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Introduction. The variety of approaches and topics in the study of terrorism, as well as the obvious difference in axiological grounds for assessing terrorist activity, allows the authors to raise the question of an interdisciplinary study of this problem. The authors understand terrorism as an illegal political confrontation in the struggle for power with the use of violence in order to intimidate or physically eliminate the enemy.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is the world-system concept of I. Wallerstein. The authors reveal the advantages of the world-system approach by comparing it with the paradigm of political realism in the theory of international relations. They indicate the boundaries of the paradigm of political realism, which operates at the level of the concepts of "States" and "International Coalitions", while the phenomenon of terrorism includes structures at the level of groups and organizations. The world-systems approach allows researchers to see terrorism as an anti-system movement generated by the contradictions in the development of the system itself, to distinguish between pro-system and anti-system terrorism, to analyze this phenomenon at all societal levels. One of the essential advantages of the world-systems approach is its ability to accumulate different approaches and related disciplines in order to describe the dynamics of modern societies. In their theoretical constructions, the authors rely on the typology of terrorist organizations by O. Lizardo and A. Bergesen, as well as on the concept of waves of terrorism by D. Rapport. The authors conduct a critical analysis of the typology of terrorism by O. Lizardo, A. Bergesen and note that this typology helps to see the structural source (core, semi-periphery, periphery) and the main structural goal of terrorist organizations, but leaves behind such a phenomenon as state terrorism.Results and discussion. The authors describe terrorism in its interrelation with processes in the world system at different societal levels. At the super-macro level, the world-systems conditions for the emergence of waves of terrorist activity are described, and the links between terrorism and the struggle to establish a global order are indicated. At the macro level (the level of political confrontation for the establishment of some form of order within the state), the authors investigate the differences between terrorism in "closed" and "open" societies. They note the connection between bursts of terrorist activity and the transition from a "closed" to an "open" state and vice versa. The authors consider the connection of terrorism with the processes of the peripheralization of societies as a meso-level phenomenon. Such terrorism, as a rule, is local and is inspired by the national liberation slogans of the societies of the internal periphery, the authors note that the struggle with the state here can go for both sovereignty and disputed territories. The authors refer to the meso-level the activities of terrorist organizations aimed at migrants who come from the outer periphery. The authors note that the subject of terrorism research at the micro level is, as a rule, the personality of the terrorist.Conclusion. The use of a world-systems approach to consider terrorism seems promising, and allows researchers to consider structural relations that are not available to other approaches. The authors express the hope that the interdisciplinary capabilities of the world-systems approach, its methodological potential woul be able to form a reliable basis for subsequent studies of terrorism as one of the means of illegitimate political violence in the modern world. ; Введение. Многогранность подходов и тематик исследования терроризма, а также очевидные различия аксиологических оснований в оценках террористической активности позволяют авторам поставить вопрос о междисциплинарном исследовании данной проблемы. Под терроризмом они понимают нелегитимное политическое противостояние в борьбе за власть с применением средств насилия в целях устрашения или физического устранения противника.Методология и источники. Методологической основой работы является миросистемная концепция И. Валлерстайна. Авторы раскрывают преимущества миросистемного подхода посредством его сравнения с парадигмой политического реализма в теории международных отношений. Они указывают на границы парадигмы политического реализма, которая оперирует на уровне понятий «государство» и «международные коалиции», а явление терроризма включает в себя структуры на уровне групп и организаций. Миросистемный подход позволяет увидеть терроризм как антисистемное движение, порождаемое противоречиями развития самой системы, различать просистемный и антисистемный терроризм, проводить анализ данного явления на всех социетальных уровнях. Одним из существенных достоинств миросистемного подхода является его способность аккумулировать разные подходы и смежные дисциплины в целях описания динамики современных обществ. В своих теоретических построениях авторы опираются на типологию террористических организаций О. Лизардо и А. Бергесена, а также на концепцию волн терроризма Д. Раппорта. Они проводят критический анализ типологии терроризма О. Лизардо, А. Бергесена и отмечают, что данная типология помогает увидеть структурный источник (ядро, полупериферия, периферия) и основную структурную цель террористических организаций, однако оставляет за рамками такое явление, как государственный терроризм.Результаты и обсуждение. В статье описывается терроризм в его взаимосвязи с процессами в миросистеме на разных социетальных уровнях. На супермакроуровне описаны миросистемные условия возникновения волн террористической активности, указаны связи терроризма с борьбой за установление глобального порядка. На макроуровне (уровне политического противостояния за установление некоторой формы порядка внутри государства) авторы исследуют различия терроризма в «закрытых» и «открытых» обществах, отмечают связь всплесков террористической активности с процессом перехода от «закрытого» состояния к «открытому» и наоборот. Связь терроризма с процессами периферизации обществ рассматривается как явление мезоуровня. Такой терроризм, как правило, локальный и вдохновлен национально-освободительными лозунгами обществ внутренних периферий. Авторы считают, что борьба с государством здесь может идти и за суверенитет, и за спорные территории. К мезоуровню в статье относится деятельность террористических организаций, направленная на мигрантов – выходцев из внешних периферий. Авторы отмечают, что предметом исследований терроризма на микроуровне является, как правило, личность террориста.Заключение. Использование миросистемного подхода при рассмотрении терроризма видится перспективным и позволяет рассмотреть структурные взаимосвязи, недоступные другим подходам. Авторы выражают надежду, что междисциплинарные возможности миросистемного подхода, его методологический потенциал сможет составить надежные основания последующих исследований терроризма как одного из средств нелегитимного политического насилия в современном мире.

