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"Improving the health status of the poor and addressing their specific health needs is crucial for poverty alleviation. In this context, the design of health care systems is one of several key challenges. This study analyses the accessibility of the Latvian health care system from a pro-poor perspective. What access barriers currently affect poor and vulnerable inhabitants of Latvia? How can these barriers be removed and the health care system be made more pro-poor? In this analysis of the Latvian health care system, three relevant dimensions of accessibility are identified: the financial, the geographical, and the informational one. For each dimension, barriers to access, existing measures to overcome these and their limits are discussed and reform proposals made. Overall, efforts to enhance the access of poor and vulnerable groups to the Latvian health care system must tackle the pooling and funding side, improve the overall stewardship of health care and social protection, and meet with a supportive general political framework." (author's abstract)

The creation in 2014 of a new mechanism – the "Fact-Finding Mission in Syria" (FFM) – to investigate alleged chemical attacks allowed the OPCW to bypass the procedures laid down in the Chemical Weapons Convention for investigations of alleged use, and to set its own rules for these investigations. The roles of the Director-General and the newly appointed director of the Investigation and Identification Team (IIT) are mostly ceremonial. The effective boss of the OPCW is the Chief of Cabinet Sébastien Braha, a French diplomat, and the Principal Investigator of the IIT is Elise Coté, a Canadian diplomat. Although these individuals have obvious conflicts of interest in relation to Syria, the OPCW lacks any procedure for managing such situations. The Technical Secretariat's excuse for suppression of the Engineering Assessment – that evidence that the cylinders were manually placed rather than dropped from the air is "outside of the mandate and methodology of the FFM" – is fallacious and contradicts OPCW's published reports on the Douma incident. It was already clear from open source evidence, as we pointed out in an earlier briefing note, that the Interim and Final Reports of the FFM on the Douma incident had been nobbled. Our sources have now filled in some of the details of this process. Specifically: a. By mid-June 2018 there would have been ample time to draft an interim report that summarized the analysis of witness testimony, open-source images, on-site inspections and lab results. We have learned that the original draft of the interim report, which had noted inconsistencies in the evidence of a chemical attack, was revised by a process that was not transparent to FFM team members to become the published Interim Report released on 6 July 2018 that included only the laboratory results. b. After the release of the Interim Report, the investigation proceeded in secrecy with all FFM team members who had deployed to Douma excluded. It was nominally led by Sami Barrek who as FFM Team Leader had left Damascus before the on-site inspections began. These FFM team members do not know who wrote the document that was released as the "Final Report of the FFM". c. We have learned from multiple sources that the second stage of the investigation involved consultation with Len Phillips, the previous leader of FFM Team Alpha who worked in the OPCW during this period as a self-employed consultant. From examination of three earlier FFM reports on incidents in 2015 or 2017 where Phillips was the Team Leader, it is clear that these reports also excluded or ignored evidence that these alleged chemical attacks had been staged. Specifically: a. The FFM report on the alleged chlorine attacks in Idlib between 16 March and 20 May 2015 omitted the crucial fact, later noted by the Joint Investigative Mechanism, that the refrigerant canisters allegedly used as components of chemical munitions could not have been repurposed. b. The FFM report on the alleged sarin attack in Khan Sheikhoun on 4 April 2017 omitted the information, later noted by the Joint Investigative Mechanism which had access to the same records, that the recorded hospital admission times of at least 100 patients were too early for them to have reached hospital if they had become casualties at the time the attack was alleged to have occurred. c. The FFM investigation of the alleged chlorine attack in Ltamenah on 25 March 2017, reported on 13 June 2018, led it to discover a previously unrecorded sarin attack nearby the day before, and to prompt the White Helmets to provide, eleven months later, munition parts that tested positive for intact sarin. The report failed to explain or even comment on how intact sarin could have persisted for so long in the open. This indicates that the suppression of the Engineering Assessment of the Douma incident was not an isolated aberration. In this context it is relevant that the opposition-linked NGOs on which the FFM has relied for evidence since 2014 have dubious provenance, and at least some of them have been set up under UK tutelage. The credibility of the OPCW cannot be restored simply by finding some way to reverse what were purported to be the findings of the FFM on the Douma incident, but only by an independent re-examination of all its previous investigations of alleged chemical attacks in Syria, and a radical reform of its governance and procedures. To resolve the discrepancy between the conclusions of the internal Engineering Assessment and those of the Final Report, a first step would be to make public the assessments of the external engineering experts on whom the Final Report relied. The engineering assessments were based on observations of the cylinders and measurements at the locations where they were found. As the cylinders, tagged and sealed by the OPCW inspectors, are in the custody of the Syrian government, it is feasible to undertake an independent study to determine whether the conclusions of earlier engineering assessments can be replicated. For such a study to be credible, it would have to be undertaken by a panel independent of OPCW, in accordance with methods for reproducible research.

