Suchergebnisse

Differential labour market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This paper contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (Ordinary Least Squares, Heckman correction, 2SLS and household fixed effects) in order to consistently estimate economic returns to education. Earnings function estimates reveal a sizeable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labour market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households.

The travel industry is the main monetary movement of every country, and it is one of the quickest developing businesses in the world. The travel industry depends on ecological, regular, and social assets. The travel industry and natural assets should be visible as cut out of the same cloth. In financial matters, the interest for the travel industry relies on harmony and success, safety and security, liberated from ethnic emergency and psychological oppression, political and monetary dependability, wealth in customs, culture, and custom, history and antiquarianism, landmarks and mountains, slope stations and legacy, transport and correspondence organization, morals and religion, displacement and movement strategy, worth of money and cultural worth, or more all aides and data. The stockpile of the travel industry relies on regular, biological, and ecological assets win in a country. For example, the expanding request (improvement) of the travel industry yields both positive effects based on the economy in conditions of procuring forex, advancing business in the travel industry zones, trading social qualities, reinforcing political and monetary relations, and bringing multiplier consequences for the economy and adverse consequences based on the climate in conditions of harming the climate, making contamination, ruining the air, corrupting natural qualities, bringing externality, exhausting marine and woods Eco frameworks, vanishing verdure, fauna, and significant species, reducing and taking advantage of assets, unloading squanders, or more all bringing in risky infections.

The present study aims to make comparative analysis of competition law in Pakistan and China by analyzing the leniency programs that whether or not they are in accordance with market structure or not, and investigating the mechanism to evidences while applying leniency policies and its value in competition law. The study adopts qualitative data analysis in order to analyze the respective aims and objective. It is found out by this research that progressive and unconventional are very important to be taken by both countries in order to ingeniously enforce competition law. Although competition law is supposed to prevent anti competition rituals and practices by nurturing free and fair competition in the market. It promotes a greater competition in the market by safeguarding customers against inaccurate means, which are adopted by firms. Therefore, competition law can be regarded as highly essential for regulating businesses by ensuring producer and consumer welfare. It ultimately promotes healthy growth of the economy and social justice. While on the other hand, a huge budget is entailed by investigation procedures which have been regarded as a huge financial resources’ loss by experts. In addition to this, there is also a greater risk of surcharges of violation, punishment and legal costs, which sometimes lead to harm corporate image. Moreover, the leniency programs in both Pakistan and China cover administrative liability only. Therefore, it is important to voluntarily comply with competition rules, regulations and laws, which would play an immensely significant role in minimizing the social costs which occur due to this law enforcement. Qualitative research methodology has been applied to the following article.

AbstractReligion is often seen as important to voting behavior, particularly in the Islamic world, where personal piety may serve as an informational shortcut to voters otherwise unclear about candidate quality. But how do voters react when nominally pious candidates are alleged to be corrupt? Are pious candidates evaluated differently according to their sectarian affiliations? To investigate the impact of candidate piety and sectarian identity on voter choice, we conducted a survey experiment in Quetta, Balochistan, a region of Pakistan, which has experienced high levels of Sunni-Shia violence. Our results suggest that voters are significantly more punitive of corrupt behavior committed by candidates from sectarian out-groups than those belonging to their religious in-group. Further, we demonstrate that respondents react negatively to information about candidate religiosity, and uncover the existence of a "hypocrisy effect" whereby voters disproportionately punish corrupt candidates purporting to be pious compared to candidates who make no such claims.

Development process may entail changes in the socio-economic
positions of people from one generation to the other. In Pakistan, no
attempt has so far been made to study the lines on which people gain
upward mobility or the factors which are involved in this process. This
paper is an attempt in this direction. By using data from primary
sources, we aim at .explaining the income and wealth positions of
Pakistanis from different generations in terms of their endowments of
social, human and physical capital and other socio-economic
characteristics. The assessment of incidence and nature of such mobility
would enable us to identify the processes through which different
socio-economic groups attempt to improve their positions in a changing
society.

One of the major constraints to an increase in Pakistan's
agricultural production is low fertilizer input. Despite spectacular
growth of fertilizer con¬sumption during the '60s the rate of fertilizer
application in Pakistan remains below the optimal rate [8, pp.77-90]
and far below the rates in advanced countries [15, p. 24]. An upward
movement of the rate of fertilizer applica¬tion, essential to avoid
recurring loss of agricultural production, entails ap¬propriate policy
measures over a long time-horizon. Appropriate policy guidance may well
be derived from the experience of the '60s. It is believed that low
fertilizer prices, among other factors, contributed enormously to the
growth in fertilizer consumption [9, pp.419-25]. Towards the end of the
'60s, however, the fertilizer prices increased causing a decline of per
acre and total fertilizer consumption [15, p. 24]. As fertilizer is a
critical input, reduced consumption is translated into reduced
agricultural output, higher prices of agricultural commodities or both.

Pakistans Probleme sind überwältigend. Die Mehrheit der Menschen leidet unter den Folgen des Anti-Terror-Kampfes, der Inflation, der religiösen Intoleranz. Drei Porträts, drei Einblicke in die Komplexität des Landes: ein Waffenhändler in Peschawar, ein bisexueller Fernsehmoderator in Karatschi und der Minister für Minderheiten in Islamabad. (DGAP-IP)

The proposed study will direct particular attention to firstly, geographical contexts of a state, and its perceptions and policies will be identified via consideration of various set of factors like Geographical–the description, evaluation and changing value and changing perception of locational and regional factors including, for example, proximity, relative location, degree of control of strategic waterways and to degree of access to strategic resources. The Economic-the stability and change of economic linkages in order to maximize economic security. The Political –causes of regional peace and conflict and changing threat perceptions. Secondly, State perceptions and policies will be especially concerned with the perceived global and regional positions. For instance, Pakistan's perception of its 'regional centrality' in South Asia and its sphere of influence in the Indian Ocean. Further, the state policy documents which identify particular orientations or changes in orientations in geopolitics, geoeconomics and geostrategic terms. These analyses, will lead to an increased understanding of the behaviour of Pakistan as a state in the Indian Ocean Region. That will contribute to an environment of peace and stability in the region.