Introduction/purpose: Detailed theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out in order to investigate the problem of a phase stability in electrodynamically uncoupled Gunn oscillators. Methods: The influence of modulating pulse instabilities has been investigated by means of computer simulation in the framework of a nonlinear one-dimensional theoretical model of the GaAs Gunn diode semiconductor active region. Experimental observations were also conducted including microwave measurements and antenna far-field estimation. They confirm the main theoretical results and extend the key work conclusions. Results: It was shown that the initial phase of the microwave oscillation out of the Gunn oscillator is independent of internal noises of the semiconductor structure and can be fixed only by the modulating voltage pulse. Conclusion: Gunn-diodes based microwave oscillators were stabilized using the leading edge of the voltage pulse from the modulating power supply. These results open up serious prospects for designing antenna phased arrays based on Gunn oscillators without mutual feedback (electrodynamically independent).

IBISBA's mission as a distributed European research infrastructure is to provide world-class cutting-edge research and innovation services enabling the development of biotechnology as a technology cornerstone of the circular bioeconomy. To achieve this, IBISBA integrates Europe's leading public-operated research infrastructure facilities into a coordinated business environment. The H2020 PRPEP-IBISBA project is designed to finalize the design and prepare IBISBA for future operation. To achieve this the project is organized into several work packages that focus on different aspects of the infrastructure, including its business model, legal structure, and scientific and technological strategy. In this report, we focus on the necessary coordination of IBISBA with the European technical e-Infrastructure landscape. We overview the positioning of EU infrastructures, and their plans, policies and technical solutions. The deliverable primarily focuses on the European Open Science Cloud, the thematic Research Infrastructures and Clusters serving the Biosciences, notably EOSC-Life and ELIXIR. We seek to preliminarily identify digital infrastructure that PREP-IBISBA can exploit, should align with or may contribute to. FAIR initiatives such as FAIRsFAIR, and potential community and commercial infrastructures and their role are briefly discussed. The work was undertaken through a mixture of desk research, participation at EOSC community meetings and workshops, and interviews with key EOSC leaders and service users. This deliverable is an outcome of Task 8.2 (Coordinate with the European technical e-Infrastructure landscape). It informs Task 8.1 (Develop a technical reference service framework, roadmap and evaluation process for the e-tools for the management of EU-IBISBA business processes and FAIR asset stewardship) and its associated deliverable 8.2 (A first technical design report) and Task 8.4 (Assemble a "sandbox" implementation of the service framework for supporting the preparatory stage of EU-IBISBA using candidate ...

The paper focuses on the strategies and approaches of the main international financial institutions (IFIs) –the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank –towards reforms in the Eastern Partnership(EaP)countries, namely, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine. It assesses the main principles, goals, policy instruments, conditionalities and the target groups of these IFIs in their interaction with the authorities of the threecountries and the implementation of country support programs. The two core questions that guide the analysis are, first, the role of IFIs in supporting economic and institutional reforms, which aim at transforminglimited access orders into open access orders, and, second, these IFIs'interaction with other external actors,such as the European Union,that are present in the EaP countries. In addition to the traditional advice on fiscal consolidation and structural reforms, the IFIs have been focused on banking and energy reforms,asrent-seeking and corruptionwere especially wide-spread in thesesectors. Increasing focus on policies aimed at reducing corruption, in particular in the case of Ukraine, isamong the most notable features of theIFIs'operation in those countries. However, such measures often risked being implemented only 'on paper', especially after the financial pressure on the ruling elitein recipient countries decreased. The attempts to broaden the political and societal support for agreed policy reforms have become another exceptional element of the support strategy practiced by the IFIs in the EaP countries, in particular in Ukraine. In the latter case, the negotiated arrangements were discussed not only with key figures from the ruling eliteand responsible institutions but also with the opposition, societal activists and other important stakeholders. Despite attempts at broadening reform ownership and coordination with other external donors, the actual effects of the IFIs'strategies on transition reforms have been limited, as evidenced by a history of half-implemented and sometimes ...

