per cent of them had Middle School education, 12.07 per cent of them had High School education, 8.62 per cent of them had PUC education and 1.15 per cent had degree and masters education.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 8.82 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborer and 2.94 per cent were Trade & Business.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 68.39 per cent of the household members, 2.87 per cent were agricultural laborers and children, 2.30 per cent were general laborers, 0.57 per cent were in government and private service, 1.15 per cent were trade and business, 16.09 per cent were students and 2.87 per cent were Housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.82 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 64.71 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 26.47 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 91.18 per cent of the households possess TV, 41.18 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle and 88.24 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,387, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,957, motor cycle was Rs. 50,714 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,165.  About 23.53 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 20.59 per cent of the households plough, 2.94 per cent of the households possess seed/ fertilizer drill and Tractor, 11.76 per cent of the households possess Sprayer, 8.82 per cent of them possess weeder and harvester and 14.71 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results indicate that, bullock cart it was Rs.22,125, plough it was Rs.909, seed/fertilizer drill it was Rs.500, tractor it was Rs. 300,000, Sprayer was Rs. 3,500, Weeder was Rs. 200, Harvester was Rs. 40 and Chaff Cutter was Rs. 314. 2  The results indicate that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 26.47 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.88 per cent of the households possess goat and 2.94 per cent of the households possess Poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.38, average hired labour (men) available was 7.59 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.03.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Honageri-2 micro-watershed possess 28.39 ha (86.34%) of dry land and 4.49 ha (13.66%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.36 ha (99.34%) of dry land and 0.05 ha (0.66%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 17.39 ha (94.31%) of dry land and 1.05 ha (5.69 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.64 ha (73.23%) of dry land and 1.33 ha (26.77%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.06 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 703,501.07 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 912,342.34. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,165,068.72 for dry land and the average value was Rs.18,525,000.41 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 597,951.58 for dry land and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 858,301.16. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 274,444.44 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 274,444.44 of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and De-functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20.59 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 10.76 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi-medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.47 ha, 3.43 ha and 0.45 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (23.14 ha), paddy (2.71 ha), red gram (1.79 ha), sorghum (1.76 ha) and groundnut (1.21ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Honageri-2 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 76.47 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 76.47 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 27030.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70387.69. The net 3 income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 43357.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.6.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 36266.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90304.31. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 54037.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.49.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 163090.35. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 304132.32. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 141041.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.86.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 41086.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63686.27. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 22599.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 29555.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16466.67. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -13088.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.56.  The results indicate that, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 20.59 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 20,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 115,744.62, for small farmers it was Rs. 126,758.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 111,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 122,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,328.99. For landless households it was Rs. 8,333.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,620.51, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,741.27, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 25,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 12,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 5 coconut in their field and 1 coconut in backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 27 teak, 31 neem, 7 tamarind and 1 peepul trees in their field and 1 teak and 3 tamarind in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,588.24 for land development.  The results indicated that Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 41.18 per cent for land development and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 5.88 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 82.14 per cent, Red gram was sold to the extent of 76.92 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 59.18 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91.18 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.94 per cent of them sold in regulated markets. 4  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 11.76 per cent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 26.47 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses and oilseed were adequate for 97.06 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 94.12 per cent, fruits was adequate for 2.94 per cent, Milk were adequate for 82.35 per cent and eggs were adequate for 23.53 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses and oilseed were inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 5.88 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 94.12 per cent, milk were inadequate for 17.65 per cent, Meat were inadequate for 100 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 76.47 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.18 per cent, Wild animal menace on farm field and frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.24%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (11.76%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals, high rate of interest on credit and Lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.29%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (100%), Inadequate extension services (5.88%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (82.35%), less rainfall and source of agri-technology information (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 524 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 246 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 271 ha by rock outcrops and 6 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 246 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 30 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 18 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 8 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 9 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 18 per cent area very low (0.75%) and 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area 31 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) and 16 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low ( 20 ppm) in 9 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 45 per cent and deficient ( 0.6 ppm) in11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 41(8) 65(12) Guava - 41(8) Maize 41(8) 65(12) Sapota - 41(8) Bajra 41(8) 65(12) Pomegranate - 54(10) Groundnut - 41(8) Musambi - 54(10) Sunflower - 54(10) Lime - 54(10) Redgram - 106(20) Amla 41(8) - Bengal gram - 13(3) Cashew - - Cotton - 54(10) Jackfruit - 41(8) Chilli 41(8) 13(3) Jamun - - Tomato 41(8) - Custard apple - 54(10) Brinjal 41(8) - Tamarind - - Onion 41(8) - Mulberry - 41(8) Bhendi 41(8) 13(3) Marigold 41(8) 13(3) Drumstick - 41(8) Chrysanthemum 41(8) 13(3) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 109 (51.17%) men and 104 (48.83%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5.1, small farmers' was 4.1, semi medium farmers' was 5.33 and medium farmers' was 4.75.  The data indicated that, 37 (17.37%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 112 (52.58%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (23.94%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.10%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgir Rf-1 had 46.95 per cent illiterates, 1.88 per cent of them were functional literate, 18.78 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.41 per cent of them had middle school education, 16.90 per cent of them had high school education, 5.16 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.41 per cent of them did diploma, 0.47 per cent did ITI and 2.82 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.86 per cent of them were in private service and 2.86 per cent of them were students.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.72 per cent of the household members, 5.63 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.47 per cent were general labourers, 6.10 per cent were in private service, 21.60 per cent were students, 18.78 per cent were housewives and 4.69 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 68.57 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 22.86 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 8.57 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.56666 and mobile phone was Rs.2170.  About 17.14 per cent of them possess plough and another 17.14 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1500 and the average value of weeder was Rs.52.  The results indicate that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.81, average own labour (women) available was 1.61, average hired labour (men) available was 13.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.61.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgir Rf-1 micro-watershed possess 27.76 ha (83.01%) of dry land and 5.68 ha (16.99%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.23 ha (91.83%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (8.17%). Small farmers possess 13.29 ha (72.17%) of dry land and 5.13 ha (27.83%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.24 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 457,274.06 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 914,814.83. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 930,864.20 for dry land and Rs. 2,343,795.61 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 375,951.30 for dry land and Rs. 760,299.93. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 230,500.99 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 25.71 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 24.38 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal and small farmers had irrigated area of 0.55 ha and 5.13 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (4.16 ha), greengram (2.63 ha), groundnut (4.88 ha), paddy (2.43 ha), red gram (20.62 ha) and sorghum (0.11 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, green gram, paddy, red gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton, green gram, groundnut, paddy and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, groundnut and redgram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgir Rf-1 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 32235.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67390.98. The net income from Redgram cultivation was Rs. 35155.69, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.09.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 190514.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 457407.39. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 266893.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.4.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 36492.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 249503.47. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 213010.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.84. 