Suchergebnisse

The aim is to determine the reasons and mechanisms that made transcendentalism a school of thought in its own right as an extension of European Romanticism. This research is therefore focusing on a theoretical, historical and aesthetic level. The main hypothesis is as follows : How can we understand a rooting, a link and thus a return to a land that was recently colonized, and in addition, in a context of intense industrialization? The founding principles of the American constitution, inspired by the Enlightenment, are the main research source to help explain this paradox. In the end, the question of the return to nature was treated here in form and substance. We also cast a critical eye on the theories about the hypothesis of this return and a didactic eye over the ways this project was put into words. The analysis is thematic : we first developed a practical point of view, then the hypothesis was assessed from a political, an ethical and finally an anthropological perspective. ; Il s'agit de déterminer les raisons et les mécanismes qui ont fait du transcendantalisme un courant de pensée à part entière dans le prolongement du romantisme européen. La recherche se place donc sur un plan théorique, historique et esthétique. La principale hypothèse est la suivante : comment supposer un enracinement, un lien et donc un retour à une terre conquise par colonisation et de surcroît, dans un contexte d'industrialisation intense ? Les fondements de la constitution américaine inspirés des Lumières, sont la principale piste de recherche pour expliquer ce paradoxe. En définitive, la question du retour à la nature a été traitée ici dans la forme et dans le fond, mais nous avons porté une critique théorique à l'hypothèse de ce retour et une critique didactique à la mise en mots de ce projet. Le déroulement est thématique : d'abord envisagé d'un point de vue pratique, l'hypothèse a été éprouvée d'un point de vue politique, ensuite éthique et enfin anthropologique.

The aim is to determine the reasons and mechanisms that made transcendentalism a school of thought in its own right as an extension of European Romanticism. This research is therefore focusing on a theoretical, historical and aesthetic level. The main hypothesis is as follows : How can we understand a rooting, a link and thus a return to a land that was recently colonized, and in addition, in a context of intense industrialization? The founding principles of the American constitution, inspired by the Enlightenment, are the main research source to help explain this paradox. In the end, the question of the return to nature was treated here in form and substance. We also cast a critical eye on the theories about the hypothesis of this return and a didactic eye over the ways this project was put into words. The analysis is thematic : we first developed a practical point of view, then the hypothesis was assessed from a political, an ethical and finally an anthropological perspective. ; Il s'agit de déterminer les raisons et les mécanismes qui ont fait du transcendantalisme un courant de pensée à part entière dans le prolongement du romantisme européen. La recherche se place donc sur un plan théorique, historique et esthétique. La principale hypothèse est la suivante : comment supposer un enracinement, un lien et donc un retour à une terre conquise par colonisation et de surcroît, dans un contexte d'industrialisation intense ? Les fondements de la constitution américaine inspirés des Lumières, sont la principale piste de recherche pour expliquer ce paradoxe. En définitive, la question du retour à la nature a été traitée ici dans la forme et dans le fond, mais nous avons porté une critique théorique à l'hypothèse de ce retour et une critique didactique à la mise en mots de ce projet. Le déroulement est thématique : d'abord envisagé d'un point de vue pratique, l'hypothèse a été éprouvée d'un point de vue politique, ensuite éthique et enfin anthropologique.

Although little remains of Hawai'i's plantation economy, the sugar industry's past dominance has created the Hawai'i we see today. Many of the most pressing and controversial issues-urban and resort development, water rights, expansion of suburbs into agriculturally rich lands, pollution from herbicides, invasive species in native forests, an unsustainable economy-can be tied to Hawai'i's industrial sugar history.Sovereign Sugar unravels the tangled relationship between the sugar industry and Hawai'i's cultural and natural landscapes. It is the first work to fully examine the complex tapestry of socioeconomic, political, and environmental forces that shaped sugar's role in Hawai'i. While early Polynesian and European influences on island ecosystems started the process of biological change, plantation agriculture, with its voracious need for land and water, profoundly altered Hawai'i's landscape. MacLennan focuses on the rise of industrial and political power among the sugar planter elite and its political-ecological consequences. The book opens in the 1840s when the Hawaiian Islands were under the influence of American missionaries. Changes in property rights and the move toward Western governance, along with the demands of a growing industrial economy, pressed upon the new Hawaiian nation and its forests and water resources. Subsequent chapters trace island ecosystems, plantation communities, and natural resource policies through time-by the 1930s, the sugar economy engulfed both human and environmental landscapes. The author argues that sugar manufacture has not only significantly transformed Hawai'i but its legacy provides lessons for future outcomes

