Suchergebnisse

National audience The Antillean archipelago includes (with the exception of French Guiana) the only French territories of America.However, even within these territories (Martinique and Guadeloupe), the professional archaeology really developed only in the last quarter of the 20th century. These "heads of bridges" have been starting to develop in recent years in the direction of other islands in the archipelago. Thus, since Martinique, one-off projects were developed in Trinidad or Cuba in the early 1990s with the support of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Rodriguez-Loubet, 1995). The first multiannual programme was the Archaeological Mission "South Dominica", set up in 2005. The resulting experience makes it possible to attempt an initial assessment of both scientific results and the management of archaeological heritage in Dominica and, more broadly, in the small English-speaking Antilles. We will present the difficulties inherent in setting up an archaeological programme in small, fresh, independent states without an adequate legislative tool. Above all, we will try to show the interest of French researchers in exiting their Martiniquais and Guadeloupe bastions and look at a few perspectives for the future of French archaeological research in the Caribbean. It now seems to have a number of assets that should enable it to play a major role. ; National audience L'archipel antillais comprend (à l'exception de la Guyane) les seuls territoires français des Amériques.Cependant, même au sein de ces territoires (la Martinique et l'archipel de Guadeloupe) l'archéologie professionnelle ne s'est vraiment développée que dans le dernier quart du XXe siècle. C'est à partir de ces " têtes de ponts " que commencent à se développer depuis quelques années des actions en direction d'autres îles de l'archipel. Ainsi, depuis la Martinique, des projets ponctuels ont été développés au début des années 1990 à Trinidad ou à Cuba avec le soutien du ministère français des Affaires étrangères (Rodriguez-Loubet, 1995). Le premier ...

In some respects Benin is still a country in transition, despite its successful shift to democracy in 1989-1991. This is particularly true of its land policy, with decentralisation an ongoing process, the rural land law recently voted in (2007), and no urban land law in place. Consequently, information about land is derived from a range of procedures of varying degrees of complexity and involving different actors and diverse aims (from taxation, legal validation and security of tenure to territorial and economic development). At the moment information is uneven, incomplete and composite, in that all documented knowledge about land is produced for specific objectives. Little of the contextual knowledge required for the daily governance of land matters and the practicalities of assessing and resolving conflicts is formalised or made explicit, and this important commodity is very unequally distributed among the many actors affected by land issues. This paper begins with a presentation of the legal framework and methods of producing information about land in Benin, before moving on to look at the complex modalities of determining, recognising and 'translating' rights in rural and urban areas (the Rural Land Plan and Urban Land Registry). It closes with observations on several current issues, particularly the political and administrative decentralisation that is fundamentally changing the country's institutional landscape. As the main arenas of this procedure, municipalities could play a key role in harmonising information on land tenure, but currently lack the resources and competences required to fulfil their remit. Therefore, reflection on how best to meet their needs and provide support through training and equipment is required as well as establishing 'vertical' linkages with the territorial administration, and 'horizontal' ones with neighbouring municipalities and development and natural resource management programmes. One of the most pressing issues that now needs to be addressed with regard to land and ...

International audience This paper presents an axiomatic model of decision making under uncertainty which incorporates objective but imprecise information. Information is assumed to take the form of a probability-possibility set, that is, a set $P$ of probability measures on the state space. The decision maker is told that the true probability law lies in $P$ and is assumed to rank pairs of the form $(P,f) $ where $f$ is an act mapping states into outcomes. The key representation result delivers maxmin expected utility where the min operator ranges over a set of probability priors --just as in the maxmin expected utility (MEU) representation result of \cite{GILB/SCHM/89}. However, unlike the MEU representation, the representation here also delivers a mapping, $\varphi$, which links the probability-possibility set, describing the available information, to the set of revealed priors. The mapping $\varphi$ is shown to represent the decision maker's attitude to imprecise information: under our axioms, the set of representation priors is constituted as a selection from the probability-possibility set. This allows both expected utility when the selected set is a singleton and extreme pessimism when the selected set is the same as the probability-possibility set, i.e. , $\varphi$ is the identity mapping. We define a notion of comparative imprecision aversion and show it is characterized by inclusion of the sets of revealed probability distributions, irrespective of the utility functions that capture risk attitude. We also identify an explicit attitude toward imprecision that underlies usual hedging axioms. Finally, we characterize, under extra axioms, a more specific functional form, in which the set of selected probability distributions is obtained by (i) solving for the ``mean value'' of the probability-possibility set, and (ii) shrinking the probability-possibility set toward the mean value to a degree determined by preferences.