1.Introduction -- 2.The third moment of equalization in Latin America: Lights and shadows of the progressive governments at the beginning of the 21st century -- 3.The Impact of the Pandemic on Latin America: Social Setbacks and Rising Inequalities -- 4.Past and present of Higher Education in Latin America and Europe: The impact of neoliberal modernization -- 5.Types of Institutions and Youth School Experience: Dynamics of Inequality in Argentine Secondary Education -- 6.Gendered Necropolitcs: Inequalities and Femicides in Central America -- 7.Care, gender and social inequalities -- 8.Actions to promote gender equality in the context of COVID-19 -- 9. It all happens (to us) at once: Youth, precariousness and policy in Argentina (A multidimensional approach to inequality) -- 10.Racial Inequalities as a Structural Axis of Social Inequality in Latin America and the Afrodescendant Population -- 11.The most unequal region on the planet? A sociological analysis of the ideas, evaluations and attitudes towards inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean -- 12.Youths and Inequalities: Persistent and Emerging Trends, and Public Policies, In the Time of the Pandemic -- 13.Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities in the Latin American Labour Market -- 14.The Glyphosate Consensus: rural poverty management and agribusiness in South America during the Pink Tide (1998-2016).

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of contributors -- Introduction -- Part I Inclusive growth -- Chapter 1 Transformational entrepreneurship and SMEs: An emerging country context -- Background -- Entrepreneurship economic prosperity argument -- Key challenges of entrepreneurship and SMEs in emerging markets -- Transforming emerging economies through entrepreneurship and SMEs -- Conclusions and policy recommendation -- Note -- References -- Chapter 2 Integral integrated insight: Reflections for transformational entrepreneurship -- Introduction -- Business venture development -- Attributes and identification of developmental stages -- The entrepreneur's intent -- Entrepreneurial ecosystem -- Integral approach -- Integral integrated case study -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Entrepreneurial orientation and performance in conditions of poverty -- Introduction -- Conceptual development -- Methodology -- Analysis and results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 What drives female entrepreneurship in African developing countries? -- Introduction -- Literature review -- Data and sample -- Multivariate analysis -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Note -- References -- Chapter 5 Relevance of entrepreneurship in teacher education: Stakeholders' perspective in Tanzania -- Background -- Literature review -- Research methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion and areas for further research -- References -- Part II Sustainable entrepreneurship: Environmental, financial and cultural contexts -- Chapter 6 Eco-entrepreneurship: A reparation of environmental degradation in Ghana -- Background and current environmental issues -- Business strategy and eco-entrepreneurship -- Areas of focus in Ghana -- Key success factors in eco-entrepreneurship.

Public skills policy in most market economies in the last forty years made one repeated error, time and again. We seem to be unable to learn from those mistakes. Consistently public policies view a wide range of economic and social issues e.g. low productivity, low-skilled jobs, low wage, inequality and in-work poverty as the consequence of skills deficits and a lack of qualifications held by individual workers. Whilst mis-diagnosing the source of the problems and failing to deliver any effective change, public skills policies continue with a policy prescription of 'more skills' and 'more degrees'. If we have not solved the problems with this decade-old approach, why should the same medicine work this time? This book examines the role of public skills policy from a completely different perspective. It starts by challenging the lack of a systematic analysis of the link between skills utilisation and business strategy, and provides a new model for fresh thinking. The book extends this theoretical analysis to examine the implications for the sectoral approach to skills development as a more effective form of public policy. -- from back cover

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I: Organizational Culture -- 1. Globalization and Entrepreneurial Organizational Culture -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Concept of organizational culture -- Analysis of organizational culture in the conditions of globalization -- Factors that determine organizational culture -- Types of entrepreneurial culture -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. The Role of Manager in the Organizational Culture Change in Era of Globalization -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Functions of organizational culture -- Methods managers apply in creating and maintaining the desired organizational culture -- Managers' orientation toward change -- Analysis of the environment -- Resistance to change -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Organizational Behavior -- 3. Organizational Behavior, Globalization and Gender -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Theoretical approaches to organizational behavior research -- Characteristics of a global organization and new roles of managers and leaders -- Challenges for women entrepreneurs and leaders in the age of globalization -- New leadership development paradigm for women -- Socioeconomic conditions for new firm creation -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Globalization and Gender Role -- 4. Globalization, Gender and Informal Economy: Developing and Transitional Countries -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Theoretical background -- Gender and informal economy -- Globalization and informality-developing countries -- Globalization and informality-transitional countries -- The measurements of informal economic activities& -- #8212 -- transitional countries -- Conclusion -- References -- 5. Gender Equality and Informal Sector in Serbia -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Theoretical background -- Poverty key figures in Serbia -- Labour market indicators.

