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Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) continue to elevate in the western pacific regions, including Vanuatu. Much efforts have been made in reducing the disease burden, however the challenges remains due to certain sociocultural behaviours, globalization, and urbanization which promotes unhealthy lifestyles such as eating lifestyles (unhealthy diet), physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and tobacco use. All these contributing factors tends to give rise to common risks for the intermediate factors such as raised in blood pressure, raised in the level of glucose in the blood, the unhealthy lipid profiles, and obesity.Comparing this disease in low-income countries and high-income countries it seem that the rate of NDC are higher in low-income countries, more specifically the countries in the western pacific regions. Even that there are few South East Asian countries such Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and Cambodia which were also regarded as having high mortality rates of NCD (1). According to the profile in 2008 it was estimated that it's the western pacific region that has more of the effect, showing more than a quarter of the 36 million deaths were due to NCD alone.Furthermore it continue to states that the trend will continue to increase by 15% between 2010 and 2020, meaning an estimation (from baseline) from an elevation of up to 44 million deaths will be cause by NCD alone (1). And if we divide the figures up it will then show that the highest proportion will be from the Western Pacific regions, of 12.3 million of deaths, while South-East Asian regions on the other hand is estimated to reach 10.4 million. This is also supported by a report on economic-cost of NCD in the Pacific Island countries which states that NCD is already a challenge in the Pacific, leading to account for 70% or more of the deaths. And the most common cause is of cardiovascular disease, which accounts for between 29% and 38% of death from all other causes (2). In Vanuatu NCD is in the top 10 disease agenda due to fast escalating trend, and similarly are Cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes and hypertension. According to the reported it was estimated that 18% of deaths were due to circulatory heart diseases (7).Another study been conducted in 2008 showed a record of 0.5% and 0.3% deaths were respectively caused by NCD in male and female. The current daily tobacco smoking as a form of behavioural risk factor constitute of 12.3%, where 21.3% in male and 3.1% in female. Additionally from the study record it showed that males are more risks than female in having high blood pressure above normal. This is supported by showing 44.5% of males in the study have raised blood pressure, while female on contrary have 39.1% raised blood pressure. Other contributing factor in the metabolic risks factors are overweight and obesity. From the study it showed that 21% of both male and female are overweight, while 34.2% is of obesity (3).From the findings we have to know that there are unprecedented changes in our environment – cultural, economic, physical, political and social – pose new risks and threats to health. And from most reports and future focus it is predicted that NCD will continue to elevate globally, whether it is urbanization and the built environment, severe air pollution, climate change, unregulated marketing of tobacco and other harmful food products, or easy access to nutrient-poor and calorie dense food (4). In some countries, for instance Vanuatu still accepts more imported and processed food and is predicted to upscale further should the climate conditions such as the current El Nino continue to place threats on garden crops. There is additionally a weak monitoring on food regulations on imported food products and where most labelling are in languages. Lack of proper laboratory analysis of the content against the labelling is another contributing factor. Thus it is imperative that leaders in both Government and related Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) find innovative solutions to complex health challenges in ever-changing common practices and environments. Only then will the population be safe and healthy from the disease. On the other hand we have to understand that at each developmental stage of life, human beings exhibit different vulnerabilities and are exposed to different risks, placing them more vulnerable to contracting those diseases.According to WHO report in 2008 on prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (Annex 1-B) (5), in year 2000 the WHO's Member States adopted a global strategy for prevention and control of NCDs during the fifty-third World Health Assembly. The Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health was endorsed in 2002. In 2003, the WHO launched the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and this treaty came into force in 2005. Even that in 2008 the Member States endorsed the Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of non-communicable Diseases at the Sixty-first World Health Assembly. And the Regional Committee for the Western Pacific called for action to combat non-communicable diseases and their related risk factors in specific resolutions. There are also various regional action plans related to NCD prevention and control (e.g. Regional Plan for Integrated Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes for the Western Pacific Region 1998–2003, Tobacco Free Initiative Regional Action Plans 2000–2004 and 2005–2009, Plan of Action 2006–2010 for the Western Pacific.Declaration on Diabetes, and the Regional Strategy to Reduce Alcohol-related Harm) were developed over the past decade, sharing a focus on policy and planning, surveillance, health promotion and clinical prevention. Furthermore WHO developed a Pacific Framework for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases in 2007 to serve as a guide in addressing NCDs among Pacific island countries and areas, and this framework was adopted by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC). Augmenting these action plans and frameworks is a Region-wide interest and commitment to fostering health systems change, particularly in relation to the prevention and control of NCDs. In November 2007, the WHO-supported meeting on "Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Chronic Disease Prevention and Control" culminated in a set of recommendations for reducing the health burden from non-communicable diseases through health systems improvements. The Western Pacific Regional Action Plan for NCDs is a collaborative effort by the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific and Member States to establish a shared vision and strategic actions to reduce the NCD burden (5).However despite of all these developed global and regional framework, strategies, planning, and action plans it is still recognized that countries still have less capacities and some are still at different stages of progress in the fight against non-communicable diseases. Therein it is suggested that more plenary discussions, consultations, and a support networking collaborations be established between the Government and private sectors, including the partners and associated stakeholders, and the affected communities. Moreover the Regional Action Plan also aims to operationalize the objectives of the Global Action Plan within the Western Pacific context, thereby adding value through concrete and relevant guidance. In other words the member states need to reconsider and rectify these further to be able to absorb perfectly into the country settings and the environmental contexts. Vanuatu on the other hand has also the capacity to address and respond to NCDs as it has its funding available for Cardiovascular diseases, NCD treatment for control, prevention and health promotion messages, and NCD surveillance and M&E. Additionally the health reporting system also includes information on screening of patients at health peripheries, NCD cause specific –morbidity, and the risks factors. Further to that the country has an integrated or topic-specific policy, programme, and action plan which is currently operational for these mentioned NCD diseases, including Alcohol, unhealthy diet, overweight, and obesity. Physical inactivity and Tobacco were other areas that the policy and action plan covers (1).Furthermore the member states need to strictly consider and implement WHO global NCD action plan which is a road map from 2013 to 2025 (6). In the road map are six global objectives that clearly states to make prevention and control of NCDs a priority, strengthening national capacities and leaderships, reduce modifiable risks factors, promote high-quality research, and finally is to monitor the impact and the trend of the disease. Additionally are nine major and more specific targets along the road map towards 2025. These are to be able to establish 80% availability of affordable technology and medicine to treat NCDs, ensuring that at least 50% of the patients receive preventive therapy for heart attacks and stroke, be able to pause the rise in diabetes and obesity, at least a 30% drop in sodium chloride (salt) intake, a 10% reduction in the harmful in the use of alcohol, to at least also receive 25% drop in premature death of people age 30-70 from cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, or chronic respiratory diseases, be able to reduce 10% in the prevalence of insufficient physical activity, reduce by 30% in tobacco use, and finally is to drop by 20% in the prevalence of high blood pressure (6). All these can be adopted and implemented strategically and effectively only when adequate resources such as adequate human resource, access to appropriate technology at all levels of implementations, adequate financial support, good working collaborations with partners and NGOs, including the communities, other associate stakeholders such as community leaders, and a very motivated and action-oriented personals are in place. Moreover is the health systems, political commitment, good network with shop entrepreneurs, and private sector that can contribute in the prevention and promotion of these mentioned health lifestyles.It is therefore strongly believed that unless all these are identified and notified then will there be some changes expected, and thus meet most of the target indicators as stated in the 2013-2025 target objectives.