3  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 33904.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 66147.43. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 32242.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.95.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 160646.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80061.85. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -80584.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.5.  The total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 22474.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 73475.07. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. 51000.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.27.  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 8.57 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 138,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 121,079.17, for small farmers it was Rs. 174,133.33 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 371,833.33.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 16,411.43. For landless households it was Rs. 30,400, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,861.11, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,360 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 85,555.56.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 coconut and 2 custard apple trees in their backyard and 3 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 103 neem trees, 1 tamarind tree in their field and 1 neem tree in their backyard.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 80 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 5.71 per cent sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 33.33 per cent of the marginal farmers, 26.67 per cent of the small farmers and 33.33 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 83.33 per cent of marginal farmers, 73.33 per cent small farmers and 66.67 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 14.29 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 5.71 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 4  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 60 per cent of the landless, 66.67 per cent of the marginal, 46.67 per cent of the small and 66.67 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the households possessed APL card.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 22.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 31.43 per cent, milk was adequate for 97.14 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.14 per cent and meat was adequate for 65.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 77.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, milk was inadequate for 2.86 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households and meat was inadequate for 34.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%) and lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ramasamudram-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 766 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 443 ha (58%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 272 ha (35%) by rock out crops and 51 ha (7%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 9 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 5 per cent soils are deep (100 to 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 33 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 6 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 52 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 6 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 47 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 5 per cent is severely eroded in the microwatershed.  An area of about 2 per cent is strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 10 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 11 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 27 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 8 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3- 7.8) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 2 per cent area is low (0.6 ppm) in 47 per cent area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 90(12) 146(19) Guava - 98(13) Maize - 236(30) Sapota - 98(13) Bajra - 257(33) Pomegranate - 188(25) Groundnut - 118(16) Musambi 39(5) 149(19) Sunflower 18(2) 149(19) Lime 39(5) 149(19) Redgram - 188(25) Amla 125(16) 111(14) Bengal gram 90(12) 146(19) Cashew - 77(10) Cotton 66(9) 171(22) Jackfruit - 77(10) Chilli - 257(33) Jamun - 111(14) Tomato - 185(24) Custard apple 168(22) 69(9) Brinjal 168(22) 91(12) Tamarind - 111(14) Onion 140(18) 118(15) Mulberry - 77(10) Bhendi 168(22) 91(12) Marigold - 257(34) Drumstick - 188(25) Chrysanthemum - 257(34) Mango - 18(2)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 147 (59.76%) men and 97 (39.43%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.33, marginal farmers' was 6.76, small farmers' was 6.91, semi medium farmers' was 7.5 and medium farmers' was 8.  The data indicated that, 69 (28.05%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 100 (40.65%) were in 16-35 years of age, 64 (26.02%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (5.28%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Ramasamudram-1 had 55.28 per cent illiterates, 2.44 per cent functional literates, 18.70 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.28 per cent of them had middle school education, 6.91 per cent of them had high school education, 3.25 per cent of them had PUC education and 2.44 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 8.33 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.78 per cent of them were in private service and 2.78 per cent of them were housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 53.25 per cent of the household members, 3.25 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.41 per cent were general labourers, 2.85 per cent were in private service, 26.42 per cent were students, 7.72 per cent were housewives and 6.10 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 13.89 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 38.89 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 47.22 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 63.89 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.33 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 5.56 per cent of them had bicycle, 30.56 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.89 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.2166, bicycle was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.35636 and mobile phone was Rs.12812.  About 36.11 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them possess sprayer and 47.22 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1500, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.52.  The results indicate that, 36.11 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 27.78 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.09, average own labour (women) available was 1.82, average hired labour (men) available was 12.70 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.06.  The results indicate that, 91.67 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Ramasamudram-1 micro-watershed possess 25.90 ha (70.64%) of dry land and 10.77 ha (29.36%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.27 ha (96.53%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (3.47%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 10.18 ha (75.14%) of dry land and 3.37 ha (24.86%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.45 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 6.99 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 598109.67 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 417857.14. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 886575.74 for dry land and Rs.988000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 412485.09 for dry land and Rs.742187.51 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 291909.09 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 228703.70 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.22 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 21.59 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 3.37 ha and 6.19 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (8.47 ha), greengram (9.73 ha), groundut (3.32 ha), paddy (4.16 ha) and redgram (10.19 ha). Marginal and small farmers have grown cotton, Greengram, groundnut, paddy and redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton and Greengram. Medium farmers have grown paddy and redgram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Ramasamudram-1 microwatershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 22105.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51835.46. The net income from Greengram cultivation was Rs. 29730.20, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.34.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 108908.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 99903.78. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. -9004.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92. 3  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 84841.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 135857.02. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 51015.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 33618.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75113.15. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 41494.37. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.23.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 40666.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 83806.85. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 43140.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.06.  The results indicate that, 38.89 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 38.89 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 233,333.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 181,178.82, for small farmers it was Rs. 185,920, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 157,200 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 342,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 24,837.75. For landless households it was Rs. 80,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,326.64, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,661.16, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 71,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 99,444.44.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 coconut trees and 1 mango tree in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 65 neem and 12 tamarind tree in their field. Also, 16 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91.67 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.78 per cent carried head loads.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.78 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 91.67 per cent and bore well was the source of drinking water for 8.33 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 4  The results indicated that, 52.78 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 86.11 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5.56 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 25 per cent, fruits were adequate for 27.78 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 94.44 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.67 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (88.89%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.89%), inadequacy of irrigation water (91.67%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.67%), high rate of interest on credit (94.44%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.67%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (5.56%) and inadequate extension services (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kyaspanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 473 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 427 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 2 ha by railway line and about 44 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 44 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 46 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 10 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 37 per cent area very low (0.75%), 80 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 5 per cent is low ( 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area 26 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 1 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 53 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1(<1) 144(30) Guava - 1(<1) Maize 1(<1) 144(30) Sapota - 1(<1) Bajra 1(<1) 144(30) Pomegranate - 1(<1) Groundnut - 46(10) Musambi - 1(<1) Sunflower - 1(<1) Lime - 1(<1) Redgram - 100(21) Amla 1(<1) 45(9) Bengal gram - - Cashew - 1(<1) Cotton - 1(<1) Jackfruit - 1(<1) Chilli 1(<1) 45(9) Jamun - - Tomato 1(<1) 45(9) Custard apple 1(<1) 45(9) Brinjal 1(<1) 45(9) Tamarind - - Onion 1(<1) 45(9) Mulberry - 1(<1) Bhendi 1(<1) 45(9) Marigold 1(<1) 45(9) Drumstick - 1(<1) Chrysanthemum 1(<1) 45(9) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 111 (63.43%) men and 64 (36.57%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 4.86, small farmers' was 5.09, semi medium farmers' was 5.90 and medium farmers' was 3.50.  