Constructive Anarchy, the result of more than a decade of direct study within a variety of anarchist projects, provides the most wide-ranging and detailed analysis of current anarchist endeavours. The compelling discussions of anarchism and union organising, anti-poverty work and immigrant and refugee defence represent truly groundbreaking undertakings from a rising scholar of contemporary anarchism. Organised to illustrate the development of the diversity of anarchist strategies and tactics over time, the book begins with a discussion of alternative media projects before turning attention to anarchist involvement in broader community-based movements. Case studies include a discussion of anarchists and rank-and-file workplace organising, anarchist anti-borders struggles and "No One Is Illegal" movements in defence of immigrants and refugees since 9/11, and anarchist free schools and community centres. Jeff Shantz's analysis demonstrates serious and grounded practices rooted in anarchist organising: practices that may draw on previous traditions and practices but also innovate and experiment. The varied selection of case studies allows the author to compare groups that are geared primarily towards anarchist and radical subcultures with anarchist involvement in more diverse community-based coalitions, an approach that is otherwise lacking in the literature on contemporary anarchism.

The Handbook of Income Inequality Measurement emphasizes the theoretical foundations of the domain and its extensions and applications. Following a thorough overview of the main questions that have to be addressed explicitly or implicitly when making income inequality comparisons, the volume offers a historical survey of the link between the personal and functional distributions of incomes. The next chapters are devoted to a presentation of the theoretical basis of income inequality analysis and give an illuminating account of the normative, axiomatic and subjective approaches to this area and of its connections to the literature on stochastic dominance. Four studies then look at the statistical tools to be employed when assessing or ranking inequalities, whether the goal is to estimate inequality indices, derive parametric approximations to Lorenz curves or test the significance of the partial orderings that reflect Lorenz comparisons. The last nine chapters review specific issues in and applications of income inequality analysis. The subjects covered are the decomposition of inequality by income sources and population subgroups, the use of equivalence scales, multidimensional inequality, income tax progressivity, life-time income inequality, income mobility and the interrelations between inequality, welfare and poverty

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Truth and the Success of Science -- Explaining Scientific Success -- Simplistic Accounts of Success -- Dismissive Attitudes toward Explanation -- Underdetermination -- The Alleged Superfluousness of Truth in Explanation -- Excising Truth from Explanation -- Surrogates for Truth -- The Metaphysical Import of Truth -- 2 Conceptions of Novelty -- The History of the Independence Requirement -- Temporal Constraints -- Bayesian Confirmation -- Contemporary Analyses of Independence -- Constraints on the Analysis of Novelty -- 3 An Analysis of Novelty -- Overview and Motivation -- Assumptions and Terminology -- Conditions for Novelty -- 4 Applications -- Fresnel's Theory of Diffraction -- Special Relativity -- The Expansion of the Universe -- The Big Bang -- 5 Realism and Novelty -- The Burden of Argument -- Minimal Epistemic Realism -- The Explanatory Poverty of Instrumentalism -- In Defense of Abduction -- Novel Prediction versus Retroactive Explanation -- Partial Truth and Success -- The Pragmatics of Partial Truth -- 6 Counterarguments -- Overview -- The Skeptical Historical Induction -- Empirical Equivalence and Underdetermination -- Is There Truth in Virtue? -- NOA's Bark Is as Terse as It's Trite -- 7 The Future of Realism -- Limits to Testability in Fundamental Physics -- Methodological Practice -- Warranting Methodological Change -- A Measured Retreat -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

A frequent question in discussions about democracy is whether input from the public is ever considered and to what extent by politicians. This influence of public opinion on the realm of welfare policies has not been extensively explored, and most analyses are less precise for being conducted before the passage of the national welfare reform in 1996, better known as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA). Bringing the analysis to a period after the reform to account for contextual changes since its passage, this study uses the multilevel and poststratification (MRP) model considered superior in analysis of subnational opinion using national survey data to assess the influence of public opinion on welfare policies at the state level. Collecting data from the 2014 CCES and a new developed welfare generosity index, I find that public opinion does not have any influence on how generous welfare programs turn out in their states, unless it is interacted with state government ideology. It seems that the ideology of the state government and the state poverty rate are the major determinants on welfare policies outcomes in the states, although the latter had different effects for TANF and SNAP.