[spa] En esta tesis, a partir de identificar y describir los rasgos principales del capitalismo contemporáneo (desde 1980, aproximadamente, hasta la actualidad, julio de 2014) y de reflexionar cómo, dada su racionalidad instrumental, es capaz de alinear medios de manera altamente eficiente sin evaluar los fines, en sí mismos, que persigue, concluimos que la conformación, la fabricación del ciudadano contemporáneo, lejos de ser casual o natural, responde a las exigencias y necesidades que el propio sistema, en pos de su expansión y crecimiento, genera. Tanto en su faceta de mercancía (como fuerza de trabajo a adquirir), como en su faceta productora (en la ejecución de sus tareas y funciones) como, finalmente, en su faceta consumidora (necesaria para alimentar y acelerar el crecimiento del sistema) el ciudadano medio contemporáneo es producido por el sistema capitalista como un medio más, como un recurso más, necesario para su propia expansión. En su caracterización contemporánea el ciudadano medio es elegido y excluido por el sistema en función de su competitividad global comparada estando, en cierta manera, predestinado a su exclusión, más temprana que tardía, desde el mismo momento de su inclusión. Este proceso de inclusión y exclusión es liderado, ejecutado, en buena medida, por los sujetos caracterizados en nuestra tesis (la alta dirección de las empresas multinacionales cotizadas, representativas de la mitad del Producto Interior Bruto mundial). Específicamente, en lo que respecta a estas figuras, profundizamos en cómo son fabricadas y constituidas como mercancías de alto valor añadido completamente alineadas con los criterios, valores y carácter que el sistema capitalista contemporáneo requiere. La separación entre propiedad y gestión, la maximización de beneficios en el menor plazo, la exigida servidumbre al reino del capital impaciente apátrida y global, el cambio permanente y acelerado y, por último, la competitividad, el crecimiento y la expansión global se traducen en una serie de conocimientos, habilidades, competencias, criterios y valores con los que estos ciudadanos son global e uniformemente producidos (tanto a partir de las realidades empresariales de estas corporaciones multinacionales, de sus culturas corporativas, como, de manera más específica, en las escuelas de negocios) para estar alineados con los fines y para ser capaces de alcanzar los objetivos que el sistema capitalista contemporáneo define y necesita. En su faceta productiva, en el ejercicio de sus funciones, estos gestores son el paradigma de la instrumentalidad del razonamiento del sistema alineando medios para maximizar beneficios en el menor plazo y así tratar de mantener la competitividad global comparada que, sin duda, se les exige. En paralelo, la utilización de todos los medios a su alcance (asesores y consultores especializados) para separar el poder que atesoran de la responsabilidad que se les pudiese atribuir en función de los resultados que de sus decisiones pudieran derivarse, se convierte en una característica clave de estos gestores. En la persecución de la máxima rentabilidad todos los medios disponibles son utilizados, estén estos avalados o sancionados por otros poderes contemporáneos (legales o políticos) o por consideraciones éticas o morales. El fin que, en su condición de primeros ejecutivos de estas multinacionales deben inexorablemente alcanzar, la maximización de beneficios en el menor plazo y la expansión global del propio sistema, dada su conformación en criterios y valores, justifica cualquier toma de decisiones y/o curso de acción en su faceta ejecutiva. Como consumidores, aun a pesar de su alto poder adquisitivo y sus múltiples opciones de compra, acaban, en lo que a sus consumos se refiere, conformando un "habitus", una pertenencia fáctica al colectivo que estas figuras conforman de modo y manera que les haga reconocibles y les califique como pertenecientes a una élite que, en ocasiones, se convierte en consumidor de referencia. De manera más sintomática, se constituyen como los auténticos consumidores de otros ciudadanos mediante la toma de decisiones ejecutivas para la que han sido conformados. Se constituyen, como figuras emblemáticas que son del capitalismo contemporáneo, en la encarnación del espíritu de dicho capitalismo y en el brazo ejecutor de su expansión, quedando las posibles consecuencias de sus actos, sociales o individuales (aquellas de índole no económico ni financiero con repercusión en el corto plazo) fuera del análisis y/o de los objetivos a alcanzar. Nuestras conclusiones, que conjugan la experiencia y el conocimiento directo de estas figuras (con entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a 400 de estos gestores durante más de veinte años), una visión "desde dentro", y la reflexión filosófica, externa al propio sistema, una visión "desde fuera", nos permite caracterizar por primera vez a estas figuras y mostrar no sólo su relevancia y paradigmático e instrumental alineamiento con los criterios del capitalismo contemporáneo, sino también la dramática eficiencia y la implacable eficacia del capitalismo contemporáneo en la violenta conformación del ciudadano que el sistema necesita para su expansión, aunque ni su crecimiento ni la globalización, ni sus consecuencias, responda a unos fines que hayan sido pensados ni valorados por la instrumentalidad del razonamiento del sistema. ; [eng] In this thesis, after identifying and describing the main features of contemporary capitalism (since 1980, approximately, to present, July 2014) and after reflecting on how, given its instrumental rationality, it is capable of aligning means highly efficiently without evaluating the final objectives, in themselves, that the system itself is chasing, we conclude that the conformation, the production of the contemporary citizen, far from casual or natural, responds to the demands and needs that the capitalism, focused in its expansion and growth, itself generates. Both in his role as merchandise (such as labor force to acquire), and his production role (in the execution of their tasks and functions) and finally in the consumer role (needed to power and accelerate the growth of the system) the contemporary average citizen is produced by the capitalist system as a tool, as a resource necessary for its own expansion. In its contemporary characterization the average citizen is chosen and excluded by the system in terms of its overall compared competitiveness being, in some way, predestined to their exclusion, earlier than later, from the time of its inclusion. This process of inclusion and exclusion is led, performed, largely by the subjects characterized in our thesis (senior management of listed multinational companies, representing half of global GDP). Specifically, with regard to these figures, we delve into how they are made and constituted as high value-added goods completely aligned with the criteria, values and character that contemporary capitalism requires. The key features of this system: the separation between ownership and management, maximizing profits in the shortest possible period, the required easement to the kingdom of eager stateless and global capital, permanent and rapid change and, finally, competitiveness, growth and global expansion; translate into a range of specific knowledge, skills, competencies, criteria and values that these citizens have to have, as they are globally and uniformly produced (both from business realities of these multinational corporations, their corporate cultures, and, more specifically, in business schools) in order to be aligned with the system's goals and in order to be able to achieve the objectives defined by the contemporary capitalist system and its very demanding needs. In its productive role, in the exercise of their functions, these managers are the paradigm of the instrumentality of the reasoning of aligning means to maximize profits in the shortest period and, therefore, fighting to maintain the global competitiveness that, undoubtedly, is required from their actions. In parallel, the use of all means available (specialized consultants) to separate the power they have from the responsibility that it could be attributed to them (according to the bad results that, potentially, could appear due to their decisions), becomes a key feature in the production role of these managers. Additionally, in the pursuit of maximum returns all available means are used, regardless if they are endorsed or sanctioned by other (legal or political) powers or other contemporary ethical or moral considerations. The goal they must inevitably reach, in his role as chief executives of these multinationals, is maximizing profits in the shortest period of time and, at the same time, the overall and global expansion of the system itself. Considering their conformation, according to the criteria and values of the contemporary capitalism, their decisions, actions and their consequences are always justified according to the contemporary capitalism criteria. As consumers, even despite their high purchasing power and the multiple buying options they have, they end up, just in what their consumption is concerned, forming a "habitus", a factual belonging to the group that these figures conform. Doing so, following a not previously defined but yet existing buying pattern, contributes to make them recognizable and qualifies them as belonging to an elite that often becomes a type of "consumer of reference". More symptomatically, these figures constitute the real consumers of other citizens by executing their decision making process for which they have been produced. They are, as one of the more emblematic figures of contemporary capitalism, the incarnation of the spirit of the capitalism and the implementation arm of its expansion, leaving the possible consequences of their actions, social or individual (those with non-economic or financial nature) out of their analysis and out of the objectives and goals to be achieved. Our findings, which combine the experience with and the direct knowledge of these figures (in-depth interviews with 400 of these senior managers during the last twenty years), a vision "from within"; and a philosophical reflection, external to the system itself, a view "from outside"; allows us to characterize these figures for the first time. These combined exercises also allow us to show, not only their relevance and their paradigmatic and instrumental alignment with the criteria of contemporary capitalism, but also the dramatic efficiency and relentless effectiveness of contemporary capitalism in violently shaping the kind of citizen that the system needs for its own expansion. Although neither its expansion and growth nor globalization, nor its consequences, have been thought and evaluated by the instrumentality of the reasoning of the contemporary capitalism.