The data indicated that, 31 (17.71%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (47.43%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (31.43%) were in 36-60 years of age and 6 (3.43%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kyaspanahalli had 57.14 per cent illiterates, 0.57 per cent functional literate, 13.71 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.29 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.86 per cent of them had high school education, 6.86 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.29 per cent of them did ITI and 3.43 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 22.86 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent of them were general labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.57 per cent of the household members, 9.71 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.29 per cent were general labourers, 1.71 per cent were in private service, 26.86 per cent were students, 8 per cent were housewives and 2.86 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 22.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 51.43 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 34.29 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 31.43 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 2.86 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess auto and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.2000, refrigerator was Rs.8000, motor cycle was Rs.47333, auto was Rs.85000 and mobile phone was Rs.2259.  About 11.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess sprayer and 60 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1500, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.50.  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.26, average own labour (women) available was 1.42, average hired labour (men) available was 11.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.35.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kyaspanahalli micro-watershed possess 16.55 ha (44.48%) of dry land and 20.66 ha (55.52%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.66 ha (97.05%) of dry land and 0.08 ha (2.95%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.87 ha (81.74%) of dry land and 2.65 ha (18.26%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (12.81%) of dry land and 13.77 ha (87.19%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.16 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 428,777.50 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 566,092.06. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,015,068.49 for dry land and Rs. 6,174,999.91. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 328,435.05 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 867,328.25. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 493,709.58 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers it was Rs. 504,571.97 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 15 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 42.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 42.24 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.08 ha, 2.65 ha, 13.77 ha and 4.16 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (12.9 ha), green gram (10.95 ha), red gram (7.86 ha), groundnut (4.16 ha) and paddy (1.36 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, green gram, red gram and paddy. Small farmers have grown cotton, green gram and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton Green gram, red gram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kyaspanahalli micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 2.86 per cent of the households have bank account in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, 2.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 80000. 3  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources of credit.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 45812.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 118585.38. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 72772.63, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.59.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 43878.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 182303.81. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 138425.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.15.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 22740.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63118.12. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 40377.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.78.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 35032.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 64000.66. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 28968.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.83.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 395605.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 515104.42. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 119499.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.3.  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 28.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 48,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 118,428.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 152,487.36, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 210,160 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 252,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 15,496.49. For landless households it was Rs. 6,400, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 11,387.76, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,620.87, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 13,983.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 81,500.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 coconut trees, 2 lemon trees and 11 mango trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak, 42 neem and 1 banyan tree in their field.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Greengram to the extent of 84.1 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 66.7 per cent, paddy to the extent of 57.6 per cent and redgram to the extent of 69.6 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 85.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. 4  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 85.71 per cent of the marginal farmers, 45.45 per cent of small farmers, 80 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 81.82 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium farmers and 50 per cent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used firewood and 20 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 11.43 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 54.29 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 5.71 per cent of the households possessed APL card.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 22.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 20 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 94.29 per cent and meat was adequate for 54.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 77.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 80 per cent and meat was inadequate for 40 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%) and lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belanalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 85 per cent is covered by soil, 3 per cent by rockout crops and 12 per cent by habitation, water bodies and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 83 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 2 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 82 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 3 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 41 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 26 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 13 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 2 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75 %) in 82 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-56 kg/ha) in 81 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) 4 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 30 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 13 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 66 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 84 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 45(8) 5(<1) Sapota 35(6) 257(47) Maize 35(6) 16(3) Pomegranate 35(6) 268(49) Bajra 35(6) 338(62) Guava - 292(53) Redgram 35(6) 11(2) Jackfruit 35(6) 257(47) Bengal gram 11(2) 105(19) Jamun 35(6) 268(49) Groundnut - 347(63) Musambi 45(8) 257(47) Sunflower 45 (8) - Lime 45(8) 257(47) Cotton 45(8) 5(<1) Cashew - 337(61) Chilli 35(6) 5(<1) Custard apple 45(8) 387 (71) Tomato 35 (6) 5(<1) Amla 35(6) 398(73) Brinjal - 111(20) Tamarind 35(6) 13 (2) Onion - 100(18) Marigold 35(6) 16(3) Bhendi - 111(20) Chrysanthemum 35(6) 16 (3) Drumstick 35(6) 26(5) Jasmine 35(6) 5(<1) Mulberry 35(6) 328(60) Crossandra 35(6) 5(<1) Mango 35(6) - - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belanalu is located at North latitude 150 20' 57.623" and 150 19' 20.322" and East longitude 760 12' 30.222 and 760 10' 31.004" covering an area of about 547.63ha coming under Kidadhala, Koppala and Huvinala villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belanalu micro watersheds of Ginigera sub-watershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 13 (37.14%) were marginal, 11(31.43%) were small, 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 97 (53.89%) men and 83 (46.11 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.66, marginal farmers were 4.92, small farmers were 5.72, semi medium was 5.66 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (47.78%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 30.56 per cent illiterates, 66.12 percent pre university education and 4.44 per cent attained graduation.  About, 51.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 40.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 30.00 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 22.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 34.29 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.14 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 11.43 per cent possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess Sprayer and 11.43 per cent possess Weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 37.14 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess sheep.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.26, women available in the micro watershed was 1.22, hired labour (men) available was 8.26 and hired labour (women) available was 8.  Further, 68.57 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 11.44 ha (38.24%) of dry land and 14.55 ha (48.64 %) of irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Horsegram, Sugarcane and cropping intensity was recorded as 88.96 per cent.  Out of the sample households 20.00 percent possessed bank account.  About 20.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Horsegram, Sugarcane and 0 was Rs.40150.98 , 44680.94, 6213.94 and 33533.02, with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 0.90, 1: 1.20 and 1: 1.80 , respectively.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 48471.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 25157.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 31 horticulture trees and 56 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4742.86 for land development and Rs. 2171.43 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 62.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 68.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 68.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (62.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 68.57 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.43 per cent of the households and 22.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 65.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (94.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (74.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (65.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals 3 (65.71%), high rate of interest on credit (68.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (51.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (54.29%) and Less rainfall (5.71%).FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belanalu is located at North latitude 150 20' 57.623" and 150 19' 20.322" and East longitude 760 12' 30.222 and 760 10' 31.004" covering an area of about 547.63ha coming under Kidadhala, Koppala and Huvinala villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belanalu micro watersheds of Ginigera sub-watershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 13 (37.14%) were marginal, 11(31.43%) were small, 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 97 (53.89%) men and 83 (46.11 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.66, marginal farmers were 4.92, small farmers were 5.72, semi medium was 5.66 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (47.78%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 30.56 per cent illiterates, 66.12 percent pre university education and 4.44 per cent attained graduation.  