AbstractThis article aims to explore the perspectives and experiences of elderly individuals in Korea regarding active aging in their daily lives. The research utilizes Schütze's biographical narrative approach and involves six participants, comprising two males and four females aged between 73 and 82. The data collected undergoes analysis using Schütze's six‐step biographical narrative analysis method, resulting in the following key findings. The first significant finding in their biographical stories is that participants have gone through poverty, lack of education, economic activity, early marriage, dedicated child‐rearing, and the challenging times in Korea following the end of Japanese colonial rule and the Korean War. Secondly, the study discovered that older people could achieve a balanced and active life obtained from the love of family and friends, sincere faith, enjoyable social activities, precious jobs, and safety concerns by adopting a positive and appreciative approach toward life. The study's third finding highlights that older individuals wish to be self‐reliant, value government benefits, seek more economic opportunities, and need better social services to assist them during their vulnerable later years for active aging. Therefore, the thesis recommends that the Korean government provide older individuals with expanded healthcare management, caregiving services, and employment opportunities.

Abstract
Billions in development aid is provided annually by international donors in the Majority World, much of which funds health equity. Yet, common neocolonial practices persist in development that compromise what is done in the name of well-intentioned policymaking and programming. Based on a qualitative analysis of fifteen case studies presented at a 2022 conference, this research examines trends involving unethical partnerships, policies, and practices in contemporary global health. The analysis identifies major modern-day issues of harmful policy and programming in international aid. Core issues include inequitable partnerships between and representation of international stakeholders and national actors, abuse of staff and unequal treatment, and new forms of microaggressive practices by Minority World entities on low-/middle-income nations (LMICs), made vulnerable by severe poverty and instability. When present, these issues often exacerbate institutionalized discrimination, hostile work environments, ethnocentrism, and poor sustainability in development. These unbalanced systems perpetuate a negative development culture and can place those willing to speak out at risk. At a time when the world faces increased threats including global warming and new health crises, development and global health policy and practice must evolve through inclusive dialogue and collaborative effort.

Abstract
Land redistribution is the deliberate act of governments to handle the problems of social inequality and poverty. The objective of this study was to assess the 1996 land redistribution policy of Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) in terms of its process of implementation, the criteria used and the socio-economic effects of the policy, specifically in Basoliben woreda farmers. Employing a qualitative descriptive case study design, primary sources of data were collected through key informant interviews and focus group discussion (FGD) whereas secondary data was gathered from different documents. Both cross-case analysis and document analysis were used to analyze the collected data. The findings of the study implied that the redistribution policy in ANRS has resulted in both positive and negative effects on the socio-economic life of farmers. Among the positive effects, landless, women and marginalized sections of the society like artisans got access to land. The negative effects include political allegiance used as the mere criteria to allocate land, the reprisal rationale of the regional government to undertake the policy, implementation problems like lack of transparency, land corruption and lack of monitoring and evaluation systems which further resulted in inequality which needs to be addressed.

Across Philadelphia, approximately 80% of adults are fully vaccinated against Covid-19. However, many zip codes in the city remain far below the city-wide vaccination rate. These zip codes correspond to marginalized sections of the city and to neighborhoods with a high proportion of residents of color and high levels of poverty. In-depth interviews were conducted with representatives from 15 community-based organizations (CBOs) that serve such communities in the city to (1) learn why people are not yet vaccinated and (2) evaluate methods for encouraging vaccination. A qualitative thematic analysis of interview transcripts was conducted to evaluate why people are not getting vaccinated. Together, the findings suggest that distrust toward the vaccine, the government, and the healthcare system, combined with a host of matters considered by residents to be more urgent—such as missing work, cost concerns, and concerns around presenting identification—result in what might be better described as vaccine postponement rather than vaccine refusal. For many, vaccination is simply not a priority. The findings from this analysis illuminate some of the lesser discussed reasons for vaccination delay and provide insights into how to promote vaccinations both for the current Covid pandemic and for future vaccination efforts.

The determinant factors of resource conflict between farmers and herdsmen in Benue State were analysed. Objectives were to assess the prevalence of resource conflict factors in Benue state and determine factors most responsible for the resource conflict in Benue state. Field survey of three hundred and eighty-two (382) residents was conducted using questionnaire, interview and focus group discussion. Data collected were analyzed using percentage and Factor Analysis. Results showed that factors such as drought, flood, erosion, pollution, politics, greed, proliferation of arms, religion, tribalism, expansion of farmland, increases in herds, poverty, unemployment, cattle rustling, destruction of crops by herds, population growth and urbanization are responsible for the conflict. However, further, analysis of result shows that only 1.38% of respondents posited that environmental/climatic factors, 30% economic factors, 32.78% greed/insecurity, 13.75% and 22.08% posited cultural and population factors respectively. It was concluded that human factors such as economic, greed/insecurity, cultural and population are the major drivers of the resource conflict between farmers and herdsmen than environmental factors like erosion, flood and draught. promote skill acquisition and create jobs to engage youths to boast the economy and reduce conflict.