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Feminist literature on care has extensively addressed inequalities that cut across the social categories of gender, class and ethnicity in relation to care work. One category that has received less attention in theories of caregiving so far is age. Built on the feminist literature of care and taking young (female) carers as its subject matter, this article tackles age as a third social category of intersectional inequalities along with class and gender. Firstly, through dealing with Nancy Fraser's justice framework of participatory parity, it is argued that addressing the intersectional inequalities that young (female) carers face necessitates a justice framework that contemplates both the distributional and recognitional aspects of care. In this respect a dual conceptualisation of care is presented – both as a social good and a social process. Secondly, a critical analysis will be presented of the elements of the justice framework of Fraser, where the notion of subordinated status will be related to the identities of young carers. Lastly, the normative framework participatory parity will be discussed in relation to the politics of need, as care practices define the needs of young carers that are contextualised in the care processes, but also in a childhood space.

The purpose of this article is to operationalise an evolutionary perspective on the history of social media and to trace Facebook's evolution from a social networking site to a 'platform-as-infrastructure'. Social media platforms such as Facebook change constantly on the level of their platform architectures, interfaces, governance frameworks, and control mechanisms, all while responding to their larger environments. By examining the evolution of Facebook's programmability and corporate partnerships, we develop an empirical historical analysis of the platform's boundary dynamics that ultimately determine its operational scale and scope. Based on our analysis of a unique set of archived primary sources, we discern four main stages in Facebook's long-term evolution and discuss the interplay between ongoing processes of 'platformisation' and 'infrastructuralisation'. We argue that these terms foreground complementary aspects of the platform's efforts in balancing its expansion and adaptability to changing user needs and other 'environmental dynamics' without risking its integrations and embedding in other domains, such as advertising, marketing, and publishing. Ultimately, our contribution illustrates how empirical platform histories can denaturalise the current dominant position of social media platforms, such as Facebook, revealing over a decade of incremental evolution rather than revolution.

The purpose of this article is to operationalise an evolutionary perspective on the history of social media and to trace Facebook's evolution from a social networking site to a "platform-as-infrastructure". Social media platforms such as Facebook change constantly on the level of their platform architectures, interfaces, governance frameworks, and control mechanisms, all while responding to their larger environments. By examining the evolution of Facebook's programmability and corporate partnerships, we develop an empirical historical analysis of the platform's boundary dynamics that ultimately determine its operational scale and scope. Based on our analysis of a unique set of archived primary sources, we discern four main stages in Facebook's long-term evolution and discuss the interplay between ongoing processes of "platformisation" and "infrastructuralisation". We argue that these terms foreground complementary aspects of the platform's efforts in balancing its expansion and adaptability to changing user needs and other "environmental dynamics" without risking its integrations and embedding in other domains, such as advertising, marketing, and publishing. Ultimately, our contribution illustrates how empirical platform histories can denaturalise the current dominant position of social media platforms, such as Facebook, revealing over a decade of incremental evolution rather than revolution.

Trotz der bedeutenden Rolle, die es im Leben nahezu aller Menschen spielt, hat sich die Soziologie bis dato kaum für das Verzeihen bzw. Vergeben interessiert. Der folgende Beitrag begegnet dieser Leerstelle im Anschluss an Georg Simmel, Hannah Arendt, Vladimir Jankélévitch und Jacques Derrida auf sozialtheoretischer Ebene. Anders als empirische Untersuchungen, die alltägliche 'Vergebungshandlungen' in den Blick nehmen, fokussiert er auf numerische, temporale, spatiale und gabentheoretische Gesichtspunkte sowie die Grenzen des Verzeihens in Anbetracht der Shoah. Dabei wird deutlich, dass – anders, als der Ordnungsbias der Soziologie nahelegt – Vergebung und Verzeihen nicht in erster Linie auf Kooperation und die Wiederherstellung gesellschaftlicher Beziehungen abzielen. Vielmehr handelt es sich vor allem um Praktiken der Entflechtung von sozialen Bindungen, die zur Fessel geworden waren. Despite the important role it plays in the lives of almost everyone, sociology has so far paid only little, if any, attention to condonation ('Verzeihung') and forgiveness ('Vergebung'). This essay bridges the gap with reference to Georg Simmel, Hannah Arendt, Vladimir Jankélévitch, and Jacques Derrida. In opposition to empirical studies focusing on everyday practices ('Vergebungshandlungen'), I will sketch the outlines of a short social theory of forgiveness with regard to its numeric, temporal, and spatial aspects as well as its limits in the light of the Shoa. From this it follows that – beyond the order bias of social science – to forgive someone cannot primarily be understood as an act of cooperation or repair of damaged social relationships, but rather as a dissolving of social bonds which had turned into manacles.