About, 51.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 40.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 30.00 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 22.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 34.29 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.14 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 11.43 per cent possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess Sprayer and 11.43 per cent possess Weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 37.14 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess sheep.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.26, women available in the micro watershed was 1.22, hired labour (men) available was 8.26 and hired labour (women) available was 8.  Further, 68.57 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 11.44 ha (38.24%) of dry land and 14.55 ha (48.64 %) of irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Horsegram, Sugarcane and cropping intensity was recorded as 88.96 per cent.  Out of the sample households 20.00 percent possessed bank account.  About 20.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Horsegram, Sugarcane and 0 was Rs.40150.98 , 44680.94, 6213.94 and 33533.02, with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 0.90, 1: 1.20 and 1: 1.80 , respectively.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 48471.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 25157.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 31 horticulture trees and 56 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4742.86 for land development and Rs. 2171.43 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 62.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 68.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 68.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (62.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 68.57 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.43 per cent of the households and 22.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 65.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (94.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (74.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (65.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals 3 (65.71%), high rate of interest on credit (68.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (51.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (54.29%) and Less rainfall (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kerehalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 601 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 51 per cent is covered by soil, 40 per cent by rock out crops, eight per cent by quarry and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 0.75%) in 27 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 20 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 21 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 7 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 15(2) 149(25) Pomegranate 40(7) 15(2) Maize 15 (2) 149 (25) Guava 40(7) 15(2) Bajra 15(2) 155(26) Jackfruit 40(7) 15(2) Redgram 15(2) 35 (6) Jamun - 46(8) Bengal gram - 163(27) Musambi 40(7) 15(2) Groundnut 15(2) 61 (10) Lime 40(7) 15(2) Sunflower 15 (2) 35 (6) Cashew 40(7) 54(9) Cotton - 163(27) Custard apple 40(7) 183(30) Chilli 15(2) 49(8) Amla 40(7) 183 (30) Tomato 15(2) 49(8) Tamarind - 40(7) Drumstick 15(2) 41(7) Marigold 15(2) 149(25) Mulberry 15(2) 95(16) Chrysanthemum 15(2) 149 (25) Mango - 40(7) Jasmine 15(2) 149(25) Sapota 40(7) 15(2) Crossandra 15(2) 49(8)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMU's by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 118 (60.20%) men and 78 (39.80%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5.75, small farmers' was 4.83, semi medium farmers' was 5.67, medium farmers' was 3 and large farmers' was 10.  The data indicated that, 35 (17.86%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 88 (44.90%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (27.04%) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (10.20%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kerehalli-3 had 33.67 per cent illiterates, 1.02 per cent functional literate, 21.43 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.08 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.88 per cent of them had high school education, 14.29 per cent of them had PUC education, 3.06 per cent of them had degree education and 0.51 per cent of them did diploma.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 50 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 39.29 per cent of the household members, 33.67 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.51 per cent were general labourers, 2.55 per cent were in private service, 20.41 per cent were students, 0.51 per cent were housewives and 3.06 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 97.22 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 2.78 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 86.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 36.11 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 5.56 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.44 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.78 per cent possess landline phone and 83.33 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8838, mixer grinder was Rs. 2038, bicycle was Rs. 2000, motor cycle was Rs. 50312, landline phone was Rs. 2000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1694.  About 11.11 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them possess sprayer and 66.67 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1,500, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.51.  The results indicate that, 11.11 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.78 per cent possess buffalo and 11.11 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.78, average own labour (women) available was 1.22, average hired labour (men) available was 17.97 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.08. 2  The results indicate that, 97.22 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kerehalli-3 micro-watershed possess 18.81 ha (34.24%) of dry land and 36.13 ha (65.76%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.59 ha (86.47%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (13.53%). Small farmers possess 13.80 ha (89.50%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (10.50%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (8.87%) of dry land and 24.96 ha (91.13%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.67 ha (100%) and large farmers possess 6.48 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 366,594.97 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 301,556.90. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 541,158.07 for dry land and Rs. 1,235,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 354,926.69 for dry land and was Rs. 555,750 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 336,381.32 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 224,545.46 for irrigated land and in case of large farmers it was Rs. 77,187.50.  The results indicate that, there were 22 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 61.11 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 82.55 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 1.62 ha, 24.36 ha, 2.67 and 6.48 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (46.55 ha), groundnut (3.24 ha), paddy (2.96 ha) and chilly (1.3 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize. Small farmers have grown maize and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, paddy and chilly. Medium farmers have grown maize. Large farmers have grown maize and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kerehalli-3 micro-watershed was found to be 88.82 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 98.79, medium farmers it was 60.67 per cent and large farmers had a cropping intensity of 50 per cent.  The results indicate that, 2.78 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 2.78 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 68869.77. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57237.62. The net income from 3 Paddy cultivation was Rs. -11632.15. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.83.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 29260.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51031.25. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 21771.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.74.  The total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 30609.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46312.50. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 15703.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 54395.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75829. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 21433.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.39.  The results indicate that, 8.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.33 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 68,125 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 67,500, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 76,888.89, for medium farmers it was Rs. 18,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 468,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,085.65. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 15,562.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,013.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 2,759.26, for medium farmers it was Rs. 12,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 215,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 15 coconut trees and 9 mango trees in the field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 71 neem trees, 2 tamarind trees and 2 acacia trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 1,916.67, for improved crop production Rs. 555.56 and for irrigation facility Rs. 277.78.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 16.67 per cent for land development, for 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility and for 11.11 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, chilly was sold to the extent of 75 per cent, groundnut 71.43 per cent, maize 97.88 per cent and paddy 72.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 5.56 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated market and 97.22 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 105.88 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 4  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.56 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 13.89 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 66.67 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 13.89 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.22 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.22 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 13.89 per cent, fruits were adequate for 16.67 per cent, milk was adequate for 88.89 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.22 per cent and meat was adequate for 13.89 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.78 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.22 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 83.33 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 77.78 per cent, milk were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 2.78 per cent and meat was inadequate for 83.33 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (97.22%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (86.11%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.56%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (50%), high rate of interest on credit (50%), low price for the agricultural commodities (86.11%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.89%), inadequate extension services (88.89%), less rainfall (2.78%) and source of agri-technology information (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Мета. Провести гігієнічну оцінку якості водопровідних питних вод, що виготовляються з води річки Дніпро, щодо рівнів вмісту санітарно-хімічних показників та удосконалити науково-методологічні підходи до їх оцінки за відповідними індикаторними показниками з урахуванням вимог європейського законодавства.Матеріали та методи. Проаналізовано матеріали КП «Дніпроводоканал», КП «Водоканал» (м. Запоріжжя), КП «Бердянськводоканал», КП «Облводоканал» щодо технологій водоочищення, якості вихідних та водопровідних питних вод за 2015–2017 рр. Проаналізовано вимоги нормативних документів – ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10 «Гігієнічні вимоги до води питної, призначеної для споживання людиною» та Директиви 98/83/ЄС від 3 листопада 1998 р. щодо води, призначеної для споживання людиною. При проведенні досліджень використані методи: гігієнічного моніторингу, експертної оцінки та математичної статистики.