Although little remains of Hawai'i's plantation economy, the sugar industry's past dominance has created the Hawai'i we see today. Many of the most pressing and controversial issues--urban and resort development, water rights, expansion of suburbs into agriculturally rich lands, pollution from herbicides, invasive species in native forests, an unsustainable economy--can be tied to Hawai'i's industrial sugar history. Sovereign Sugar unravels the tangled relationship between the sugar industry and Hawai'i's cultural and natural landscapes. It is the first work to fully examine the complex tapestry of socioeconomic, political, and environmental forces that shaped sugar's role in Hawai'i. While early Polynesian and European influences on island ecosystems started the process of biological change, plantation agriculture, with its voracious need for land and water, profoundly altered Hawai'i's landscape. MacLennan focuses on the rise of industrial and political power among the sugar planter elite and its political-ecological consequences. The book opens in the 1840s when the Hawaiian Islands were under the influence of American missionaries. Changes in property rights and the move toward Western governance, along with the demands of a growing industrial economy, pressed upon the new Hawaiian nation and its forests and water resources. Subsequent chapters trace island ecosystems, plantation communities, and natural resource policies through time--by the 1930s, the sugar economy engulfed both human and environmental landscapes. The author argues that sugar manufacture has not only significantly transformed Hawai'i but its legacy provides lessons for future outcomes.

Introduction / Michael J. Douma -- Beyond laissez faire and state power: A critical look at the transformation thesis and classical liberalism in nineteenth century America / Scott Shubitz -- Classical liberalism and the "New" history of American capitalism / Phillip W. Magness -- The historicity of civil liberties, a liberal predicament / Anthony Gregory -- Constituting liberty: Toward a history and science of association / Lenore T. Ealy -- Some roads taken, and not taken, from the Progressive Era to the New Deal / David T. Beito -- A manifesto for liberty: Toward a new history of civil rights in U.S. history / Jonathan Bean -- The end or ends of social history? The reclamation of old fashioned historicism in the writing of historical narratives / Hans Eicholz -- History through a classical liberal feminist lens / Sarah Skwire -- Classical liberalism in Eastern Europe: Very vibrant but so mild / Leonid Krasnozhon and Mykola Bunyk -- "Start the Economy": Causation, emergent order, and social change in the origins of modern economic growth / Matthew Brown -- A non-manifesto of liberal history / Alberto Garín

John Searle´s social ontology seeks for nothing less than the fundamental "structure of human civilization". By trying to reconcile the description of the world by the natural sciences with our self-understanding as free, rational and conscious beings, he points to the core of meaningful social life with its institutions, rules and normative expectations. Searle´s often provocative project of explaining "the exact role of language in the creation, constitution, and maintenance of social reality" manifested in his book "Making the Social World" (2010) and outlined in this volume, is taken on by philosophers and social scientists in a critical encounter. Among the large range of topics discussed in these articles are Searle´s concept of collective intentionality, the status of social facts, the social acceptance of institutions, the magic of speech acts as well as Searle´s excursion into the world of power and human rights. Not least, these reflections help to clarify the sometimes conflict-laden relation of philosophy and social theory.

In this chapter we argue that discourses on AI must transcend the language of 'ethics' and engage with power and political economy in order to constitute 'Good Data'. In particular, we must move beyond the depoliticised language of 'ethics' currently deployed (Wagner 2018) in determining whether AI is 'good' given the limitations of ethics as a frame through which AI issues can be viewed. In order to circumvent these limits, we use instead the language and conceptualisation of 'Good Data', as a more expansive term to elucidate the values, rights and interests at stake when it comes to AI's development and deployment, as well as that of other digital technologies. Good Data considerations move beyond recurring themes of data protection/privacy and the FAT (fairness, transparency and accountability) movement to include explicit political economy critiques of power. Instead of yet more ethics principles (that tend to say the same or similar things anyway), we offer four 'pillars' on which Good Data AI can be built: community, rights, usability and politics. Overall we view AI's 'goodness' as an explicly political (economy) question of power and one which is always related to the degree which AI is created and used to increase the wellbeing of society and especially to increase the power of the most marginalized and disenfranchised. We offer recommendations and remedies towards implementing 'better' approaches towards AI. Our strategies enable a different (but complementary) kind of evaluation of AI as part of the broader socio-technical systems in which AI is built and deployed.