universities are strong drivers of city wide travel due to the large number of users attending the city every day. Car mobility is still the preferred way of mobility, even if there are differences between students or teachers or depending on the location of the university, in the periphery or in the city centre. As a matter of course, local authorities have chosen to invest heavily in public transport services to university sites. However, the associated adjustment of the parking variable is rarely implemented. The study thus finds that the university, which is a source of mobility, is rarely identified in urban travel policies. As large public equipment, however, it could play a leading role at city or conurbation level in terms of modal deferral, but the issue of parking is a real issue of concern on the part of university managers; it is not by choice — indeed parking is not their core business — but rather by obligation. Teachers are asking for reserved spaces, students generate anarchic parking and nomads call the estates away from campuss.Since these multiple requests are met, university managers put in place defensive arrangements on campuses. In the case of city centre universities, they work together with the community to deal with complaints from riverainsings.Beyond these phenomena, which the study seeks to explain, ways of taking better account of university parking are proposed; in particular, on the basis of interesting initiatives in some of them, the study identifies: — the elements to ensure that university parking management is better integrated into urban transport policies; — better knowledge of parking on the basis of surveys; — stronger partnership with the community and acculturation to parking issues; — medium-term planning of public spaces in the university domain and more rational arrangements; — the use of economic leverage as a means of regulation; — the development of mobility plans for universities and mobility centres. ; Les universités sont de forts générateurs de déplacements à ...

International audience Concern with juvenile delinquency, but also with educational assistance work, has fired much debate, often critical, on the juvenile justice system. The practices of juvenile court judges (JE = juges des enfants), in particular, and above all the primacy they give to education, symbolized by the Feb. 2, 1945 ordonnance, have been seriously challenged. Several laws have considerably modified the juvenile justice system. Structural reorganizations are under way, tending above all to give greater responsibility to département councils2. Furthermore, within the courts themselves, the position of JEs has been weakened by the growing role of the public Prosecutor's office in the treatment of cases, and by the budget cut-backs suffered by courts in general.

Music form has been considered by composers and musicians, at least since the end of the 18th century, as a major aspect of musical compositionaries. Some theoretical conceptions of the shape, or even its perceptive reality, are called into question by music psychologists. However, other results suggest that a memory representation of major musical structures is possible. The aim of this article is to examine, through a review of the form and literature in experimental psychology, two fundamental questions on the perception of forms: on which musical dimensions and what kind of memory representation can the perception of shapes be based? Mr Nousproposes a new design of the shape that allows the inclusion of other manifestations of the shape alongside Western tonal music architectures. ; International audience ; Music form has been considered by composers and musicians, at least since the end of the 18th century, as a major aspect of musical compositionaries. Some theoretical conceptions of the shape, or even its perceptive reality, are called into question by music psychologists. However, other results suggest that a memory representation of major musical structures is possible. The aim of this article is to examine, through a review of the form and literature in experimental psychology, two fundamental questions on the perception of forms: on which musical dimensions and what kind of memory representation can the perception of shapes be based? Mr Nousproposes a new design of the shape that allows the inclusion of other manifestations of the shape alongside Western tonal music architectures. ; La forme musicale est considérée par les compositeurs et les musicologues,au moins depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle, comme un aspect majeur de la compositionmusicale. Certaines conceptions théoriques de la forme, voire sa réalité perceptive,sont remises en cause par les psychologues de la musique. Cependant, d'autresrésultats suggèrent qu'une représentation en mémoire des grandes structuresmusicales est envisageable. Cet ...