Результати. Виявлено, що на досліджуваних водопровідних станціях, де очищають воду річки Дніпро, технології водоочищення відрізняються застосуванням різних споруд (2 види) і засипок для швидких фільтрів (7 видів), а також наявністю преамонізації, флокуляції, коагуляції, видом хлорвміщуючого реагенту (рідкий хлор або гіпохлорит натрію), маркою гідроксихлориду алюмінію. У питних водах виявлялися перевищення наступних 9-ти індикаторних санітарно-хімічних показників: каламутність, забарвленість, смак, перманганатна оксиснюваність (ПО), амоній, водневий показник, алюміній, залізо, марганець. Найпроблемнішим показником є ПО, кількість нестандартних проб питної води за його вмістом у питних водах КП «Дніпроводоканал» та КП «Водоканал» - 100 %, КП «Бердянськводоканал» - 19,4 %. Максимальне перевищення нормативу щодо ПО (5 мг/л) у порівнянні з іншими показниками було найбільшим (у 2 рази). Інші показники виявлялися періодично, у різних пробах питних вод та концентраціях, що не перевищували тимчасово встановлені максимальні значення нормативів (чинні до 01.01.2020 р.), або епізодично та несуттєво перевищували нормативи. Встановлено, що технології очищення питних вод, що застосовувалися на КП «Дніпроводоканал» (КНФС, ЛНФС), ефективніші щодо поліпшення ПО за технології на КП «Водоканал» (майже у 2 рази), та менш ефективні за ту, що передбачає послідовне очищення питної води на станціях КП «Облводоканал» та КП «Бердянськводоканал» (у 1,2 та 1,3 рази відповідно). Якість вихідної води на водопровідних станціях за вмістом органічних речовин у більшості відібраних проб відповідала 2-му та 3-му класу за ДСТУ 4808:2007. Результати проведених досліджень якості питних вод 6-ти водопровідних станцій свідчать також про наявність 7-ми проблемних показників (хлороформ, дибромхлорметан, хлор, нікель, селен, феноли та нафтопродукти), понаднормативний вміст 4-х з них свідчить про антропогенне забруднення води р. Дніпро. Згідно з вимогами європейського законодавства, враховуючи понаднормативний вміст у вихідній воді, можливо прийняти рішення щодо підняття нормативу для ПО у питній воді, виготовленій з дніпровської води, але за визначених науково обґрунтованих умов у кожному конкретному випадку. Імплементація європейського водного законодавства в Україні буде сприяти виходу з кризи у сфері питного водопостачання. Для цього ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10 «Гігієнічні вимоги до води питної, призначеної для споживання людиною» слід доповнити: поняттям «індикаторних» показників, показником (електрична провідність), а також орієнтовними максимальними значеннями нормативів, що відповідатимуть чинним до 01.01.2020 р. згідно з ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10. З урахуванням зазначеного на сьогодні розроблено нову редакцію ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10.Висновки.1. Підтверджено, що для очищення поверхневих вод на водопровідних станціях використовуються застарілі традиційні технології, які мають низьку ефективність очищення щодо ПО (близько 12 % ̶ 30 %) і не дозволяють доводити якість питної води до діючих гігієнічних вимог. Через недосконалі технології та понаднормативний вміст органічних речовин у понаднормативних кількостях у питних водах КП «Дніпроводоканал» безперервно знаходиться хлороформ (від 1,8ГДК до 4,7ГДК) та періодично дибромхлорметан (до 3 ГДК), КП «Водоканал» – хлор зв'язаний (до 1,1 ГДК).На більшості водопровідних станціях відсутній порядок проведення виробничого контролю якості питних вод, регламентований ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10.2. Виявлено, що на сьогодні якість водопровідної питної води, що виготовляється з води р. Дніпро, не відповідає гігієнічним вимогам за 9-тьма індикаторними показниками: каламутність, забарвленість, смак та присмак, ПО, амоній, водневий показник, залізо, алюміній, марганець. У порівнянні з іншими показниками ПО має найбільше максимальне перевищення нормативу (5 мг/л) (у 2 рази), кількість нестандартних проб за цим показником може сягати 100 %.3. На фоні понаднормативного вмісту органічних речовин у воді досліджуваних питних водозаборів р. Дніпро виявлено антропогенне забруднення такими речовинами як: нікель, селен, феноли та нафтопродукти. Нікель та селен постійно знаходяться у вихідній та питній воді КП «Бердянськводоканал», періодично у понаднормативних концентраціях та у воді КП «Водоканал» у концентраціях, що не перевищують гігієнічні нормативи (0,02 мг/л та 0,01 мг/л відповідно). Нафтопродукти періодично виявляються у вихідних та питних водах КП «Водоканал» та Кайдакської насосно-фільтрувальної станції у концентраціях, що не перевищують або епізодично перевищують гігієнічний норматив (≤ 0,1 мг/л). Феноли періодично виявляються у вихідних та питних водах КП «Водоканал» у понаднормативних концентраціях (> 0,001 мг/л).4. Встановлено, що згідно з вимогами законодавства у чинні ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10 слід вносити зміни щодо визначення індикаторних показників. Через наявність антропогенного забруднення вод у місцях питних водозаборів прийняття рішень щодо корегування нормативів для індикаторних (-ого) показників (-а) слід проводити після наукового обґрунтування, зокрема, на підставі результатів екологічного моніторингу водного об'єкту, аналізу чинників та наслідків понаднормативного вмісту у питній воді зазначених (-ого) показників (-ка), а також виявлення необхідних умов для попередження негативного впливу питної води на здоров'я споживачів. Визначені критерії оцінки, що слід брати до уваги під час проведення наукового обґрунтування. ; Цель. Провести гигиеническую оценку качества водопроводных питьевых вод, получаемых из воды реки Днепр, по санитарно-химическим показателям и усовершенствовать научно-методологические подходы их оценки по соответствующим индикаторными показателями с учетом требований европейского законодательства.Материалы и методы. Проанализированы материалы КП «Днепроводоканал», КП «Водоканал» (г. Запорожье), КП «Бердянскводоканал», КП «Облводоканал» относительно технологий водоочистки, качества исходных и водопроводных питьевых вод в течение 2015–2017 гг. Проанализированы требования нормативных документов - ДСанПіН 2.2. 4-171-10 «Гигиенические требования к воде питьевой, предназначенной для потребления человеком» и Директивы 98/83/ЕС от 3 ноября 1998 г. относительно воды, предназначенной для потребления человеком. При проведении исследований использованы методы: гигиенического мониторинга, экспертной оценки и математической статистики. Результаты.Выявлено, что на исследуемых водопроводных станциях, где очищается вода реки Днепр, технологии для осветления питьевых вод отличаются применением различных 2-х сооружений (контактные осветители или горизонтальные отстойники) и 7-ми видов засыпок для скорых фильтров, наличием преаммонизации, флокуляции, коагуляции, видом хлорсодержащего реагента (жидкий хлор или гипохлорит натрия), маркой гидроксихлорида алюминия. В питьевых водах выявлялось сверхнормативное содержание следующих 9-ти индикаторных санитарно-химических показателей: мутность, цветность, вкус, перманганатная окисляемость (ПО), аммоний, водородный показатель, алюминий, железо, марганец. Самым проблемным показателем является ПО, количество нестандартных проб питьевой воды относительно его содержания в питьевых водах КП «Днепроводоканал» и КП «Водоканал» - 100 %, КП «Бердянскводоканал» - 19,4 %. Максимальное превышение норматива по ПО (5 мг/л) по сравнению с другими показателями было наибольшим (в 2 раза). Другие показатели выявлялись периодически, в разных пробах питьевых вод и концентрациях, не превышающих временно установленные максимальне значения нормативов, или эпизодически и незначительно превышали нормативы. Установлено, что технологии очистки питьевых вод, применяющиеся на КП «Днепроводоканал» (КНФС, ЛНФС), эффективнее очищают воду от органических веществ относительно технологии на КП «Водоканал» (почти в 2 раза), и менее эффективно, чем та, которая предусматривает последовательную очистку питьевой воды на станциях КП «Облводоканал» и КП «Бердянскводоканал» (в 1,2 и 1,3 раза соответственно). Качество исходной воды на водопроводных станциях относительно содержания органических веществ в большинстве отобранных проб соответствовало 2-му и 3-му классу по ДСТУ 4808:2007. Результаты проведенных исследований качества питьевых вод 6-ти водопроводных станций свидетельствуют также о наличии 7-ми проблемных показателей (хлороформ, дибромхлорметан, хлор, никель, селен, фенолы и нефтепродукты), сверхнормативное содержание 4-х из них свидетельствует об антропогенном загрязнении воды р. Днепр в местах питьевых водозаборов. В соответствие с требованиями европейского законодательства, учитывая сверхнормативное содержание в исходной воде, возможно принять решение о поднятии норматива для ПО в питьевой воде, произведенной из днепровской, но при определенных научно обоснованных условиях в каждом конкретном случае. Имплементация европейского водного законодательства в Украине будет способствовать выходу из кризиса в сфере питьевого водоснабжения. Для этого ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10 «Гигиенические требования к воде питьевой, предназначенной для потребления человеком» следует дополнить: понятием «индикаторных» показателей, показателем (электрическая проводимость), а также ориентировочными максимальными значениями нормативов, которые будут соответствовать действующим до 01.01.2020 г. согласно с ГСанПиН 2.2.4-171-10. С учетом указанного сегодня разработана новая редакция ГСанПиН 2.2.4-171-10.Выводы.1. Подтверждено, что для очистки поверхностных вод на водопроводных станциях используются устаревшие традиционные технологии, имеющие низкую эффективность очистки относительно ПО (около 12 % ̶ 30 %) и не позволяющие доводить качество питьевой воды до действующих гигиенических требований. По причине несовершенных технологий и сверхнормативного содержания органических веществ находятся в сверхнормативных количествах в питьевых водах КП «Днепроводоканал» постоянно хлороформ (от 1,8ГДК к 4,7ГДК) и периодически дибромхлорметан (до 3 ПДК), КП «Водоканал» - хлор связанный (до 1,1 ПДК). На большинстве водопроводных станций отсутствует порядок проведения производственного контроля качества питьевых вод, регламентированный ГСанПиН 2.2.4-171-10.2. Выявлено, что на сегодняшний день качество водопроводной питьевой воды, производимой из воды р. Днепр, не соответствует гигиеническим требованиям по 9-ти индикаторным показателям: мутность, цветность, вкус и привкус, ПО, аммоний, водородный показатель, железо, алюминий, марганец. По сравнению с другими показателями ПО имеет большее максимальное превышение норматива (5 мг/л) (в 2 раза), количество нестандартных проб по этому показателю может достигать 100 %.3. На фоне сверхнормативного содержания органических веществ в воде питьевых водозаборов р. Днепр выявлено антропогенное загрязнение такими веществами как: никель, селен, фенолы и нефтепродукты. Никель и селен постоянно оказываются в исходной и питьевой воде КП «Бердянскводоканал», периодически в сверхнормативных концентрациях и в воде КП «Водоканал» в концентрациях, не превышающих гигиенические нормативы (0,02 мг/л и 0,01 мг/л соответственно). Нефтепродукты периодически выявляются в исходных и питьевых водах КП «Водоканал» и Кайдакской насосно-фильтровальной станции в концентрациях, не превышающих или эпизодически превышающих гигиенический норматив (≤ 0,1 мг / л). Фенолы периодически выявляются в исходных и питьевых водах КП «Водоканал» в сверхнормативных концентрациях (> 0,001 мг/л).4. Установлено, что в соответствии с требованиями законодательства в действующие ГСанПиН 2.2.4-171-10 следует вносить изменения относительно определения индикаторных показателей. Из-за наличия антропогенного загрязнения вод в местах питьевых водозаборов принятия решений по корректировке нормативов для индикаторных (-ого) показателей (-я) следует проводить после научного обоснования, в частности, на основании результатов экологического мониторинга водного объекта, анализа факторов и последствий сверхнормативного содержания в воде указанных (-ого) показателей (-я), а также выявление необходимых условий для предупреждения негативного влияния питьевой воды на здоровье потребителей. Определены критерии оценки, которые следует принимать во внимание при проведении научного обоснования ; Aim. The aim of the study was to carry out a hygienic assessment of the quality of tap water produced from the Dnipro River water in relation to the content of sanitary-chemical indicators and to improve the scientific and methodological approaches to their evaluation, according to the relevant indicators, taking into account the requirements of European legislation.Materials and methods. The materials of the Communal Enterprise «Dniprovodokanal»,Communal Enterprise «Vodokanal» (Zaporizhzhya), Communal Enterprise «Berdyanskvodokanal», the Communal Enterprise «Oblvodokanal» regarding the technologies of water purification, the quality of the outgoing and plumbing drinking water for 2015-2017 were analyzed. The requirements of the normative documents - ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10 "Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption" and Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. While conducting the research were used following methods: hygienic monitoring, expert evaluation and mathematical statistics.Results. It was found out that at the investigated water supply stations that clean the river Dnipro water, technologies of water treatment had a different type of facilities for coagulation and clarification, presence or absence of preamonization, flocculation, coagulation, type of chlorinated reagent (liquid chlorine or sodium hypochloritе), trademark of aluminum hydroxychloride. The exceedances