In the course of exempting religious, educational, and charitable organizations from federal income tax, section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code requires them to refrain from campaign speech and much speech to influence legislation. These speech restrictions have seemed merely technical adjustments, which prevent the political use of a tax subsidy. But the cultural and legal realities are more disturbing.Tracing the history of American liberalism, including theological liberalism and its expression in nativism, Hamburger shows the centrality of turbulent popular anxieties about the Catholic Church and other potentially orthodox institutions. He argues persuasively that such theopolitical fears about the political speech of churches and related organizations underlay the adoption, in 1934 and 1954, of section 501(c)(3)'s speech limits. He thereby shows that the speech restrictions have been part of a broad majority assault on minority rights and that they are grossly unconstitutional.Along the way, Hamburger explores the role of the Ku Klux Klan and other nativist organizations, the development of American theology, and the cultural foundations of liberal "democratic" political theory. He also traces important legal developments such as the specialization of speech rights and the use of law to homogenize beliefs. Ultimately, he examines a wide range of contemporary speech restrictions and the growing shallowness of public life in America. His account is an unflinching look at the complex history of American liberalism and at the implications for speech, the diversity of belief, and the nation's future ; https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/1005/thumbnail.jpg

AbstractThis paper clarifies and answers the following question: is technology morally neutral? It is argued that the debate between proponents and opponents of the Neutrality Thesis depends on different underlying assumptions about the nature of technological artifacts. My central argument centres around the claim that a mere physicalistic vocabulary does not suffice in characterizing technological artifacts as artifacts, and that the concepts of function and intention are necessary to describe technological artifacts at the right level of description. Once this has been established, I demystify talk about the possible value-ladenness of technological artifacts by showing how these values can be empirically identified. I draw from examples in biology and the social sciences to show that there is a non-mysterious sense in which functions and values can be empirically identified. I conclude from this that technology can be value-laden and that its value-ladenness can both derive from the intended functions as well as the harmful non-intended functions of technological artifacts.

During its early structuralist and typological phases, narratology faced a great deal of difficulty relating theory to practice. The study of narrative texts is both an applied science and a theory in its own right. Its critical challenge as applied narratology is 'So what?' Why do we need all these subcategories to understand texts? Narratology has been criticized for not producing significant readings as a theory, like deconstruction or Lacanian psychoanalysis. The main objective of this paper is to seek to explore the narratological dimensions of literature and compare the Narrative Theories based on structuralist views. To achieve this goal, first a brief history of narratology is offered to provide an opportunity to discuss the structure and the leaders of the narratology movement, and then the entire structuralist discussion of narratology, its concepts, the procedure, and the practitioners is examined. According to the results, structuralist narratology encompasses the opening of a path to the language of a narrative and, therefore, the decoding of the language to act upon its meaning.

This study investigates research integrity among PhD students in health sciences at three universities in Scandinavia (Stockholm, Oslo, Odense). A questionnaire with questions on knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and behavior was distributed to PhD students and obtained a response rate of 77.7%. About 10% of the respondents agreed that research misconduct strictly defined (such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism, FFP) is common in their area of research, while slightly more agreed that other forms of misconduct is common. A nonnegligible segment of the respondents was willing to fabricate, falsify, or omit contradicting data if they believe that they are right in their overall conclusions. Up to one third reported to have added one or more authors unmerited. Results showed a negative correlation between "good attitudes" and self-reported misconduct and a positive correlation between how frequent respondents thought that misconduct occurs and whether they reported misconduct themselves. This reveals that existing educational and research systems partly fail to foster research integrity.

It is known that a hierarchical configuration helps to improve adhesion to the substrate and reduce the effects that generate a sharp change in a conventional multilayer coating, like interface stresses. We present a study of the mechanical properties and tribological behavior at the micro and macro scale of WC/WCN/W multilayer coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering, combining soft and hard layers with a hierarchical architecture. Variations in the number of layers and thicknesses, as well as the distribution within the coating are determinant to obtain the adequate mechanical properties in order to reduce the wear rate. It was found that the coating with high hierarchical configuration presented lower wear rates, in comparison to single layer and low hierarchical configuration coatings. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ; Funding Agencies|CONACYT-CDTI [189207]; CONACYT (REDISYT) [254790]; CONACYT [297914/225114, CB-2012-01#179304, 166286]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [2009-00971]; SSF frame program FUNCASE Functional Carbides and Advanced Surface Engineering; LIDTRA [123630]

Small House Policy is long regarded as the special privilege enjoyed by the indigenous villagers. However, current studies mostly focus on the problems created under the policy like the planning and housing issues. This study fills the research gap by exploring how the villager's custom evolved into a policy. It found that the development of the policy could be predicted under the institutional change theory where the villagers' perception on the housing tradition and the compensation from the government, together with the poorly designed Small House Policy, eventually develop the conception of special privilege. And the government could not modify the policy to prevent continuing abuse. Later in the study investigated current Small House development process and found that the complicated application procedures and the restriction on sale exhibited high transaction cost. The high cost encouraged the creation of extra-legal alternative development process and result in inefficient property right. ; published_or_final_version ; Urban Planning and Design ; Master ; Master of Science in Urban Planning