Abstract
The world of galleries, libraries, archives and museums (GLAM), once a set of onsite only experiences, is being increasingly encountered in the digital realm with screen culture and mobile devices now mainstream in many parts of the globe. The social media platform, Instagram, with its strong visual presence, is a popular window used by museum visitors to discover collections held by cultural institutions, and to reflect this experience back to their shared networks. This activity constitutes a form of sense-making. A neglected area of research to date, the digital content produced by visitors to cultural institutions provides unique insights into popular aspects of exhibitions and collections, particular spaces within their buildings, and the ways in which visitors experience and engage with these. This article draws on research into visitors' use of Instagram in museums to argue that encountering material culture occurs in an integrated manner involving real-life and virtual experiences that act to create a social sense of the museum that is participatory and alluring. Place-making and social presence theories are used to interpret data generated by visitors. Findings highlight implications for museum practice and the changing role and value of social media in the everyday work of cultural institutions.

Truth is always a reduction of complexity. The various aspects of an observed phenomena are reduced to only those that relate to how truth is defined by the observer. In this sense, social sciences create society by applying theories that define what is truth to it. This logic becomes a problem when the social sciences in question do not reflect a wide range of different theories that can complement and criticize each other, providing a more complex observation and, thus, a more complex truth. This is the case with some social sciences of the Global South, especially, in early stages of their institutional and organizational development. However, decisions made in early stages of a system can only be changed with considerable effort later on. There tends to be an effect of path dependency, especially in organizations engaged in social sciences in the Global South. This article will explore the mechanisms of production of truth and thus of reduction of complexity by Marxist critical sociology in Ecuador, between the 1960s and 2010. A focus will be the institutionalization of these mechanisms in organizations and the augmentation of complexity within critical sociology, usually connected to certain ideas of politics and sciences.

This article explores and explains how the views concerning the problem of the latifundium have changed over time. In the XIXth century, this paper suggests, the latifundium was conceived first and foremost as a political problem. After 1910, critics emphasized its social dimension. Meanwhile, in the mid twentieth century, the focus was placed on its economic aspect. Changes in the way Argentinians viewed large rural property relate to larger debates on the country's most important political issues: the creation of political order, the quest for social justice, the search for economic development. ; Este artículo explora de qué modo fueron cambiando las concepciones sobre el problema del latifundio pampeano a lo largo de la historia argentina. Sugiere que las críticas al latifundio pampeano lo concibieron primero como un problema de naturaleza política, más tarde enfatizaron la dimensión social y finalmente pusieron el foco en el plano económico. A la luz de este recorrido, el artículo se propone demostrar que el problema del latifundio constituyó un prisma a través del cual se han refractado algunos de los grandes dilemas del país: primero el problema de la construcción del orden político, luego la lucha por la justicia social, por último la búsqueda del desarrollo económico.