A broader urban strategy to promote global competitiveness has been an increasing interest in both academic global discourses and practical policy arena. To achieve global competitiveness, attracting highly skilled expatriates is often deemed essential especially in globalizing Asian urban centers. They are believed to bring foreign capitals, advanced ideas and technologies that would multiply the economic development effects. It is thus of increasing importance for many Asian global cities to provide satisfactory housing for the upper echelon of foreign labors. Shanghai and Seoul provide contrasting cases of housing the highly skilled foreigners as they have followed two different paths that are distinguished for being 'planned' and 'evolved'. The purpose of the dissertation is to understand the formative process of Shanghai's deliberately planned and Seoul's evolved foreign communities and their resultant transnational urbanism. Specifically, it is to examine 1) in what different ways the two urban strategies have influenced the formation of foreign communities; 2) how and to what degrees the two community environments have affected the everyday life of the expatriate residents and their perception of the cities in which they reside; and 3) whether the two environments are associated with the degree of segregation and integration in the two host cities. To accomplish these objectives, the study focuses on selected foreign residential communities in Shanghai's Pudong area and Seoul's central area. The comparative study employs literature content analysis, field observation, questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview in investigating public policy, residential form, everyday life, and residents' perception for selected case study areas. The study shows the different global policies of Shanghai and Seoul in providing foreign residential services. Compared to Shanghai's deliberate provision of foreign communities since the early 1990s, Seoul's approach was more ad hoc and spontaneous until the early 2000s. Shanghai has concentrated the expatriate residential communities in Pudong area through public physical planning aimed at subsequent entrepreneurial real estate development. The provision of a 'complete package' of services and amenities for foreigners resulted in the form of a series of large exclusive foreign compounds which is walled, gated and closely guarded. In contrast, the foreign communities in Seoul have incrementally evolved in central area without any active government involvement. Being formed naturally around an US army base or an international school, they are integrated in relatively high-income residential neighborhoods and do not show any clear demarcation. Supportive services are dispersed throughout the city in areas with a large foreign population. The study finds that these different approaches and residential form have affected everyday life of residing foreigners differently. The everyday life in Shanghai's expatriate families is more introverted and self-contained as their daily or weekly needs are mostly fulfilled within the compounds. Their exclusiveness and expatriate-oriented amenities have encouraged congregation of expatriates while reducing contact with the local Chinese people. The international schools in close proximity have fostered school-focused communities. In Seoul, the integrated nature of residential form and the relatively dispersed location of amenities have resulted in a wider radius of movement around the neighborhood and within the city. These movements allow for a greater number of 'contact zones' with host country nationals. In Seoul, the expatriate associations act as foci of Seoul's expatriate communities. Hence, concerning integration and segregation in relation to the host city, Shanghai is more socially segregated, while Seoul is more integrated. Despite the differences in residential form and everyday life patterns, this study shows remarkably similar levels of residential satisfaction in both cities. In some aspects such as schooling, Shanghai's residents are more satisfied than Seoul's expatriates studied. However, carefully planned Shanghai's compounds do not outscore Seoul's spontaneously formed neighborhoods in terms of the built environment, amenities, transportation and safety. These similar satisfaction levels reflect the existing level of livability in each city. It means that Seoul has been able to house highly skilled foreign labors as well as Shanghai even without equivalent efforts. This aspect of livability level is also ascertained in the different criteria for residential location of the foreigners in each city. Housing condition and safety are most seriously considered in Shanghai's expatriates, reflecting their perception on the livability of this city. While this justifies the provision of exclusive foreign residential compounds in Shanghai, the study suggest that expatriates in these two cities prefer authenticity in experiencing the local culture and social interaction with the people in their host cities rather than being segregated among themselves in a foreign enclave. The study does not investigate whether a planned foreign community is a prerequisite of attracting foreign capitals and high-level employment. Nonetheless, these findings point to practical and academic implications regarding the globalizing strategy of East Asian cities to attract the highly skilled. First, the validity of urban policy to provide foreign residences needs to be grounded on an understanding of the place-specific context. Whether a city needs planned expatriate communities depends on the different conditions in each city such as the local level of housing quality, living amenity, public safety, and access to public transportation. Second, if integration rather than segregation is adopted as a public goal to be pursued in this era of globalization, an evolved expatriate community is preferable to a planned exclusive community. This dissertation reports that expatriates themselves prefer more integrated living with local communities. However, as Seoul shows, physical integration does not lead to full social integration as cultural and language barriers persist. Finally, from a theoretical front, this dissertation draws attention to the place-specific, everyday-life aspects of transnational urbanism. By depicting the daily experiences of expatriate spouses in two globalizing Asian cities, it shows the possibilities of greater interaction between foreigners and local residents while enhancing their community-based livability and residential satisfaction. ; 글로벌 경제체제 속에서 도시 경쟁력은 학계의 글로벌 담론과 실질적인 정책분야에서 모두 큰 관심사이다. 전문직 외국인을 유치하는 것은 글로벌 경쟁력을 확보하기 위한 효과적인 도시전략으로 인식되고 있다. 이들은 경제개발 효과를 증대시키는 외자유치, 선진 아이디어와 기술을 가져오는 것으로 여겨지기 때문이다. 이에 따라 아시아권 글로벌도시들은 전문직 외국인을 유치하기 위하여 이들에게 만족할만한 주거지를 제공하는 것을 중요한 글로벌 전략으로 채택하고 있다. 상해와 서울은 전문직 외국인주거지에 관하여 '계획된(planned)' 것과 '점진적인(evolved)' 것으로 대비되는 서로 다른 사례를 보여준다. 본 논문의 목적은 상해의 의도적으로 계획된 전문직 외국인주거지와 서울의 점진적으로 진화된 외국인거주지 형성과정과 이를 통해 나타나는 글로벌도시의 초국가적 도시현상(transnational urbanism)을 이해하는데 있다. 보다 구체적으로 말하면, 다음 세 가지를 규명하고자 한다. 첫째, 상해와 서울의 전문직 외국인 주거지에 대한 공공정책은 무엇이었으며, 그 결과로서 어떻게 다른 주거지 환경특성을 갖게 되었는가를 파악한다. 둘째, 각각 다른 거주환경이 전문직 외국인들의 일상생활과 주거환경에 대한 만족도, 그리고 그들이 거주하는 도시를 바라보는 시각에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지를 규명한다. 셋째, 각기 다른 주거지 환경특성에 따라 외국인 거주자들과 현지인들 사이에 교류의 차이가 나타나는지를 분석한다. 이 목적을 위하여, 전문직 외국인이 집중적으로 거주하는 상해의 포동지역과 서울의 서래마을, 한남동 및 이태원 지역을 비교분석한다. 연구방법은 관련자료, 문헌 및 정부문서에 대한 내용분석, 상해와 서울 두 도시의 사례대상지에 대한 현지조사, 설문과 심층면접을 포함한다. 본 논문은 외국인거주지 조성에 관한 글로벌도시전략과 외국인 주거지의 물리적 특성, 이에 따른 외국인의 일상생활 및 거주 만족도, 각 도시의 주민과의 사회적 교류정도에 있어서 상해와 서울이 나타내는 차이를 보여준다. 1990년대 초부터 계획적으로 진행해 온 상해의 외국인거주지 전략과 비교해보았을 때, 2000년대 초반부터 시행된 서울의 전략은 단편적이고 소극적이다. 상해는 포동지역에 전문직 외국인을 위한 거주지를 조성하는데 있어서, 물리적 환경조성을 위한 공공계획을 수립하고 민간기업의 부동산개발을 유도하였다. 외국인주거단지는 서비스와 부대시설의 '완전패키지(complete package)' 형태로 공급되어, 엄격한 경비와 높은 담장을 두른 외부와 격리된 외국인 전용 복합주거 군으로 개발되었다. 이에 반해, 서울의 외국인 커뮤니티는 정부의 적극적인 개입 없이 점진적으로 도심지역에 형성되었다. 미군부대나 국제학교 주변에서 자연스럽게 형성되다가, 고소득층 거주지역과 통합되고 분명한 경계선이 없이 형성되었다. 전문직 외국인을 위한 지원시설도 외국인 거주지와 도시전역에 분산되어 있다. 이러한 차이에 따라 두 도시에 거주하는 전문직 외국인들의 일상생활은 다른 양상을 보여준다. 상해에 거주하는 외국인 가족의 서울에 비해 내향적이며 자급적(self-contained)이다. 상해의 외국인 거주지의 배타적(exclusive)인 성격과 외국인 거주민을 위한 집중된 생활편의시설(amenity)은 외국인들의 결속을 유도하는 반면, 현지 중국인들과의 교류는 감소시켰다. 외국인들간의 사회적 교류는 외국인주거지 근처에 위치한 국제학교를 중심으로 이루어지고 있다. 반면 서울은, 주거지의 형태가 한국인 주거지와 통합적 특성을 갖고 부대시설이 상대적으로 흩어져있기 때문에 활동반경이 주거지를 중심으로 광범위하거나 도시전체에 해당된다. 때문에 현지주민들과 접촉할 기회가 상대적으로 더 많고, 외국인 커뮤니티의 사회적 교류는 외국인협회를 중심으로 일어나고 있다. 따라서, 현지인과의 사회적 통합/격리 차원에서 볼 때, 상해는 보다 격리된 반면 서울은 상대적으로 통합되어 있다. 이런 주거지 형태와 일상생활의 패턴에서 나타나는 차이에도 불구하고, 서울과 상해에서 사는 외국인들의 거주지에 대한 만족도는 상당히 유사함을 보여준다. 교육적 측면에서 보았을 때, 상해에 거주하는 외국인들이 서울보다 만족 정도가 다소 높음을 보여주었지만, 그 밖에 건조환경(built environment), 생활편의시설(amenity), 교통, 그리고 안전성의 측면에서는 신중하게 계획된 상해의 복합주거지나 자연발생적으로 형성된 서울의 외국인 거주지나 만족도에서 주목할 만한 차이가 없다. 이처럼 유사한 만족도 수준은 각 도시의 현재 거주적합성(livability)을 반영하는 것으로 해석된다. 즉, 서울의 전반적인 주거환경수준은 상해와 같은 노력 없이도 전문직 외국인 거주를 가능하게 한다는 것을 의미한다. 이와 같은 거주적합성 수준은 각도시의 조사대상 외국인이 주거지 입지선택에 있어서 각기 다른 기준을 가지고 있다는 점에서도 확인할 수 있다. 거주환경과 안전은 상해에 거주하는 외국인들이 가장 중요하게 고려하는 사안으로, 이것은 이 도시의 거주적합성에 대한 그들의 인식을 반영한다. 본 연구가 계획된 외국인 커뮤니티가 외국자본과 전문직 고용을 유인하기 위한 전제조건이 되는가를 조사한 것은 아니지만, 연구결과는 외국인 전문인력을 유치하려는 동아시아의 글로벌도시전략에 대해 다음과 같은 정책적, 이론적 시사점들을 제시한다. 첫째, 외국인 전문인력의 거주를 유치하기 위하여 해당 도시에 계획된 외국인 거주지를 조성할 필요가 있는지 여부는 특정 도시의 주거의 질과 생활편의시설, 치안 및 대중교통에의 접근 성 등 그 도시의 조건과 상황에 따라 다르다. 즉, 전문직 외국인에 대한 주거정책은 거시적 글로벌 경제담론 보다는 장소특성에 대한 구체적 이해를 통해 접근되어야 한다. 둘째, 현재 세계화 시대에서 궁극적으로 추구하는 목표가 국적에 따른 격리가 아니고 다문화적 통합이라면, 외국인 주거지의 형태는 배타적으로 계획된 커뮤니티보다 모도시에 통합된 커뮤니티가 바람직하다는 점을 시사한다. 서울에서 보여주는 바와 같이, 문화적 그리고 언어적 장벽이 존재하기 때문에 물리적인 통합이 완전한 사회적 통합을 의미하는 것은 아니지만, 상해와 서울의 외국인 거주민들은 모두 현지 커뮤니티와의 사회적 교류 및 통합되기를 선호한다는 점은 주목되어야 한다. 마지막으로, 본 연구는 글로벌 경제활동의 주체인 전문직 외국인 남성의 입장이 아닌, 주거지에서 일상생활을 영위하는 배우자의 입장에서 외국인들과 현지인들 사이의 더욱 원활한 교류에 대한 가능성을 제시하는 동시에 일상생활에서의 거주적합도와 주거만족도 향상방안을 보여준다. 이론적 측면에서, 본 논문은 기존의 글로벌 경제중심의 초국가적 도시현상(transnational urbanism)에 대한 이해를 구체적 장소에 기반한(place-specific) 일상생활의 측면에서 확대하였다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있다 ; Doctor