proceedings of the Study Days on "The bicentenary of the Commercial Code: challenges and opportunities in the Indian Ocean", Colloquium organised by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of La Réunion with the participation of the Faculty of Law and Economy of La Réunion, 9 November 2007 ; International audience ; proceedings of the Study Days on "The bicentenary of the Commercial Code: challenges and opportunities in the Indian Ocean", Colloquium organised by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of La Réunion with the participation of the Faculty of Law and Economy of La Réunion, 9 November 2007 ; Actes des journées d'étude sur le thème « Le bicentenaire du code de commerce : enjeux et perspectives dans l'Océan Indien », colloque organisé par la Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de La Réunion avec le concours de la Faculté de Droit et d'Economie de La Réunion, 9 novembre 2007

International audience Although the benefits of autonomy supportive behaviours are now well established in the literature, very few studies have attempted to train teachers to offer a greater autonomy support to their students. In fact, none of these studies has been carried out in physical education (PE). The purpose of this study is to test the effects of an autonomy-supportive training on overt behaviours of teaching among PE teachers. The experimental group included two PE teachers who were first educated on the benefits of an autonomy supportive style and then followed an individualised guidance programme during the 8 lessons of a teaching cycle. Their behaviours were observed and rated along 3 categories (i.e., autonomy supportive, neutral and controlling) and were subsequently compared to those of three teachers who formed the control condition. The results showed that teachers in the experimental group used more autonomy supportive and neutral behaviours than those in the control group, but no difference emerged in relation to controlling behaviours. We discuss the implications for schools of our findings.

International audience ; Si l'attachement traditionnel de la France au culte de la « loi, expression de la volonté générale » a longtemps justifié le refus d'un contrôle juridictionnel de constitutionnalité en droit interne, la création du Conseil constitutionnel sous la V e République a marqué une étape importante de la construction d'un État de droit au sein de la République. Mais qu'est-ce que l'État de droit ? Historiquement, une idée force-« une machinerie conceptuelle » écrit Jacques Chevallier-héritée de la doctrine jusnaturaliste germanique. À l'analyse, un concept mou dont la signification varie selon la conception du droit à laquelle on se rallie. Alors que les positivistes juridiques en retiennent une définition formelle, en le présentant comme « un type d'organisation du pouvoir dans lequel existe une hiérarchie des normes » , les jusnaturalistes et les positivistes sociologiques doublent cette assertion d'une acception matérielle (ou substantielle). Selon eux, l'État de droit est celui dans lequel la règle de droit se trouve instrumentalisée afin de protéger les gouvernés contre l'arbitraire du pouvoir, en obligeant ses dépositaires à respecter les droits de l'homme (jusnaturalisme) ou les aspirations de la conscience collective (positivisme sociologique). Tandis que l'approche formelle des positivistes juridiques y voit une autolimitation de l'État par le droit sans réelle portée, l'approche matérielle des jusnaturalistes et des positivistes sociologiques en fait une « hétéro-limitation » contraignante pour les gouvernants. Or, ce caractère protecteur explique le succès de la notion outre Rhin en même temps que son internationalisation depuis la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, la CJCE allant jusqu'à considérer la Communauté européenne comme une « communauté de droit » .

"Un ensemble de règles de procédure pour la formation de décisions collectives, dans lequel la participation du plus grand nombre est prévue et facilitée ». Cette définition que donne Norberto Bobbio de la démocratie dans l'avant-propos à l'édition 1984 de Il futuro della democrazia peut paraître déroutante, par son caractère synthétique et formel, loin de tout appel aux valeurs. Elle est le fruit d'une méthode d'analyse, propre à Bobbio, qui est d'une rare fécondité pour aborder le monde de la politique comme le montre son oeuvre. Il ne saurait être question, en quelques pages, de présenter l'ensemble de l'oeuvre de cet auteur. L'objet de cet article consiste à se centrer sur la question de la règle, en montrant que la pensée de Bobbio valorise doublement la règle, comme « règle de méthode » signe d'une pensée analytique rigoureuse, toujours tendue vers un désir d'élucidation et de compréhension, d'approfondissement et de clarification, et comme « règle du jeu » qui se situe au coeur de la définition de la démocratie, comme l'indique la citation du début. Avant d'en venir à cette double question de la règle, une présentation des éléments biographiques de Bobbio peut être utile afin de mieux situer sa pensée.