The rapidly population increasing in Indonesia forced the government to create more job opportunities. It was thought that the problem could be solved by developing timber estates in the forestry sector. The plantation effort in the form of HTIs (timber estates) only began in earnest in 1990. Most often, the development projects provide economic benefits and better living environment, but they also affect local people adversely. Social impact assessments help in understanding such impacts. The case study was conducted in North Sumatra Province in Indonesia and involved the stakeholders, they are local community, value chain actors, workers, and the society. This study aims to assess the impacts of Toba Pulp Lestari tbk PT on local community social life; and develops the alternatives to overcome the conflicts happened between the local communities and the company. The impacts are measured based on six constructs of social impact within thirty eight of sub-construct. The result shows the first rank as the most important in the community life aspect is perceived well-being and the second the most important is conservation the community resources occupies the second rank in pairwise comparison table.This study develops alternatives by suggesting Toba Pulp Lestari tbk PT to do environment impact analysis and social impact analysis.

21 páginas. ; El presente ensayo quiere abordar el tema del perfil que debe tener el Líder en el Hospital Militar Central, ya que ante los grandes retos que se tienen al direccionar una institución en salud requieren que las personas que se desempeñan en cargos claves dentro de la organización tengan competencias y habilidades en liderazgo. Fundamentalmente es importante que el Líder comprenda la importancia de manejar equipos de trabajo altamente eficientes mediante el desarrollo de una adecuada inteligencia emocional en los aspectos como autoconciencia, autogestión, conciencia social y habilidades sociales, logre generar un adecuado clima laboral dentro de la organización ; The present essay wants to address the topic of the profile that should have the Leader in the Central Military Hospital, given that the great challenges that have to address a health institution require that people who perform in key positions within the organization have Competencies and leadership skills. It is fundamentally important that the Leader understands the importance of managing highly efficient work teams by developing an adequate emotional intelligence in the aspects such as self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and social skills, to generate an adequate working environment within the organization.

El artículo destaca algunos antecedentes del desarrollo de la cultura egipcia. Menciona varios aspectos relevantes de ésta, partiendo de los primeros asentamientos y formas de organización social, política y económica hasta la formación de la monarquía, unificación que permite el avance comercial, cultural, el desenvolvimiento de los estamentos sociales y la conformación de toda una ideología religiosa como mecanismos de control político y económico, refractados en la estructuración de dos tipos de calendarios: el civil y el religioso que determinan el modus vivendi de los egipcios y que más adelante servirán de base para la formulación de calendarios occidentales. ; The article highlights some background to the development of the Egyptian culture. Mentions various relevant aspects of this, on the basis of the first settlements and forms of social, political and economic organization until the formation of the monarchy, unification that allows commercial, cultural progress, the development of the social sectors and the formation of any religious ideology as political and economic control mechanisms reflected in the structuring of two types of calendars: the civil and religious that determine the modus Vivendi of Egyptians and later will serve as a basis for the formulation of Western calendars.

Представлен анализ немецкой исторической литературы, посвященной различным аспектам социальной политики Отто фон Бисмарка. Первый канцлер Германии создал современное государство всеобщего благосостояния в 1880-е гг. Он работал в тесном сотрудничестве с крупной промышленностью и стремился стимулировать экономический рост Германии, давая рабочим большую социальную защищенность. Поскольку работы немецких исследователей посвящены в основном проблемам внутренней политики О. Бисмарка, таким как«исключительный закон против социалистов», «культуркампф», социальное законодательство 1880-х гг., автор приходит к выводу о необходимости комплексного изучения историографии вопроса социальной политики, реализованной во 2-й половине XIX в. О. Бисмарком. ; The article analyzes the German historical literature devoted to various aspects of social policy realized by Otto von Bismarck. The first Chancellor of Germany created the world's first welfare state in the 1880s. He worked closely with large industry and aimed to stimulate German economic growth by giving workers greater social security. Following that works of German researchers are mostly devoted to problems of internal policy realized by O. Bismarck, such as "an exclusive law against socialists", "Kulturkampf", social legislation of 1880-ies, the author makes a conclusion about the necessity to study in complex the historiography of a social policy implemented in the second half of XIX century by O. Bismarck.