Creates the System of Councils for Development which is the way by which the Maya, Xica, Garifuna and non-indigenous populations can participate in public matters in order to implement democratic development planification. The System's main goal is to organize and coordinate the public administration through the creation of development policies, budget plans and programs to boost public and private interinstitutional coordination.

This article argues that substantial differences in political legitimacy can help explain why Estonia dealt with the recent economic crisis more successfully than Lithuania. In 2009, when the crisis hit hardest, Lithuania saw its budget deficit expand substantially, while Estonia managed to keep the deficit under 3% of GDP and consequently was invited to join the Eurozone, to which it acceded in 2011. The experience of these countries presents an interesting puzzle, as the divergent fiscal performance cannot be attributed to purely economic factors. Both countries have a similar economic structure, and both were similarly affected by the crisis. Furthermore, both pursued similar expenditure and tax policies during the crisis. Based on quantitative and qualitative evidence, it is argued that higher tax compliance and subsequently higher tax revenues can explain the difference. In turn, this compliance gap can be attributed to different levels of trust in political institutions in Estonia and Lithuania. Adapted from the source document.

'Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Spezifikation von Interaktionseffekten in verschiedenen statistischen Modellen. Am Beispiel der Wahl der rechtsextremen Partei 'Die Republikaner' wird gezeigt, daß multiple logistische Regressionsmodelle immer eine Form der Interaktion unterstellen, die auf die Verschiebung der latenten Reaktionsschwellen zurückgeführt werden kann. Allerdings postulieren sozialwissenschaftliche Theorien oftmals eine andere Art von Interaktion, die im logistischen Regressionsmodell nicht ohne weiteres identifiziert werden kann. In einer solchen Situation kann das Programm CHAID (Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection) hilfreich sein. Wir benutzen dieses Programm, um eine theoretisch sinnvolle Interaktionsstruktur in den Daten aufzuspüren. Auf der Basis dieser Befunde spezifizieren wir dann ein neues logistisches Regressionsmodell, das den Daten und unseren theoretischen Überlegungen besser entspricht.' (Autorenreferat)

The concept of citizenship is highly contested. There has always been considerable debate, not only on the European level but also within nations, on what citizenship means and the rights and duties it entails. A vast literature exists dealing with those questions. Most studies on citizenship, however, are to a large extent theory-driven and concentrate on the difference between national and post-national citizenship, the lack of a common identity and the question of whether a demos is needed in order to secure support for an entity that has only a limited statehood. Few look at the actual implementation of the citizenship concept and the practical implications it has on the individual level. This paper tries to fill this gap by analysing the question 'Does the existence of an EU citizenship make a real difference to the lives of the citizens of the European Union?'

Auf Basis einer Umfrage unter IBM Mitarbeitern in den 1970er Jahren konzipierte Geerd Hofstede ein Modell, das darauf abzielt, nationale Kulturen anhand von vier, mittlerweile sechs Kulturdimensionen zu vergleichen. Dieses Modell hat extreme Reaktionen in beide Richtungen hervorgerufen: Während einige Forscher ihm einen paradigmatischen Stellenwert zuschreiben, wird es von anderen scharf kritisiert. Einer der hauptsächlichen Kritikpunkte betrifft die Validität der Kulturdimensionen. Die vorliegende Studie liefert einen empirischen Beitrag zur vorwiegend theoretischen Diskussion und führt Validitätstests an einer der Dimensionen, namentlich Unsicherheitsvermeidung, durch. Unter der Anwendung von Daten aus Frankreich und Deutschland (2011) bestätigt sich diese Dimension nicht als valides Konstrukt.