Sustainable societal development has become a subject of increased and widespread societal attention especially during the last two decades. The tremendous economic development of former developing nations such as China and India and the general impact of globalization have put even larger pressures on our limited natural resources and fragile environment. Faced with an ever increasing amount of evidence that the activities of our own generation might actually impair the possibilities for future generations to meet their needs, it has become a major political concern that societal development must be sustainable. The issuing of the famous Brundtland report "Our Common Future" (1987) formed a political milestone. This important event has enhanced the public awareness that substantial changes of consumption patterns are called for and has further significantly influenced research agendas worldwide. The realization of a sustainable development of society necessitates that a holistic perspective is taken in operational and strategic societal decision-making. In principle, a joint consideration of the preferences, needs and capabilities of the present and future generations across all nations, industrial and public sectors is required if we are to fully succeed in achieving sustainable societal development. It may be realized that decisions made to enhance sustainability of societal development not only concern reduced emissions of pollutants but also directly and indirectly involve a redistribution of globally available resources and not least a reassessment of the societal affordability of lifestyle and quality of life. So far, the available research literature in this field has mainly reported on results relating to individual aspects of sustainable development; as of yet a general framework that facilitates the joint consideration of the many dimensions of sustainability in supporting decision-making for sustainable societal development is still missing. Whereas the development of a general framework for sustainable decision-making is one of the most relevant tasks in the research agenda, it is unlikely that this task could be accomplished in the foreseeable future. However, at the same time, there is an urgent need for methods that enable societal decision-makers to identify "sustainable" policies in different sectors of society. Here, the "sustainable" policies imply policies that conform to current preventive measures, regulations, principles, ethics and whatever else is regarded as best practice for the realization of the sustainable development of society. Motivated by this and focusing on the civil engineering sector, the present thesis has two aims. The first aim is to reformulate the classical life-cycle cost optimization concept, which has been advocated in civil engineering as the decision principle, in such a way that relevant aspects of sustainability can be incorporated into engineering decision-making. The aspects of sustainability considered in depth in this reformulation are intergenerational equity and allocation of limited resources. Furthermore, for the purpose of facilitating the applications in practical decision situations, a platform is proposed for the modelling and optimization of decision problems based on Bayesian probabilistic networks. Thereby, it is possible with the proposed platform to consider the constraints relating to societal sustainability posed by present society in the decision problems. The second aim is to present a fundamental approach for incorporating the reliability of civil infrastructure in general economic models so that the sustainable policies on design and maintenance of civil infrastructure can be identified from a macroeconomic perspective. In the present thesis, two types of engineering decision analyses are differentiated in order to clarify the extent of the consequence of decisions; marginal engineering decision analysis and non-marginal engineering decision analysis. In marginal engineering decision analysis, it is assumed that the economic growth path is exogenously given and the consequence of decisions does not affect the economic growth; the life-cycle cost optimization concept corresponds to the marginal engineering decision analysis; the first aim of the present thesis can be regarded as the formulation of engineering decision problems from a sustainability perspective in the context of the marginal decision analysis. In contrast, non-marginal decision analysis considers the change of economic growth as a consequence of decisions; the second aim of the present thesis can be regarded as a proposal for a decision framework for the non-marginal engineering decision analysis. The present thesis consists of eight chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the background, aim, scope and outline of the thesis. A literature survey is also provided in the fields of economics and civil engineering, where the formulation and optimization of sustainable decision making in civil engineering is dealt with. The core of the present thesis consists of six chapters (Chapters 2 to 7). Each of the chapters, except Chapter 7, represents a part of my research work published during the PhD study. Chapter 2 considers the general treatment of uncertainties in engineering decision analysis, which is the philosophical basis for decision-making subject to uncertainties. Chapters 3 to 5, respectively, investigate the modelling and optimization of sustainable decision problems, the issue of intergenerational equity and the issue of allocation of limited resources in the context of marginal engineering decision analysis. In Chapter 6 the approach for incorporating the reliability of civil infrastructure in general economic models is proposed based on economic growth theory. This approach corresponds to non-marginal engineering decision analysis. The proposed approach is then applied to a simplistic economic model in Chapter 7 in order to show how the optimal reliability of civil infrastructure can be identified and the sustainable policy on the design and maintenance of civil infrastructure can be examined. Thereby, an objective function is derived in the context of non-marginal decision analysis that is different from the objective function employed in the classical life-cycle cost optimization concept. The reason for this is provided by looking at the differences in the formulation of the decision problems in marginal and non-marginal decision analysis. In this chapter the assumptions of the derivation of the classical life-cycle cost optimization and its limitations are also introduced in order to emphasize the difference between non-marginal decision analysis and marginal decision analysis. Chapter 8 concludes the present work. In the reformulation of the classical life-cycle cost optimization, its practical applicability is emphasized. Hence, the proposed methods in the corresponding chapters (Chapters 3 to 5) can be readily applied to practical decision situations. Practical examples are provided in these chapters. On the other hand, the approach presented in Chapters 6 and 7 serves as a relevant building block for further development of the general framework for sustainable decision-making, whereby scientific insights are provided on how sustainable design and maintenance policies on infrastructure can be investigated in a macroeconomic context. Die Frage nach einer nachhaltigen gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung hat insbesondere in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Im Fokus stehen dabei die begrenzten natürlichen Ressourcen und die fragile Umwelt, die durch die enorme wirtschaftliche Entwicklung von