of nine indicator sanitary-chemical parameters: turbidity, color, taste, permanganate demand, ammonium, hydrogen indicator, aluminum, iron, manganese — were found in potable tap water. It was discovered that the most problematic parameter is the permanganate demand (PD), the number of samples of potable water which didn't meet the standard for the content of this parameter in potable water of UC «Dniprovodokanal» and UC «Vodokanal» — 100 %, UC «Berdyanskvodokanal» —19,4 %. Maximum exceedance of standard for the PD (5mg/l) in comparison with other parameters was the highest (by two times). Other parameters were determined in different samples of potable water periodically in concentrations which didn't exceed the temporarily established hygienic standards, or episodically and slightly exceeded the standard. It was determined that treatment technologies for potable water, which were used on UC «Dniprovodokanal» (KPFS, DPFS), are more efficient for the increase of PD than technologies on UC «Vodokanal» (almost two times) and less efficient than technology, which allows for consistent potable water treatment on the stations of UC «Oblvodokanal» and UC «Berdyanskvodokanal» (by 1,2 and 1,3 times respectively). The quality of source water at the waterworks stations as to the content of water samples met the 2nd and 3d class of quality according to the DSTU 4808:2007. The results of researches on the quality of drinking water of 6 water supply stations also indicate the presence of 7 problem indicators (chloroform, dibromochloromethane, chlorine, nickel, selenium, phenols and petroleum products), the excess content of 4 of them testifies to anthropogenic pollution of water p. Dnepr. It was determined that according to the requirements of European legislation it is possible to decide to increase of standard of PD for water from Dnipro River, but only for determined and scientifically substantiated conditions in each particular case. For the crisis resolution in the sphere of potable water supply according to the requirements of European legislation DSanPin 2.2.4-171-10, the following should be added: the concept of "indicator" parameters, new parameter (electrical conductivity), and also indicative maximum permitted standards, which will meet the current regulations to 01.01.2020 in accordance with DSanPin 2.2.4-171-10. Today a new version of DSanPin 2.2.4-171-10 was developed, where the above-mentioned is described.Conclusions.1. It was proved, that for cleaning surface waters at water supplying stations there are used stale traditional technologies, so potable waters may continuously contain chloroform (in concentrations 1,8 MPC - 4,7 MPC), periodically dibromchlormethane ( to 3 MPC) and bound chlorine (to 1,1 MPC).2. It was determined, that nowadays potable water quality, which is produced from the water of Dnipro river, doesn't meet the requirements according to 9 indicator parameters: turbidity, color, taste, and flavor, PD, ammonium, hydrogen ion exponent, iron, aluminum, manganese. When comparing with the other parameters, PD has the biggest maximum excess of the standard (5mg/l) (twice), the quantity of the non-standard samples for this parameter can be up to 100%.3. On the background of excess content of organic substances in the water of studied potable water intakes of r. Dnipro, there was found the anthropogenic pollution by such substances as: nickel, selenium, phenol and oil products. These substances are constantly or periodically revealed in water pipe drinking waters, including in concentrations, exceeding MPC.4. It was determined that according to the legislation requirements in acting DsanPiN 2.2.4-171-10 there is a need of making changes for the determination of indicator parameters. The principles and assessment criteria, which are needed to be taken into account by competent bodies if necessary to correct normative by indicator parameters, were determined

Мета. Провести гігієнічну оцінку якості водопровідних питних вод, що виготовляються з води річки Дніпро, щодо рівнів вмісту санітарно-хімічних показників та удосконалити науково-методологічні підходи до їх оцінки за відповідними індикаторними показниками з урахуванням вимог європейського законодавства.Матеріали та методи. Проаналізовано матеріали КП «Дніпроводоканал», КП «Водоканал» (м. Запоріжжя), КП «Бердянськводоканал», КП «Облводоканал» щодо технологій водоочищення, якості вихідних та водопровідних питних вод за 2015–2017 рр. Проаналізовано вимоги нормативних документів – ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10 «Гігієнічні вимоги до води питної, призначеної для споживання людиною» та Директиви 98/83/ЄС від 3 листопада 1998 р. щодо води, призначеної для споживання людиною. При проведенні досліджень використані методи: гігієнічного моніторингу, експертної оцінки та математичної статистики.Результати. Виявлено, що на досліджуваних водопровідних станціях, де очищають воду річки Дніпро, технології водоочищення відрізняються застосуванням різних споруд (2 види) і засипок для швидких фільтрів (7 видів), а також наявністю преамонізації, флокуляції, коагуляції, видом хлорвміщуючого реагенту (рідкий хлор або гіпохлорит натрію), маркою гідроксихлориду алюмінію. У питних водах виявлялися перевищення наступних 9-ти індикаторних санітарно-хімічних показників: каламутність, забарвленість, смак, перманганатна оксиснюваність (ПО), амоній, водневий показник, алюміній, залізо, марганець. Найпроблемнішим показником є ПО, кількість нестандартних проб питної води за його вмістом у питних водах КП «Дніпроводоканал» та КП «Водоканал» - 100 %, КП «Бердянськводоканал» - 19,4 %. Максимальне перевищення нормативу щодо ПО (5 мг/л) у порівнянні з іншими показниками було найбільшим (у 2 рази). Інші показники виявлялися періодично, у різних пробах питних вод та концентраціях, що не перевищували тимчасово встановлені максимальні значення нормативів (чинні до 01.01.2020 р.), або епізодично та несуттєво перевищували нормативи. Встановлено, що технології очищення питних вод, що застосовувалися на КП «Дніпроводоканал» (КНФС, ЛНФС), ефективніші щодо поліпшення ПО за технології на КП «Водоканал» (майже у 2 рази), та менш ефективні за ту, що передбачає послідовне очищення питної води на станціях КП «Облводоканал» та КП «Бердянськводоканал» (у 1,2 та 1,3 рази відповідно). Якість вихідної води на водопровідних станціях за вмістом органічних речовин у більшості відібраних проб відповідала 2-му та 3-му класу за ДСТУ 4808:2007. Результати проведених досліджень якості питних вод 6-ти водопровідних станцій свідчать також про наявність 7-ми проблемних показників (хлороформ, дибромхлорметан, хлор, нікель, селен, феноли та нафтопродукти), понаднормативний вміст 4-х з них свідчить про антропогенне забруднення води р. Дніпро. Згідно з вимогами європейського законодавства, враховуючи понаднормативний вміст у вихідній воді, можливо прийняти рішення щодо підняття нормативу для ПО у питній воді, виготовленій з дніпровської води, але за визначених науково обґрунтованих умов у кожному конкретному випадку. Імплементація європейського водного законодавства в Україні буде сприяти виходу з кризи у сфері питного водопостачання. Для цього ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10 «Гігієнічні вимоги до води питної, призначеної для споживання людиною» слід доповнити: поняттям «індикаторних» показників, показником (електрична провідність), а також орієнтовними максимальними значеннями нормативів, що відповідатимуть чинним до 01.01.2020 р. згідно з ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10. З урахуванням зазначеного на сьогодні розроблено нову редакцію ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10.Висновки.1. Підтверджено, що для очищення поверхневих вод на водопровідних станціях використовуються застарілі традиційні технології, які мають низьку ефективність очищення щодо ПО (близько 12 % ̶ 30 %) і не дозволяють доводити якість питної води до діючих гігієнічних вимог. Через недосконалі технології та понаднормативний вміст органічних речовин у понаднормативних кількостях у питних водах КП «Дніпроводоканал» безперервно знаходиться хлороформ (від 1,8ГДК до 4,7ГДК) та періодично дибромхлорметан (до 3 ГДК), КП «Водоканал» – хлор зв'язаний (до 1,1 ГДК).На більшості водопровідних станціях відсутній порядок проведення виробничого контролю якості питних вод, регламентований ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10.2. Виявлено, що на сьогодні якість водопровідної питної води, що виготовляється з води р. Дніпро, не відповідає гігієнічним вимогам за 9-тьма індикаторними показниками: каламутність, забарвленість, смак та присмак, ПО, амоній, водневий показник, залізо, алюміній, марганець. У порівнянні з іншими показниками ПО має найбільше максимальне перевищення нормативу (5 мг/л) (у 2 рази), кількість нестандартних проб за цим показником може сягати 100 %.3. На фоні понаднормативного вмісту органічних речовин у воді досліджуваних питних водозаборів р. Дніпро виявлено антропогенне забруднення такими речовинами як: нікель, селен, феноли та нафтопродукти. Нікель та селен постійно знаходяться у вихідній та питній воді КП «Бердянськводоканал», періодично у понаднормативних концентраціях та у воді КП «Водоканал» у концентраціях, що не перевищують гігієнічні нормативи (0,02 мг/л та 0,01 мг/л відповідно). Нафтопродукти періодично виявляються у вихідних та питних водах КП «Водоканал» та Кайдакської насосно-фільтрувальної станції у концентраціях, що не перевищують або епізодично перевищують гігієнічний норматив (≤ 0,1 мг/л). Феноли періодично виявляються у вихідних та питних водах КП «Водоканал» у понаднормативних концентраціях (> 0,001 мг/л).4. Встановлено, що згідно з вимогами законодавства у чинні ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10 слід вносити зміни щодо визначення індикаторних показників. Через наявність антропогенного забруднення вод у місцях питних водозаборів прийняття рішень щодо корегування нормативів для індикаторних (-ого) показників (-а) слід проводити після наукового обґрунтування, зокрема, на підставі результатів екологічного моніторингу водного об'єкту, аналізу чинників та наслідків понаднормативного вмісту у питній воді зазначених (-ого) показників (-ка), а також виявлення необхідних умов для попередження негативного впливу питної води на здоров'я споживачів. Визначені критерії оцінки, що слід брати до уваги під час проведення наукового обґрунтування. ; Цель. Провести гигиеническую оценку качества водопроводных питьевых вод, получаемых из воды реки Днепр, по санитарно-химическим показателям и усовершенствовать научно-методологические подходы их оценки по соответствующим индикаторными показателями с учетом требований европейского законодательства.Материалы и методы. Проанализированы материалы КП «Днепроводоканал», КП «Водоканал» (г. Запорожье), КП «Бердянскводоканал», КП «Облводоканал» относительно технологий водоочистки, качества исходных и водопроводных питьевых вод в течение 2015–2017 гг. Проанализированы требования нормативных документов - ДСанПіН 2.2. 4-171-10 «Гигиенические требования к воде питьевой, предназначенной для потребления человеком» и Директивы 98/83/ЕС от 3 ноября 1998 г. относительно воды, предназначенной для потребления человеком. При проведении исследований использованы методы: гигиенического мониторинга, экспертной оценки и математической статистики. Результаты.Выявлено, что на исследуемых водопроводных станциях, где очищается вода реки Днепр, технологии для осветления питьевых вод отличаются применением различных 2-х сооружений (контактные осветители или горизонтальные отстойники) и 7-ми видов засыпок для скорых фильтров, наличием преаммонизации, флокуляции, коагуляции, видом хлорсодержащего реагента (жидкий хлор или гипохлорит натрия), маркой гидроксихлорида алюминия. В питьевых водах выявлялось сверхнормативное содержание следующих 9-ти индикаторных санитарно-химических показателей: мутность, цветность, вкус, перманганатная окисляемость (ПО), аммоний, водородный показатель, алюминий, железо, марганец. Самым проблемным показателем является ПО, количество нестандартных проб питьевой воды относительно его содержания в питьевых водах КП «Днепроводоканал» и КП «Водоканал» - 100 %, КП «Бердянскводоканал» - 19,4 %. Максимальное превышение норматива по ПО (5 мг/л) по сравнению с другими показателями было наибольшим (в 2 раза). Другие показатели выявлялись периодически, в разных пробах питьевых вод и концентрациях, не превышающих временно установленные максимальне значения нормативов, или эпизодически и незначительно превышали нормативы. Установлено, что технологии очистки питьевых вод, применяющиеся на КП «Днепроводоканал» (КНФС, ЛНФС), эффективнее очищают воду от органических веществ относительно технологии на КП «Водоканал» (почти в 2 раза), и менее эффективно, чем та, которая предусматривает последовательную очистку питьевой воды на станциях КП «Облводоканал» и КП «Бердянскводоканал» (в 1,2 и 1,3 раза соответственно). Качество исходной воды на водопроводных станциях относительно содержания органических веществ в большинстве отобранных проб соответствовало 2-му и 3-му классу по ДСТУ 4808:2007. Результаты проведенных исследований качества питьевых вод 6-ти водопроводных станций свидетельствуют также о наличии 7-ми проблемных показателей (хлороформ, дибромхлорметан, хлор, никель, селен, фенолы и нефтепродукты), сверхнормативное содержание 4-х из них свидетельствует об антропогенном загрязнении воды р. Днепр в местах питьевых водозаборов. В соответствие с требованиями европейского законодательства, учитывая сверхнормативное содержание в исходной воде, возможно принять решение о поднятии норматива для ПО в питьевой воде, произведенной из днепровской, но при определенных научно обоснованных условиях в каждом конкретном случае. Имплементация европейского водного законодательства в Украине будет способствовать выходу из кризиса в сфере питьевого водоснабжения. Для этого ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10 «Гигиенические требования к воде питьевой, предназначенной для потребления человеком» следует дополнить: понятием «индикаторных» показателей, показателем (электрическая проводимость), а также ориентировочными максимальными значениями нормативов, которые будут соответствовать действующим до 01.01.2020 г. согласно с ГСанПиН 2.2.4-171-10. С учетом указанного сегодня разработана новая редакция ГСанПиН 2.2.4-171-10.