En este trabajo resumimos los aspectos sociales, culturales y políticos de la canción mexicana y, de manera particular, la "nueva canción". En primer lugar, problematizamos algunos ejes para definir el concepto de "nueva canción", del cual destacamos sus implicaciones políticas y sociales. Posteriormente, realizamos un resumen esquemático de la historia política y cultural mexicana, intentando ofrecer algunas claves básicas para su caracterización. Por último, proponemos dividir la "nueva canción" a partir de generaciones. Para ello ofrecemos una mirada general de algunos de sus principales exponentes, de los cuales definimos sus cualidades y contribución a la canción mexicana contemporánea. ; This paper summarizes the social, cultural and political aspects of the Mexican song and, particularly, the "new song". First,we problematize some axes to define the concept of "new song" from which we emphasize its political and social implications. Then, we make a schematic summary of Mexican cultural and political history, trying to offer some basic keys for its characterization. Finally, we propose to divide the "new song" from its generations. For that, we offer an overview of some of its leading exponents, from which we define their qualities and contribution to contemporary Mexican song. ; 27-39 ; tanius@hotmail.com / tanius.karam@anahuac.mx ; semestral

Social dominance theory was developed to account for why societies producing surplus take and maintain the form of group-based dominance hierarchies, in which at least one socially-constructed group has more power than another, and in which men are more powerful than women and adults more powerful than children. Although the theory has always allowed for societies to differ in their severity of group-based dominance and how it is implemented, it has predicted that alternative forms of societal organization will occur rarely and not last. This paper revisits aspects of the theory that allow for the possibility of societal alternatives and change. We also consider boundary conditions for the theory, and whether its current theoretical apparatus can account for societal change. By expanding the typical three-level dynamic system to describe societies (micro-meso-macro) into four levels (including meta) to consider how societies relate to one another, we identify political tensions that are unstable power structures rather than stable hierarchies. In research on institutions, we identify smaller-scale alternative forms of social organization. We identify logical, empirical, and theoretical shortcomings in social dominance theory's account of stability and change, consider alternative forms of social organization, and suggest fruitful avenues for theoretical extension. ; peerReviewed ; publishedVersion

Social dominance theory was developed to account for why societies producing surplus take and maintain the form of group-based dominance hierarchies, in which at least one socially-constructed group has more power than another, and in which men are more powerful than women and adults more powerful than children. Although the theory has always allowed for societies to differ in their severity of group-based dominance and how it is implemented, it has predicted that alternative forms of societal organization will occur rarely and not last. This paper revisits aspects of the theory that allow for the possibility of societal alternatives and change. We also consider boundary conditions for the theory, and whether its current theoretical apparatus can account for societal change. By expanding the typical three-level dynamic system to describe societies (micro-meso-macro) into four levels (including meta) to consider how societies relate to one another, we identify political tensions that are unstable power structures rather than stable hierarchies. In research on institutions, we identify smaller-scale alternative forms of social organization. We identify logical, empirical, and theoretical shortcomings in social dominance theory's account of stability and change, consider alternative forms of social organization, and suggest fruitful avenues for theoretical extension.

Aim: The aim of this article is to work out the differential significance of risk factors of media usage, personality and social environment in order to explain problematic video game usage in childhood and adolescence. Method: Data are drawn from the Berlin Longitudinal Study Media, a four-year longitudinal control group study with 1 207 school children. Data from 739 school children who participated at 5thand 6thgrade were available for analysis. Result: To explain the development of problematic video game usage, all three areas, i. e. specific media usage patterns, certain aspects of personality and certain factors pertaining to social environment, must be taken into consideration. Video game genre, video gaming in reaction to failure in the real world (media usage), the children's/adolescents' academic self-concept (personality), peer problems and parental care (social environment) are of particular significance. Conclusion: The results of the study emphasize that in future – and above all also longitudinal – studies different factors regarding social environment must also be taken into account with the recorded variables of media usage and personality in order to be able to explain the construct of problematic video game usage. Furthermore, this will open up possibilities for prevention.