in this article we look at a range of prepositional terms (SP) governed by the preposition "by" and denoting an attitude, behaviour, status, more or less permanent property of an actant. In particular, we study the posts where this SP appears to be detached at the top of the sentence, a configuration which has so far been little studied to our knowledge, particularly on the basis of documented data. We show that the semantic significance of these constituents, as well as the assessment they demonstrate, differ significantly depending on whether they appear in the frontal or related postverbal intrapredicative position. Finally, we stress the frequent polyphonic nature of the statements hosting them. ; This paper focuses on a set of Prepositional Phrases (PPs) governed by the preposition "en" and indicating an attitude, a behaviour pattern, a status or a more or less permanent property of a participant. We study in particular sentences where the PP is placed in initial detached position, a construction to which little attention has been paid until now, especially when based on corpus data. We show that the semantic scope of these constituents and the judgement they express vary significantly according to their position (at the head of the sentence versus after the verb). We insist finally on the frequently polyphonic dimension of the sentences in which these constituents appear. ; in this article we look at a range of prepositional terms (SP) governed by the preposition "by" and denoting an attitude, behaviour, status, more or less permanent property of an actant. In particular, we study the posts where this SP appears to be detached at the top of the sentence, a configuration which has so far been little studied to our knowledge, particularly on the basis of documented data. We show that the semantic significance of these constituents, as well as the assessment they demonstrate, differ significantly depending on whether they appear in the frontal or related postverbal intrapredicative position. Finally, we ...

With this chronicon, concludes the presentation of the measures taken to date for the implementation of the Law of 21 August 2007 on social dialogue and continuity of public service in land and regular passenger transport. The structure developed by the 2007 Act contains a series of documents — negotiated or drawn up unilaterally — which regulate in advance the organisation of transport undertakings falling within its scope in the event of foreseeable disruption of traffic. The aim of the predictability plan, which has been drawn up in advance in agreement with the transport organising authority (AOT), is to 'identify, by occupation, function and level of competence or qualification, the categories of staff and their staff and the material resources, in accordance with the safety rules in force applicable to the undertaking, of each of the service levels provided for in the adapted transport plan' (Article 5 I (2)). In addition, it 'lays down the conditions under which, in the event of foreseeable disruption, the organisation of work shall be reviewed and the available staff reallocated to enable the adapted transport plan to be implemented (.)' (Article 5 (I) (3)). The SNCF and RATP, in the absence of collective agreements concluded before 1 January 2008, established by law as a deadline, since the trade unions did not wish to sign the projects submitted by the company directorates, led to the unilateral adoption of a predictability plan. The predictability plan, designed to implement the planning measures adopted in agreement with the AOT, is a major challenge, whether it is to identify the staff 'essential' to carry out the service levels provided for in the appropriate transport plan or to enable work to be reorganised. ; Avec la présente chronique, se clôt la présentation des mesures prises à ce jour pour la mise en œuvre de la loi du 21 août 2007 sur le dialogue social et la continuité du service public dans les transports terrestres et réguliers de voyageurs. L'édifice élaboré par la loi de 2007 articule ...

Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit kartografischen Darstellungen als kommunikativer Vermittlungsstrategie des Imaginären am Beispiel von Karten in Fantasy-Rollenspielen. Im Rückgriff auf SCHÜTZsche Überlegungen zur Intersubjektivität und Kommunikation verstehen wir Karten als eine der Strategien im Umgang mit der "mittleren Transzendenz" in der Kommunikation mit Anderen. Die "sozialwissenschaftliche Hermeneutik" (SOEFFNER) wird als eine methodische Herangehensweise an Karten und die Interaktionen, in denen sie Verwendung finden, vorgestellt. In unseren Analysen der in Rollenspielen genutzten Karten zeigen wir, dass Karten nicht nur dazu dienen, sich zu verorten, sondern auch ein Mittel sind, einen Ort zu erzeugen, zu dem wir in sinnhafter Beziehung stehen. Karten helfen so dabei, uns das Gefühl zu geben, zu einem (imaginären) – nur mittelbar gegebenen – Territorium hinzugehören.

"Die Einbeziehung verschiedener subjektiver Perspektiven ist für die Forschung mit zusätzlichen Informationen, aber auch mit einem Komplexitätszuwachs verbunden. Verschiedene Perspektiven können durch Triangulation zueinander in Bezug gesetzt werden, wobei unterschiedliche Bezugskontexte gewählt werden können. Im geplanten Beitrag sollen Eltern- und Kinder-Perspektiven sowohl in Hinblick auf Generationenspezifika als auch in Hinblick auf einzelne Familien analysiert werden. Grundlage dieser Triangulation sind Interviews mit Kindern, die durch delinquentes Verhalten offiziell auffällig wurden und deren Eltern. Diese Interviews stellen Mischungen aus biografischen und leitfadengestützten Interviews dar, die sowohl typologisierend als auch im Rahmen von Einzelfallanalysen ausgewertet wurden. Generationenspezifische Differenzen zeigen sich in der Auswertung vor allem hinsichtlich der Gleichaltrigen. Von den Eltern werden Freundinnen und Freunde vor allem als Anstifter für abweichendes Verhalten wahrgenommen, während sie für Kinder auch großen Stellenwert für die produktive Bearbeitung von Delinquenz haben können. Die auf einzelne Familien fokussierte Analyse verdeutlicht in einigen Familien substanzielle Übereinstimmungen zwischen Eltern und Kindern, während die Darstellungen in anderen Familien durch Diskrepanzen bestimmt sind. Übereinstimmungen und Diskrepanzen lassen sich als Ausdruck miteinander verschränkter und aufeinander bezogener Darstellungen analysieren. Abschließend werden unterschiedliche Hintergründe für divergierende und übereinstimmende Perspektiven herausgearbeitet sowie hinsichtlich ihres Erkenntnispotenzials und ihrer methodischen Herausforderungen diskutiert." (Autorenreferat)

Das Projekt "Das Timing der Familiengründung" beschäftigt sich mit den psychologischen Anpassungsprozessen bei ungünstigen Bedingungen für eine Elternschaft und verfolgt zwei Ziele: Zum einen soll die Entscheidung für eine Familiengründung theoretisch erklärt werden. Dabei wird insbesondere die Entscheidung der Familiengründung im Kontext anderer Lebensbereiche, beispielsweise des Berufslebens, betrachtet. Da es kaum Fertilitätstheorien gibt, die diesen Lebenszeitbezug herstellen, wird im Projekt ein neuer theoretischer Ansatz entwickelt, der mit Hilfe von entwicklungspsychologischen Erkenntnissen Relevanzen und Ansprüche verschiedener Lebensbereiche integriert und Hypothesen im Zeitverlauf erlaubt. Auf diese Weise kann analysiert werden, wie die Elternschaft im Verlaufe des Lebens an Relevanz gewinnt und so unter bestimmten psychologischen Voraussetzungen auch trotz schlechter Rahmenbedingungen realisiert wird. Im vorliegenden Arbeitspapier werden die theoretischen Annahmen dargelegt und schließlich zwei neue Instrumente vorgestellt: das Instrument "Relevanz von Lebenszielen", das die Interdependenz von Lebensbereichen nicht nur abbilden, sondern auch das individuelle Verhältnis zwischen den Bereichen beleuchten kann, sowie zwei Kinderwunschfragen, die die Anpassung von subjektiven Ansprüchen im Zeitverlauf berücksichtigen. (ICI2)