Выводы.1. Подтверждено, что для очистки поверхностных вод на водопроводных станциях используются устаревшие традиционные технологии, имеющие низкую эффективность очистки относительно ПО (около 12 % ̶ 30 %) и не позволяющие доводить качество питьевой воды до действующих гигиенических требований. По причине несовершенных технологий и сверхнормативного содержания органических веществ находятся в сверхнормативных количествах в питьевых водах КП «Днепроводоканал» постоянно хлороформ (от 1,8ГДК к 4,7ГДК) и периодически дибромхлорметан (до 3 ПДК), КП «Водоканал» - хлор связанный (до 1,1 ПДК). На большинстве водопроводных станций отсутствует порядок проведения производственного контроля качества питьевых вод, регламентированный ГСанПиН 2.2.4-171-10.2. Выявлено, что на сегодняшний день качество водопроводной питьевой воды, производимой из воды р. Днепр, не соответствует гигиеническим требованиям по 9-ти индикаторным показателям: мутность, цветность, вкус и привкус, ПО, аммоний, водородный показатель, железо, алюминий, марганец. По сравнению с другими показателями ПО имеет большее максимальное превышение норматива (5 мг/л) (в 2 раза), количество нестандартных проб по этому показателю может достигать 100 %.3. На фоне сверхнормативного содержания органических веществ в воде питьевых водозаборов р. Днепр выявлено антропогенное загрязнение такими веществами как: никель, селен, фенолы и нефтепродукты. Никель и селен постоянно оказываются в исходной и питьевой воде КП «Бердянскводоканал», периодически в сверхнормативных концентрациях и в воде КП «Водоканал» в концентрациях, не превышающих гигиенические нормативы (0,02 мг/л и 0,01 мг/л соответственно). Нефтепродукты периодически выявляются в исходных и питьевых водах КП «Водоканал» и Кайдакской насосно-фильтровальной станции в концентрациях, не превышающих или эпизодически превышающих гигиенический норматив (≤ 0,1 мг / л). Фенолы периодически выявляются в исходных и питьевых водах КП «Водоканал» в сверхнормативных концентрациях (> 0,001 мг/л).4. Установлено, что в соответствии с требованиями законодательства в действующие ГСанПиН 2.2.4-171-10 следует вносить изменения относительно определения индикаторных показателей. Из-за наличия антропогенного загрязнения вод в местах питьевых водозаборов принятия решений по корректировке нормативов для индикаторных (-ого) показателей (-я) следует проводить после научного обоснования, в частности, на основании результатов экологического мониторинга водного объекта, анализа факторов и последствий сверхнормативного содержания в воде указанных (-ого) показателей (-я), а также выявление необходимых условий для предупреждения негативного влияния питьевой воды на здоровье потребителей. Определены критерии оценки, которые следует принимать во внимание при проведении научного обоснования ; Aim. The aim of the study was to carry out a hygienic assessment of the quality of tap water produced from the Dnipro River water in relation to the content of sanitary-chemical indicators and to improve the scientific and methodological approaches to their evaluation, according to the relevant indicators, taking into account the requirements of European legislation.Materials and methods. The materials of the Communal Enterprise «Dniprovodokanal»,Communal Enterprise «Vodokanal» (Zaporizhzhya), Communal Enterprise «Berdyanskvodokanal», the Communal Enterprise «Oblvodokanal» regarding the technologies of water purification, the quality of the outgoing and plumbing drinking water for 2015-2017 were analyzed. The requirements of the normative documents - ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10 "Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption" and Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. While conducting the research were used following methods: hygienic monitoring, expert evaluation and mathematical statistics.Results. It was found out that at the investigated water supply stations that clean the river Dnipro water, technologies of water treatment had a different type of facilities for coagulation and clarification, presence or absence of preamonization, flocculation, coagulation, type of chlorinated reagent (liquid chlorine or sodium hypochloritе), trademark of aluminum hydroxychloride. The exceedances of nine indicator sanitary-chemical parameters: turbidity, color, taste, permanganate demand, ammonium, hydrogen indicator, aluminum, iron, manganese — were found in potable tap water. It was discovered that the most problematic parameter is the permanganate demand (PD), the number of samples of potable water which didn't meet the standard for the content of this parameter in potable water of UC «Dniprovodokanal» and UC «Vodokanal» — 100 %, UC «Berdyanskvodokanal» —19,4 %. Maximum exceedance of standard for the PD (5mg/l) in comparison with other parameters was the highest (by two times). Other parameters were determined in different samples of potable water periodically in concentrations which didn't exceed the temporarily established hygienic standards, or episodically and slightly exceeded the standard. It was determined that treatment technologies for potable water, which were used on UC «Dniprovodokanal» (KPFS, DPFS), are more efficient for the increase of PD than technologies on UC «Vodokanal» (almost two times) and less efficient than technology, which allows for consistent potable water treatment on the stations of UC «Oblvodokanal» and UC «Berdyanskvodokanal» (by 1,2 and 1,3 times respectively). The quality of source water at the waterworks stations as to the content of water samples met the 2nd and 3d class of quality according to the DSTU 4808:2007. The results of researches on the quality of drinking water of 6 water supply stations also indicate the presence of 7 problem indicators (chloroform, dibromochloromethane, chlorine, nickel, selenium, phenols and petroleum products), the excess content of 4 of them testifies to anthropogenic pollution of water p. Dnepr. It was determined that according to the requirements of European legislation it is possible to decide to increase of standard of PD for water from Dnipro River, but only for determined and scientifically substantiated conditions in each particular case. For the crisis resolution in the sphere of potable water supply according to the requirements of European legislation DSanPin 2.2.4-171-10, the following should be added: the concept of "indicator" parameters, new parameter (electrical conductivity), and also indicative maximum permitted standards, which will meet the current regulations to 01.01.2020 in accordance with DSanPin 2.2.4-171-10. Today a new version of DSanPin 2.2.4-171-10 was developed, where the above-mentioned is described.Conclusions.1. It was proved, that for cleaning surface waters at water supplying stations there are used stale traditional technologies, so potable waters may continuously contain chloroform (in concentrations 1,8 MPC - 4,7 MPC), periodically dibromchlormethane ( to 3 MPC) and bound chlorine (to 1,1 MPC).2. It was determined, that nowadays potable water quality, which is produced from the water of Dnipro river, doesn't meet the requirements according to 9 indicator parameters: turbidity, color, taste, and flavor, PD, ammonium, hydrogen ion exponent, iron, aluminum, manganese. When comparing with the other parameters, PD has the biggest maximum excess of the standard (5mg/l) (twice), the quantity of the non-standard samples for this parameter can be up to 100%.3. On the background of excess content of organic substances in the water of studied potable water intakes of r. Dnipro, there was found the anthropogenic pollution by such substances as: nickel, selenium, phenol and oil products. These substances are constantly or periodically revealed in water pipe drinking waters, including in concentrations, exceeding MPC.4. It was determined that according to the legislation requirements in acting DsanPiN 2.2.4-171-10 there is a need of making changes for the determination of indicator parameters. The principles and assessment criteria, which are needed to be taken into account by competent bodies if necessary to correct normative by indicator parameters, were determined

The article analyses the state of the most popular and least popular professions and specialties in Ukraine. It's found that there are no specialties in the field of land management among them. It is also noted that at the legislative level the specialties "Land Management and Cadastre" and "Evaluation of land and real estate" were replaced by the specialty "Geodesy and land management", which belongs to the field of knowledge "Architecture and construction" (technical sciences). It is substantiated that the profession of land manager should relate to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioural sciences". It's based on the provisions of the Law "On Land Management" and the study of world experience of the essence of the concepts of land management and land management planning (both have technical, socio-economic, legal and environmental focus).It is proved that the profession of land manager needs to be reprofiled. In this regard, there is a need to identify new specialties and specializations and add them into the state classifier DK 003: 2010. It's important to expand the training of specialists within: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" specializations "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar"; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of landuse", 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use". It is proposed to add them to the classifier.Keywords. Profession "land manager", labour market, perspective specialties and specializations in land management, new qualifications. Formulation of the problem. The development of society at all times was associated with the arrangement of lands, which today remains the main means for the existence of mankind and a source of social wealth. The need to establish the limits disturb landowners from ancient times. This function is performed by land surveyors. When the first representatives of this profession appeared, it is certainly not known. But the land surveyor is now a profession demanded both in the village and in the city. In our country, the profession of land surveyor always respects honour because it is devoted to the invaluable treasures of Ukraine - land, which has always attached special significance.According to the research conducted in Ukraine, soon, the 10 most demanded professions include: programmers (C++, Java), food industry technologists, construction engineers, architects, designers of offices and interiors, personnel managers, recruiters, energy engineers, journalists, technologists of light industry products, financiers (specialization "banking") [1]. In addition, prospective include: hotel business managers, accountants, auditors, lawyers, marketers.According to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, according to the results of the 2017 admission, the most popular specialties among the entrants for the Bachelor in Ukraine were Philology, Law, and Management. 