Schwellenländern wie China und Indien noch stärker unter Druck geraten. Da es immer offensichtlicher wird, dass die Aktivitäten unserer eigenen Generation die Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten der folgenden Generationen beeinträchtigen könnten, wurde die Forderung nach einer nachhaltigen gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung ein wesentliches politisches Ziel. Ein politischer Meilenstein wurde 1987 durch den Brundtland Report "Unsere gemeinsame Zukunft" gesetzt. Dieses entscheidende Ereignis verstärkte das öffentliche Bewusstsein, dass substantielle Änderungen im Konsumverhalten zukünftig notwendig sind. Seit der Veröffentlichung des Brundlandt Reports beeinflusst das Thema der Nachhaltigkeit weltweit viele Agenden von Forschergruppen. Die Umsetzung einer nachhaltigen gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung erfordert eine Einnahme einer holistischen Perspektive sowohl für die operationelle als auch für die strategische Entscheidungsfindung in der Gesellschaft. Prinzipiell ist eine integrale Berücksichtigung der Präferenzen, Bedürfnisse und Fähigkeiten der heutigen und der zukünftigen Generationen über alle Nationen und alle Sektoren hinweg notwendig, wenn eine Steuerung hin zu einer nachhaltigen gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung erfolgreich sein will. Es muss erreicht werden, dass Entscheidungen zur Förderung der nachhaltigen Entwicklung einer Gesellschaft nicht nur unter Berücksichtigung monokausaler Zusammenhängegetroffen werden, z.B. die Verringerung von schädlichen Emissionen, sondern auch unter Berücksichtigung der direkten und indirekten Umverteilung globaler Ressourcen, der Neubewertung von Lebensstilen und nicht zuletzt der Qualität des Lebens in der globalen Welt. Der Grossteil der verfügbaren wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema Nachhaltigkeit fokussiert auf einzelne Aspekte, die für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung notwendig sind. Ein genereller Rahmen, der die gemeinsame Betrachtung des mehrdimensionalen Problems der Nachhaltigkeit erlaubt und gesellschaftliche Entscheidungsträger unterstützen kann, fehlt bisher noch. Die Entwicklung eines solchen Rahmens ist die relevanteste Aufgabe, die die Forscher im Bereich der nachhaltigen Entscheidungsfindung zu bewältigen haben. Es ist nicht abzusehen, dass in naher Zukunft in diesem Bereich eine Lösung gefunden wird. Dennoch ist derzeit der Druck gross, Methoden zur Verfügung zu haben, die es Entscheidungsträgern aus allen Bereichen ermöglicht, die "nachhaltigste" Handlungsalternative zu identifizieren. Der Ausdruck " nachhaltigste" impliziert, dass die Handlungsalternativen konform sind zu den Massnahmen, Regulierungen, Prinzipien, Ethiken und allen anderen Gegebenheiten in einer Gesellschaft, die als "beste Praxis" für die Umsetzung der nachhaltigen Entwicklung in einer Gesellschaft gelten. Diese vielschichtigen Aspekte waren die Motivation für diese Arbeit, die sich auf den Bereich des Bauingenieurwesens bezieht. Zwei wesentliche Ziele werden in dieser Arbeit verfolgt. Das Erste ist, den klassischen Ansatz des Konzeptes zur Optimierung der Lebenszykluskosten, der im Bereich des Bauingenieurwesens als das Entscheidungsprinzip betrachtet wird, so umzuformulieren, dass Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit im Entscheidungsprozess Berücksichtigung finden können. Die Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit, die insbesondere Berücksichtigung in der Neuformulierung finden sind das Prinzip der intergenerationellen Gleichheit und der Allozierung von beschränkten Ressourcen. Für die Anwendbarkeit in realen Entscheidungssituationen wird eine Plattform für die Modellierung und Optimierung von Entscheidungsproblemen vorgeschlagen, die auf Bayes'schen Probabilistischen Netzen basiert. Dies ermöglicht es, die Einschränkungen, die durch die Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit gegeben sind, im Entscheidungsprozess zu berücksichtigen. Das zweite Ziel ist, einen fundamentalen Ansatz vorzustellen, der es ermöglicht, strukturelle Zuverlässigkeit von baulichen Infrastrukturen in allgemeinen ökonomischen Modellen zu berücksichtigen, so dass nachhaltige Entscheidungen in Bezug auf den Entwurf und den Unterhalt solcher Anlagen von einer makroökonomischen Perspektive aus identifiziert werden können. Zwei Typen von Entscheidungsanalysen im Ingenieurwesen wurden in dieser Arbeit unterschieden, um das Ausmass der Konsequenzen aus Entscheidungen klar herauszustellen; es werden sowohl marginale Entscheidungsanalysen als auch nicht-marginale Entscheidungsanalysen beleuchtet. In der marginalen Entscheidungsanalyse im Ingenieurwesen wird angenommen, dass das wirtschaftliche Wachstum exogen gegeben ist und die Konsequenzen, die aus Entscheidungen resultieren, keinen Einfluss auf das wirtschaftliche Wachstum haben. Das Konzept der Optimierung der Lebenszykluskosten von baulichen Infrastrukturen ist ein Beispiel für eine marginale Entscheidungsanalyse. Damit kann das zuvor genannte erste Ziel dieser Arbeit als Formulierung von Entscheidungsproblemen im Hinblick auf Nachhaltigkeit im Kontext der marginalen Entscheidungsanalyse gesehen werden. Im Gegensatz dazu kann das zweite formulierte Ziel als ein Rahmen für Entscheidungen gesehen werden, die einen nicht-marginalen Einfluss auf das Wirtschaftswachstum haben. Die vorliegende Arbeit gliedert sich in acht Kapitel. Kapitel 1 stellt die Ziele der Arbeit vor, grenzt die Arbeit ab und erläutert die Hintergründe zu dieser Arbeit. Im ersten Teil wird ein Überblick über die Literatur in den relevanten Gebieten der Wirtschaftswissenschaften und des Bauingenieurwesens, insbesondere in den Bereichen Formulierung und Optimierung von nachhaltigen Entscheidungsproblemen, gegeben. Der Kern dieser Arbeit besteht aus sechs Kapiteln (Kapitel 2 bis 7). Jedes dieser Kapitel (mit Ausnahme von Kapitel 7) repräsentiert einen Teil meiner Forschungsarbeiten während des Doktorats, die bereits veröffentlicht sind oder zur Veröffentlichung akzeptiert sind. Kapitel 2 behandelt den allgemeinen Umgang mit Unsicherheiten in der Entscheidungsanalyse im Ingenieurwesen und stellt die philosophische Basis für die Entscheidungsfindung im Ingenieurwesen unter Unsicherheit dar. Kapitel 3 bis 5 untersucht die Modellierung und Optimierung von Entscheidungsproblemen unter Berücksichtigung der zuvor genannten Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit. Kapitel 6 stellt einen Ansatz vor, mit dem die strukturelle Zuverlässigkeit baulicher Infrastrukturen in allgemeinen wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Modellen und Modellen zur Beschreibung des Wirtschaftswachstums berücksichtigt werden kann. Dieser Ansatz korrespondiert zu nicht-marginalen Entscheidungsanalysen. In Kapitel 7 wird dieser Ansatz an einem einfachen wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Modell angewendet, um zu zeigen, wie die optimale Zuverlässigkeit baulicher Infrastrukturen identifiziert werden kann, und eine nachhaltige Strategie in Bezug auf den Entwurf und den Unterhalt verfolgt werden kann. Dazu wird eine Zielfunktion in einem nicht-marginalen Kontext hergeleitet, die grosse Unterschiede zur Zielfunktion aufweist, die im klassischen Ansatz zur Optimierung der Lebenszykluskosten verwendet wird. Der Grund für diese Unterschiede liegt in der Formulierung des Problems im marginalen und im nicht-marginalen Entscheidungsraum. In diesem Kapitel wird auch auf die klassischen Annahmen und Einschränkungen eingegangen, um die Unterschiede in diesen beiden Ansätzen beleuchten zu können. Kapitel 8 schliesst die Arbeit. In der Neuformulierung des klassischen Lebenszyklusansatzes wird die praktische Anwendbarkeit unterstrichen. Daher können die Methoden, die in den Kapiteln 3 bis 5 vorgestellt werden, direkt in praktischen Problemen angewendet werden. Hierzu werden in diesen Kapiteln praktische Beispiele gegeben. Auf der anderen Seite ist der Ansatz, der in Kapitel 6 und 7 vorgestellt wird, ein relevanter Baustein für die weitere Entwicklung eines allgemeinen Rahmenwerks für die nachhaltige Entscheidungsfindung, wobei wissenschaftliche Einblicke gegeben werden, wie nachhaltige Entwurfs- und Unterhaltsstrategien an baulichen Anlagen in einem makroökonomischen Kontext untersucht werden können.