Abstract. Background: Despite the promising evidence for the effectiveness of school-based awareness programs in decreasing the rates of suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts in young people, no guidelines on the targets and methods of safe and effective awareness programs exist. Aims: This study intends to distill recommendations for school-based suicide awareness and prevention programs from experts. Method: A three-stage Delphi survey was administered to an expert panel between November 2018 and March 2019. A total of 214 items obtained from open-ended questions and the literature were rated in two rounds. Consensus and stability were used as assessment criteria. Results: The panel consisted of 19 participants in the first and 13 in the third stage. Recommended targets included the reduction of suicide attempts, the enhancement of help-seeking and peer support, as well as the promotion of mental health literacy and life skills. Program evaluation, facilitating access to healthcare, and long-term action plans across multiple levels were among the best strategies for the prevention of adverse effects. Limitations: The study is based on opinions of a rather small number of experts. Conclusion: The promotion of help-seeking and peer support as well as facilitating access to mental health-care utilities appear pivotal for the success of school-based awareness programs.

Pynchon and Philosophy radically reworks our readings of Thomas Pynchon alongside the theoretical perspectives of Wittgenstein, Foucault and Adorno. Rigorous yet readable, Pynchon and Philosophy seeks to recover philosophical readings of Pynchon that work harmoniously, rather than antagonistically, resulting in a wholly fresh approach. Dr. Martin Paul Eve is a lecturer in literature at the University of Lincoln, UK. In addition to editing the open access journal of Pynchon Studies, Orbit, he has work published or forthcoming in Textual Practise, Neo-Victorian Studies, C21, Pynchon Notes and several edited collections. This book was originally published with exclusive rights reserved by the Publisher in (2014) and was licensed as an open access publication in [SEPTEMBER 2021] under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license if changes were made. This is an open access book.

Das Buch liefert eine fundierte, aber leicht lesbare Einführung in die komplexe Theorie der Schweigespirale. Diese Theorie – seit den 1960er Jahren von Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann entwickelt – versucht zu erklären, wie sich die vorherrschenden Meinungen in einer Gesellschaft wandeln und welchen Einfluss die Massenmedien auf diese öffentliche Meinung haben. Die Theorie der Schweigespirale hat das Interesse von Wissenschaftlern in aller Welt angezogen und das Phänomen wurde in zahlreichen Studien mit den unterschiedlichsten Methoden erforscht.Das Buch erläutert die Theorie, die Methoden der Forschung, die wichtigsten Befunde und die gesellschaftlichen und politischen Konsequenzen der Schweigespirale

The Student Pupil Government (SPG) implements relevant programs, projects and activities in Philippine schools as mandated by the department. This study assessed the performance of SPG officers in Area 3, Division of Batangas with the end view of proposing a plan of activities to enhance their leadership potentials. This study covered the assessment on how SPG officers performed the assigned duties along with planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Likewise, this also dealt on the SPG advisers' mentoring activities and even described the leadership qualities and potentials of SPG officers. Moreover, the issues and challenges encountered that bear significant impact in the leadership of SPG officers were also identified. The descriptive method of research was utilized in the study with the use of a questionnaire as the main data gathering instrument. Interview and focus group discussion were conducted to enrich the findings of the study. Respondents included 148 school heads and 148 SPG advisers from Area III, Division of Batangas Province. Results from the findings revealed that the SPG officers need improvement in skills of planning of activities conducted in schools. Also, SPG advisers should continue working together with SPG officers to ensure effective implementation and coordination among school officials and student body. Leadership qualities and potentials are remarkable among SPG officers. Concerns on administrative support and cooperation are the topmost issue and challenge which affect SPG officers' leadership. The proposed plan of activities may be relevant resources for enhancement of SPG officers' competencies and performance.

Urban protests in the twentieth century marked a social and political change that altered the way we transform our cities, or at least should have, so that we design urban spaces for people, but mostly with people. Today, it seems clear that participation and bottom-up processes are central to the urban project. In this context, our current research focuses on creating a methodology with new strategies (information and communication technologies, fun tools such as urban sketching and tactical planning). In this research, we analyse recent case studies, in which the final recipients of urban planning, its users, co-design the project. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the method we use in TEA / OSW (Taller Espacios Abiertos / Open spaces Workshop). This method follows the idea of urban action or urban DIY and has been studied at two levels: first, as a mechanism of participation and second as a new way of teaching architecture, with urban actions at a scale of 1:1. This case study examines the transformation of the old railway station into a cultural centre, which took place through co-creation workshops, assemblies, evolutive models and, above all, self-build workshops. To obtain the results, we used quantitative and qualitative evaluation. The results show that the workshop was successful not only as a participative tool, but also as a social process and a way of learning in design and architecture. ; Postprint (author's final draft)