85 thousand, 74 thousand and 59 thousand applications have been filed for the stated above specialties respectively. In addition, among the leaders are "Medicine", "Computer Science", "Tourism", "Secondary Education", "Psychology", "Economics". These specialties were desirable to enter by 40 to 46 thousand of entrants. The last step in the TOP-10 was "Software Engineering" with the result of 33 thousand applications (Fig. 1) [9]. Despite the stated above facts, it has been revealed that such specialties as "Law", "Management", "Tourism" and "Economics" remain among the most popular among entrants even though they are not in demand in the labour market. At the same time, the high levels in the ranking are occupied by important for the economy specialties, such as "Computer Science" and "Software Engineering". The least popular specialties are (fig. 2) "Theology" (185 applications excluding spiritual higher educational institutions) and "Hydropower" (193 applications for entry).However, specialties for the preparation of a specialist in land management are absent among the most and least popular. Therefore, with a caution we have to perceive the situation.The list of required occupations in the labour market is changing. Focus magazine has ranked the professions that will be promising in 5-10 years [10]. Before allocating the most promising specialties, the publication together with experts identified the areas of the economy that will actively develop in the near future. So, at first there was a list of 40 spheres of the economy, which, according to Focus, will successfully develop in the next 5-10 years. Experts evaluated the prospects for the development of these industries on a 10-point scale, giving each sector a mark from 1 to 10 points. At the same time, each expert could add to the list the industry that was not among the 40 listed, but whose potential he considers rather large.According to the obtained data, the rating of 15 most promising industries has been designed, and include: information technologies, telecommunications and communications, agriculture, pharmaceutical production and pharmacy business, banking, frying and processing industry, transport services, financial services, legal services, household services, metallurgy, alcohol production, energy, livestock, utilities.So, the 20 most promising professions of the next decade will be the following: the seller, the IT specialist, the automation engineer, the marketer, the municipal services engineer, the aeroengineer, the technologist in the production and processing of food products, the technologist of consumer services, logistics, the lawyer (economic and land law), power engineer veterinarian, pharmacologist, financier, communication engineer, practical psychologist, geneticist, biochemist, robotic technician, nanoengineer.In addition, agrarian countries are actively developing organic and farm farming. This will require the involvement of a large number of employees who are able to work on the ground - and thus, forms a serious niche. In general, the labour market trends in the coming years can be reduced to nine main directions [5]: engineers, IT specialists, nanotechnology specialists, marketers, service providers, logistics, environmentalists, chemists, and physicians.The Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated December 30, 2015, No. 1187, approved new Licensing conditions for the conduct of educational activities [7] concerning the further conduct of educational and scientific work in educational institutions. By the order of the Ministry of Education and Science dated November 6, 2015, No. 1151 "On the peculiarities of the introduction of the list of branches of knowledge and specialties [6], which are the training of applicants for higher education, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine from April 29, 2015, No. 266" [8] approved Table of correspondence List of directions for training of specialists in higher educational establishments for the educational-qualifying level of bachelor (List 1), List of specialties, which was carried out training of specialists in higher education institutions for educational and qualification levels of a specialist and a master's degree (List 2).In the stated above Resolution, it is defined that instead of the specialties "Land Management and Cadastre" and "Land and Real Estate Valuation" – the specialty "Geodesy and Land Management" is established. The latter belongs to the field of knowledge "Architecture and Construction", which belongs to the technical sciences.At the same time, the Law of Ukraine "On Land Management" stipulates that land management is a set of socio-economic and environmental measures aimed at regulating land relations and rational organization of the territory of administrative-territorial units, economic entities carried out under the influence of social and productive relations and development of productive forces [2]. The same law (Article 1) stipulates that activities in the field of land management are the scientific, technical, production and management activities of state authorities, local governments, legal entities and individuals, which is carried out under land management. Land-use documentation (land management documentation) is the text and graphic materials approved in accordance with the established procedure, which regulate the use and protection of lands of state, communal and private property, as well as survey and land survey materials, author's supervision of project implementation, etc. Measures on land management – provided by documentation on land management on the rational use and protection of land, the formation and organization of the territory of the object of land management, taking into account their purpose, restrictions on the use and restrictions (encumbrances) on the rights of other persons (land servitudes), preservation and increase of fertility soils.This is evidence that the profession of land surveyor is more likely to belong to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioural sciences" than to "Architecture and construction". Architecture (Greek αρχιτεκτονικη - construction) is both a science and the art of designing buildings, as well as a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for the lives and activities of people in accordance with the laws of beauty. Land management, as stated in the Law of Ukraine "On Land Management" – a set of socio-economic and environmental measures aimed at regulating land relations and rational organization of the territory of administrative-territorial entities and economic entities on the ground.As the research of A.M. Tretiak and V.M. Tretiak shows, the concept and essence of land management has both a technical direction and socio-economic, legal and environmental.Land managers have worked and work in the structural subdivisions of the State Committee for Land Resources of Ukraine, the State Land Agency of Ukraine and the State Audit Office of Ukraine, state authorities and local self-government bodies, and ministries (where there are departments of land resources); in public and private design and valuation companies, real estate firms, agroholdings, agricultural enterprises; territorial communities, scientific institutions, institutions of legal direction. civic organizations.The land manager learns not only his professional knowledge, but also legal and natural sciences. For a profession it is necessary to have mathematical abilities, engineering approach, spatial imagination, ability to understand the legislation. The profession is extremely interesting and creative, which requires the ability to make informed decisions, communicate with people, requires care, clarity and responsibility. To become a successful specialist in this field, you need to be persistent, self-confident, active, have a well-developed intuition and logical thinking.According to the classification of professions, the professional activity of the land manager relates to professions such as "human-nature". To date, the land manager must have a higher education in the field of "Architecture and Construction" from the specialty "Geodesy and Land Management", according to the educational qualification level: a junior specialist, a bachelor's or a master's degree.Currently, land managers use modern equipment in their work: electronic instruments; new technologies of geographic information systems. Significant problems arise when making managerial decisions due to the imperfection of the regulatory framework - when three different land managers can have three different views on the same issue. At the same time, for professionals it is extremely important to come to a joint decision. But how can the problems of legislation be explained to an ordinary peasant? It's a shame when you can not help a person in solving his question, and even more - when you do not know how to explain the impossibility of solving a particular problem. The disadvantage of the profession is also that there is little free time for personal life, family and wage mismatch in modern times. The advantages include: work is interesting, lots of communication, new knowledge in land law, and more.At the same time, we consider it necessary to stay on the proposals of A. Martyn outlined in the scientific paper "Directions of adaptation of the content of land management education to the needs of the national and world economy" [3], where he publishes "bad news" for land management education – whether we are ready for them? He states: "Most of our graduates will not develop landuse documentation at all; the number of jobs in the industry is quite limited; the overwhelming part of the "modern" Ukrainian land management is a terrible mix of fairly archaic rules, a crazy bureaucracy and meaningless rituals, in order to master the development of primitive land management documentation, it takes 2-3 weeks of practical training, but not 5 years at the university, and a significant part of cadastral registrar are lawyers.Some of these reservations agreeable. Therefore, his thoughts emphasize once again the need for serious changes in the training of land management specialists.Thus, all of the above stipulates the need for changes in the classification of occupations DK 003: 2010 and the definition of new specialties and specialization training of land management specialists.In our opinion, it is expedient to extend the training of specialists in land surveying in the following areas: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" of the specializations "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar"; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of land use"; 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use".At the same time, we consider it expedient to add the following qualifications to the classifier of professions DK 003: 2010: in section 8 "Main specialists – heads of scientific research units and subdivisions on scientific and technical preparation of production and other managers" – Chief land surveyor; in section 14 "Managers of enterprises, institutions, organizations and their subdivisions" – Manager of land management, Manager in the field of operations with land, Manager in the field of research in the land market; in section 25 "Agronomists, hydraulic engineering, forest managers and professionals of related professions" – Land manager; in section 33 "Assistant veterinarians, junior specialists in agronomy, forestry, water management and nature conservation" – Land Resources Inspector; in section 34 "Other technical specialists in the field of management" – State Inspector for the use and protection of land; in section 249 "Professionals not included in other classification groups". Land manager-ecologist, Land manager-designer.Conclusions.Summing up, we note that the assignment of the specialty "Geodesy and land management" to the field of knowledge "Architecture and Construction" (engineering science) does not comply with the provisions of the Law "On Land Management", the study of world experience of the essence of the concepts of land management, which determined that they are inherent in technical, as well as socio-economic, legal and environmental trends. In this connection it is proved that the profession of land manager belongs to the field of knowledge of "Social and behavioral sciences".In view of this, the need for re-engineering the directions of land management training is urgent. Therefore, we must work ahead and make changes to the classification of professions DK 003: 2010 regarding the definition of new specialties and specialization training of specialists in land management. We consider it expedient to expand the training of specialists within: 1) specialty 193 "Geodesy and land management" of the specialties "Land Management and Land Use Administration" and "Cadastral Registrar"; 2) specialty 101 "Ecology" specialization "Land management and ecologization of land use"; 3) specialty 051 "Economics" specialization "Economics of land management and land use" (qualification "Land Management Manager"). It is proposed to make changes to the list of qualifications. ; У пропонованій статті проаналізовано стан найзатребуваніших і найменш популярних професій, спеціальностей в Україні та виявлено, що спеціальності для підготовки фахівців землевпорядного профілю серед них відсутні. Також відзначено, що на законодавчому рівні спеціальності «Землеустрій та кадастр», «Оцінка землі та нерухомого майна» з підготовки зазначених фахівців замінено на спеціальність «Геодезія та землеустрій», яку віднесено до галузі знань «Архітектура та будівництво» (технічні науки). Обґрунтовано, що професія землевпорядника має відноситись до галузі знань «Соціальних та поведінкових наук», підставою чого слугували положення ЗУ «Про землеустрій» та дослідження світового досвіду сутності понять землеустрою і землевпорядкування (мають як технічне, так і соціально-економічне, правове й екологічне спрямування). Доведено, що професія землевпорядника потребує перепрофілювання. У цьому зв'язку існує необхідність у визначенні нових спеціальностей і спеціалізацій та внесенні їх до класифікатора професій ДК 003:2010. Вказано на доцільність розширення підготовки фахівців в межах: 1) спеціальності 193 «Геодезія та землеустрій» спеціалізацій «Землеустрій та адміністрування землекористування» і «Кадастровий реєстратор»; 2) спеціальності 101 «Екологія» спеціалізації «Землевпорядкування та екологізація землекористування», 3) спеціальності 051 «Економіка» спеціалізації «Економіка землевпорядкування та землекористування». Запропоновано внести до класифікатора й перелік нових кваліфікацій.Ключові слова. Професія «землевпорядник», ринок праці, перспективні спеціальності та спеціалізації у сфері землевпорядкування,нові кваліфікації.