FEMALE REPRESENTATIVE AND RESISTANCE IN OKA RUSMINI'S EARTH DANCE Mita Hati Priyantini English Literature, Faculty of Language and Arts, Surabaya State University. Mitahati@rocketmail.com Mamik Triwedawati SS. M.Pd. English Department, Faculty of Language and Arts, Surabaya State University Abstrak Novel Earth Dance merupakan novel karya Oka Rusmini yang menyuarakan kaum subordinasi seperti wanita maupun queer. Dalam tesis ini, penelitian di lakukan terhadap dua tokoh representatif yakni Telaga sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel dan Kenten sebagai karakter queer. Dengan demikian, dapat di rumuskan tiga masalah yaitu (1) Bagaimana penggambaran representatif wanita dalam novel Earth Dance oleh Oka Rusmini; (2) Bagaimana representatif memimpin perlawanan dalam novel Earth Dance oleh Oka Rusmini; dan (3) Bagaimana dampak dari perlawanan terhadap tokoh-tokoh dalam novel Earth Dance oleh Oka Rusmini. Data dari tesis ini di ambil dari novel sebagai sumber utama dan membaca intensif untuk langkah berikutnya. Untuk menjawab semua masalah, penelitian menggunakan teori Feminisme untuk menggambarkan representatif dan perlawanan perempuan, baik penyebab dan dampakanya. Penelitian kepustakaan di gunakan sebagai data pendukung dalam analisis. Selanjutnya, deskripsi analisis di gunakan untuk menjelaskan hasil analisis. Setelah merumuskan tiga masalah dan langkah penelitian di atas, di temukan bahwa representatif wanita yang melakukan perlawanan di sebabkan karena adanya dominasi laki-laki yang meminggirkan wanita dalam konteks budaya Bali. Namun, pada akhirnya perlawanan wanita tetap mendapatkan hukuman dari para dewa yang harus di terima. Kata Kunci: wanita, representatif dan perlawanan. Abstract Earth Dance is novel by Oka Rusmini which championing the subordinate group such as woman or queer. In this thesis, the study is focused on two representative characters; they are Telaga as the main character and Kenten as a queer character in the novel. Thus, there are three problems which will describe in this study (1) how is female representative depicted in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance; (2) how is female representative leads to female resistance in Oka Rusmini's Earth dance; and (3) how is the impact of female resistance in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance characters. The data from this thesis are taken from novel as the main source and intensive reading for the next step. To answer the three problems, the research use theory of Feminism to depict female representative and resistance, whether the cause and impact to the doer. Library research is used as supporting data in analysis. Next is the analysis description used to explain the result of analysis. after the discussion the three problems above, the result is, that female representative did the resistance is because the male domination which subordinate them in the context of Balinese custom. Yet, in the end, these female resistance have to willingly accept their punishment from the gods. Key words : woman, representative and resistance. INTODUCTION The term of women derives from rakta swanita which means women's seed. Balinese custom were originates from Hinduism, in which the concept of Balinese women is contiguous as Hindu women; they are born, lived and are bound with their desa adat. The concept of of unity between men and women is called arddanisvarimurthi in which men and women are described to complete each other. While Balinese custom establish the joint responsibility of a marriage couple for sociopolitical and religious duties, the earlier ethnography of Bali has often associated men as the heads of the households with the role of representing households (Nakatani, 1997:727). Nakatani found that Balinese women have not only double but also triple roles. This research is done on women's roles in her family as a wife and mother, their social roles and a breadwinner in the custom. At the end, she calls Balinese women as wonder women. If super women are demanded to do their house chores as well as their career, 'wonder women' are demanded to do their role in desa adat as one of the characteristic of Balinese women. Bali which is known as the patriarchal system which oppressed women to will under men's dominance. Balinese custom arranged women to submissive to their husband though the women is in a high caste or lower caste status without a protest (Chaitanya, 2010:4-5). For Balinese women, the primary tasks are to produce a good quality children, fostering balance and harmony within family and to work as a family team in society/adat (Suyadnya, 2006:6). In the previous age, Balinese women are work in the house and made songket to earn more money and fulfill the household needs. Married women in Balinese have also roles in maintaining the ritual represented their household. They must take care of preparation and presentation of offering, ceremonial gift-giving and ritual assistance as their main task or they divide the certain task, especially the presentation of offering and gift-giving to their daughter or another female member in the house (Nakatani, 1997:736-737). Through Nakatani's definition of women, that the society prejudice women's main chores are to maintaining the household and take care of their family and it has become obstacles for their career. Most of Oka rusmini's works break taboo to tradition and vividly talking about body and erotic caused much controversy among her family, friends and even society who read her works. They might be disturbed, but she ignored. As an author, she can do something expressing her dissatisfaction, unhappiness and anxiety via the written words. Oka had produced three novel, collection of short stories and poetry, those are, Tarian Bumi (Earth Dance translated into English by Lontar foundation and German as Erdentanz), Putu Menolong Tuhan (Putu Helps His God, translated in English by Vern Cork), Sagra, Pemahat Abad (The Sculptor of the Century, translated in English by Pamela Allen), Tempurung, and Pattiwangi. In every her novels, poetry, and short stories, Oka Rusmini works are ingenious in the sense that focus almost solely on female characters and convey feminine perspective in a consistent and provocative manner. In addition to critiquing the caste system, which in her view is very much shaped and controlled by patriarchal system in Balinese Hindu, Oka depicts competition and tension among her main female characters, and this competition can often be fierce, sometimes even be violent. She explores without reservation the positive as well as the negative qualities of Balinese women from both social groups., but at the same time she never forget to reiterate that patriarchy bears the ultimate responsibility for the social problem related to the caste system. Based on background of the study above, it can be simplify the three problems which emerge as the discussion in this study. How is the female representative depicted in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance? How does female representative leads to female resistance in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance? How is the impact of female resistance in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance characters? In analyzing the data, this study use the theory of feminism. The theory of female resistance contains the definition of female representative which leads to resistance and the impact to the main character in the novel. RESEARCH METHOD In carrying out the study, the library reasearch, which used for literary work deal with this study, is basically descriptive and qualitative research. Most of the data collected from many speech dialogue in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance as the object analysis which define into twenty chapter in the novel. Earth Dance was firstly published by Indonesia Tera, Magelang, Indonesia in 2000 and was originally serialized in the newspaper Republika, 4 march-8 April 1997. The data is analyzed by using feminism criticism, which is why the librarian research is used as the method. Conducting this analysis will be used to answer the questions in the statement of the problems. The procedure of analysis divided as follows; (1) The first step is to collect data speeches, thoughts, and quotations which have relation to the discussion, (2) Then clasify the data of speeches, thought and quotations to the Telaga and Kenten as the object of analysis, (3) Selecting quotations of the data are finally analyzed by the theories that are mentioned above to describe the concept of female resistance, (4) The ideal characteristic of female resistance begins with the description of female in this novel in order to know what is the impact on Telaga's character as the main character through other characters, (5) Finally, to depict the characterization of Telaga and the impact of female resistance to indicate the significance of resistance in Telaga's personality, the analysis is done by the theories that have been mentioned in preeceding explanation. ANALYSIS The first question will be revealed the main problem that focuse on how female representative in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance. In this discussion, the female representative divide into three sub-chapters; (1) Physical description of Ida Ayu Telaga Pidada as a brahmana, (2) physical description of Kenten as a lesbian character, and (3) diferentiate of language uses between brahmana and sudra. The second question will be revealed the second problem which focuse on how is female resistance in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance. The discussion is emerge the main character rebells her own fate as a brahmana and female queer character who ignores the society which determine her as queer. The last question is, how is the impact of female resistance to the main character will be revealed by the discussion which divide into four sub-chapters; (1) punishment for rebel the caste system, (2) Telaga exilled from griya, (3) Telaga changing caste, and (4) Kenten isolated from society. Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance brings up the issues of gender and class-society. Narrated by Ida Ayu Telaga surrounded by four women who shapes Telaga's character and resist from her own custom, which in Telaga's mind was unfair. Telaga is a brahmana woman who feels trapped and unhappy with her own caste and custom. Her mother was a sudra who ambitious to married only to brahmana man. One the issue which cause problematic among woman is physical appearance. It is like that they were race as the most beautiful among others. Physical appearance of main character in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance Telaga is describe as beauty as a goddess and belongs to brahmana. Made the other girls envy of her. When she was danced oleg, it had always been a public secret that nobody could surpass Ida Ayu Telaga Pidada. Oleg is a dance of love, a dance about delights of romance, about the beauty of courtship (Earth Dance, 2011:13). One of the prominently character named Kenten. She is a best friend of Sekar and also the female queer character. She is a commoner and living only with her mother. Her father was disappeared and doesn't mention in the novel. she was a woman with ten men power and well built phsically strong. Kenten realizes since the begining of her different in desire. Although, she has to play the role of woman, especially in every month when a blood flows between her two legs. She needs to cleanse her body every month. Language system to caste is describes in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance in some of dialogues and monologue of Telaga's, as in evident in Telaga's speak as third-person narratives below: "Telaga considered him as an idiot, but an idiot who she had to approach with respectful titles: aji – noble father, or ratu – lord. He was a man without character; a man who could be proud of nothing but his masculinity. How could she trust him? As a child, Ida Ayu Telaga Pidada had ashamed to call him her respected father. Telaga's father had an Ida Bagus as a father and Ida Ayu as a mother, so people said his noble blood was of the very highest carat. And so, Telaga had to call this man she hardly knew "Ratu"." (P.17) Through the quotation above is proving that Language uses was strictly adhered by Balinese people. In the past infringement of these rules were harshly punished by fines and even debt slavery. Today, the extreme of language use have been largely abandoned because these sanction can no longer be applied. In Balinese caste system, everything has arranged even in the language uses. The Balinese language is itself a hierarchical, while most words have only one form and is thus insensitie to status; some 1,500 everyday words have two or more lexemes which are hierachically ranked and thus status highly sensitive. The basic rule is that the inferior must uses refined when speaking to a superior caste, whereas superior may use less refined to inferior caste (Howe, 2005:113). In Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance brings up the issues of gender and class-society. Narrated by Ida Ayu Telaga surrounded by four women who shapes Telaga's character and resist from her own custom, which in Telaga's mind was unfair. Telaga is a brahmana woman who feels trapped and unhappy with her own caste and custom. Her mother was a sudra who ambitious to married only to brahmana man. Throughout her entire childhood, Telaga witnesses the oppresive forces of adat and their impact on her mother, wondering if this is what it means to be a noble woman. She can only oppose the practice silently, asking herself many questions while watching the harsh life that her mother has to endure as an ex-sudra woman who has dared to enter the sacred brahmana realm. Telaga's own daily life is mostly confined by the griya walls and the complex rules that regulate her almost every move. Telaga's state of mind with regard to all these restriction is conveyed by free indirect speech. "Unfortunately, she could not enjoy that time for long. Telaga inevitably had to return this borrowed era to Life. She wished she could trick her way back into childhood, even just for a day or two. If only she could, she would grab that time and hide it so Life couldn't find it and ask Telaga for its return. But Telaga could not persuade all-powerful Life to compromise. Life insisted on the following of rigid rules: rules that could not be bent, even slightly." (P.57) The quotation blur's the narrator voice and what occur's in Telaga's mind. The narrator is involved emotionally in Telaga's lament concerning her lost childhood because of her noble status. Telaga is actually complaining about the gods' cruel decision to snatch her childhood so quickly from her, but such complain can only be uttered in the form of a monologue. And moreover, it is softened to the point that it sounds more like nagging than protesting, as if Telaga wants to be sure that it will not offend the gods. Differ from Telaga, Kenten is sudra and the queer character who has different desire for mostly normal women. in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance who describe as a stubborn woman. No one dared to bother her. Like Luh Sekar, she disdains men, but whereas Luh Sekar is willing to use men to achieve her ambitions, Luh Kenten does not need men and never intends to marry one for any reason. The novel describes her as a lesbian. She feels sexually aroused by looking at Sekar's naked body, but develops an aversion towards her own feminine body. As the result of resistance, female representative in the novel are willingly to receive the consequences of their desire against the rules. The main characters in the novel; Telaga and queer character; Kenten, are the most impacted because of their desire to resistance from the persistent custom which subordinate them. The consequences which had to be submissive by Telaga and Kenten will impact on their entire life. Delueze explain that power do not repression of desire, instead it is the expansion of desire (Colebrook, 2002:91). Ideology is take the concepts of how individual acts against their interest. Colebrook framed that feminity seen in the Jane Austen's or any novelistic composition of character describes on the fabrics, skin colour, gestures, rhythms of speech and body parts – the thiness of waist which it is become the misspresented of ideological stereotypes of woman. Woman is a group of socialy coded affect and intensities that have gone into making up the image of personhood (Colebrook, 2002:93). It is the law of Balinese hinduism if a noble woman who marry man bellow their caste will be exilled from her house. She no longger posses nobility and she cann't posses everything from her former house. Her child will be her husband caste (Avelling, 2006:2). Telaga and Wayan couldn't bear the feelings any longer even they tried harder to ignore it. So, they decide to face every risk which confronts them. Begin with Telaga who exilled from griya and do not allowed to bring anything from her former house. She her child must join to Wayan's caste as a sudra and living with her mother-in-law who opposes her marry to her only son. Yet, because Telaga is no longer a brahmana, she must address everyone in griya with the highest title – Ratu. The worst of it, Wayan found dead in his studio. Telaga had to endure Wayan's mother and sister who since begining didn't accept she coming to their house. Luh Gumbreg who realize that Telaga didn't get blessing from her family before she married with Wayan, ask Telaga to held pattiwangi ritual. The ritual which is remove the noble status from noble woman who marry a commoner. The ritual is also become the reminder for the others noble women to not do the same thing as Telaga. CONCLUSION Oka Rusmini is a Balinese writer who assert Balinese tradition in every her novel. Earth Dance is one of her novel which brings up the issue of female representative who resist against subordination. The main character, Ida Ayu Telaga as the narrator, represent female in high class-caste society who against the people grouping in Hinduism. Divide people into four categories and determine them based those categories. The higher the class-caste, the more they receive privilages and subordinate the lowest caste. While, the queer character – Kenten as a commoner must facing society's judge because her queerness. Both Telaga and Kenten who are representative their female in Balinese society and resist with their own ways. Telaga choose to betray her caste by marrying a commoner – Wayan Sasmita, and receive insult whether from people in griya even her own mother and from Wayan's family. She is no longer a noble woman, instead she is a commoner such her husband. Her child also bear the caste of her husband as a commoner. Through Telaga's action, she unintentionally purify her mother's past mistake by marry a brahmana man. Kenanga who was a pragina is a sudra who ambitious marry only to a brahmana man, after she finally marry Ida Bagus Tugur – Telaga's father, she never living a peace. Ida Bagus Tugur was marry Kenanga only to posses Kenanga's body. Differ from Telaga, Kenten as a female queer resist from her society by ignoring people's jugdements. Kenten is Kenanga's close friend. They become closer because of people in the village consider them as a shame. Since Kenanga was kid, her father caught for joining the Communist party, and since then people judge her as a communist's daughter. Kenten who desire for Kenanga's body could only keeping a secret for herself. No one she could confide in, although everybody in the village knews her intimacy with Kenanga. It can be conclude that female representative in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance resist from rules that subordinate them. The rules which determine them to be truely woman who submissive to their husband and family. A woman who strong and balance the household. As the consequences of their resistance, they should abandon and willingly receive what destiny determine them according to the Balinese Hinduism law. REFERENCES Andrini, Susi. 2003. "Oka Rusmini's Pen Breaks Tradition". Dalam The Jakarta Post, 24 Januari. Jakarta. Blair, Emily. 2007. Virginia Woolf And The Ninetenth-Century Domestic Novel. New York: New York Press. Colebrook, Claire. 2002. Routledge Critical Thinker: Gilles Delueze. London: Routledge Darma Putra, I Nyoman. 2011. A Literary Mirror: Balinese reflections on modernity and identity in the twentieth century. Nethrlands: KITVL Press. Howe, Leo. 2005. The Canging World of Bali Religion Society and Tourism. Abingdon: Routledge. Morton, Stephen. 2003. Routledge Critical Thinker: Gayatri Cakravorty Spivak. London: Routledge. Homer, Sean. 2005. Routledge Critical Thinker: Jacques Lacan. Abingdon: Routledge McAfee, Noëlle. 2004. Routledge Critical Thinker: Julia Kristeva. London: Routledge Salih, Sara. 2002. Routledge Critical Thinker: Judith Butler. London: Routledge. Thornham, Sue. 2000. Feminist Theory and Cultural Studies: Stories of Unsetted Relation. Terjemahan Asma Bey Mahyudin. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra. Internet Source: Nakatani, A. 1997. Private or Public?: Defining Female Roles in The Balinese Ritual Domain. Southeast Asian Studies, (Online), Vol 34, Nomor 4, (http://repository.kulib.kyotou.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/56616/1/KJ00000131966.pdf?origin=publication_detail diakses 12 Februari 2014). Wayan Suyadnya, I. 2006. Balinese Women and Identities: Are They Trapped In Tradition, Globalization Or Both?, (Online), (http://qjournal.co.id/new/index.php/paper/1598/balinese-women-and-identities-are-they-trapped-in-traditions-globalization-or-both-, Diakses 12 Februari 2014). Bell, Millicent. 1986. Female Regional Writing: An American Tradition. 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The Asian Development Review is a professional journal for disseminating the results of economic and development research relevant to Asia. The journal seeks high-quality papers done in an empirically rigorous way. Articles are intended for readership among economists and social scientists in government, private sector, academia, and international organizations.

This publication outlines the performance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in achieving the goals of Strategy 2030, the institution's long-term strategic framework. It is the 14th in the series of annual reports that tracks development progress in Asia and the Pacific, assesses ADB's development effectiveness, and identifies areas where the institution's performance needs to be strengthened.

The Fifty-Third Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors of the Asian Development Bank was held virtually in two stages. The first stage was on 22 May 2020 and the second stage was from 17 to 18 September 2020. Resolution no. 398 adopted by the Board of Governors in 2019 provided that the Fifty-Third Annual Meeting would be from 2 to 5 May 2020 in Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea. In view of the global health situation arising from the coronavirus disease 2019, the Board of Directors approved that the annual meeting be held virtually in two stages. The first stage in the form of a reduced-scale meeting of the Board of Governors (predominantly through their appointed representatives) on 22 May 2020 to ensure that statutory requirements could be met. The second stage, originally planned in Incheon from 18-21 September, was changed to a shorter online meeting from 17 to 18 September 2020, which covered the remaining Annual Meeting agenda and comprised a series of virtual events, including events participated by Governors. The Government of the Republic of Korea renewed its commitment to hosting an annual meeting by inviting ADB to hold the Fifty-Sixth Annual Meeting in Incheon, Republic of Korea in 2023, which the Board of Governors approved on 18 September 2020 (Resolution no. 407). This Summary of Proceedings of the 2020 Annual Meeting is presented in accordance with the provisions of Section 9 of the Rules of Procedure of the Board of Governors. The Governor for the Republic of Korea, the Honorable Hong Nam-Ki, chaired the Meeting. The Governor for Indonesia, the Honorable Sri Mulyani Indrawati, and the Temporary Alternate Governor for Luxembourg, Mr. Yves Weber, served as Vice-Chairs. The views expressed by ADB members at the Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of ADB.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered a massive disruption of labour markets that has had disproportionate impacts on youth employment. Through lockdowns and travel restrictions, demand has slumped and many businesses have been forced to close or cut back operations, with serious impacts on workers. Nearly 220 million young workers (15–24 years) in the region are particularly vulnerable given their short tenure on the job, their employment in especially hard-hit sectors and their tendency to earn livelihoods in unsecure informal jobs. The usual challenges of youth employment are heightened in economic crises. Given their relative lack of experience, young people face higher rates of unemployment than adults (25 and older) regardless of the business cycle. Young people are also more likely than adults to work in less-secure, lower-wage employment, frequently with limited legal rights, social protection, and representation. The current COVID-19 crisis brings the vulnerabilities of youth labour markets to the fore, but with the further complication of disrupted education and training pathways. Young people will be hit harder than adults in the immediate crisis and also bear higher longer-term economic and social costs. Pre-existing vulnerabilities of youth in the labour market will be exacerbated, with negative consequences for intergenerational poverty and inequality.

This publication outlines the performance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in achieving the goals of Strategy 2030, the institution's long-term strategic framework. It is the 13th in a series of annual reports that tracks development progress in Asia and the Pacific, assesses ADB's development effectiveness over the years, and identifies areas where the institution's performance needs to be further strengthened

Annual reports generally look outwards. They are usually meant to showcase an organisation's yearly performance mostly for outsiders: general public, supporters, partners, donors etc. Consequently, most of them fall in the category of promotional literature. The Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) has taken a different route this year: Our annual report for 2019 speaks as much to others as it does to the organisation itself. Not as a monologue but as a conversation. Not as a reverie but as an exchange of ideas. Questionnaires were circulated, templates were moved around and discussions were held to achieve that objective. The outcome is this document that aims simultaneously at introspection and prognosis.