Suchergebnisse

1.- Artículos ; Políticas de liberalización de mercados y estrategias adaptativas de uso de la tierra: Caso de estudio en los altos valles andinos de Venezuela. ; Freeing markets and adaptive strategies of land use: The case study of the Venezuelan high Andean Valleys. ; Politiques d'ouverture de marché et stratégies adaptatives de l'utilisation des sols: Le cas des hautes Vallées Andines. ; Arias, Eliézer ; Estrategia metodológica para la construcción de redes comunitarias agrícolas en pro del desarrollo local. Caso: Productores de plátano del Sur del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Methodological strategy for the construction of agricultural community networks: Plantain producers in the south of lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Stratégie méthodologique pour la construction de réseaux communautaires agricoles pour le développment local: Le cas des producteurs de banane plantain dans le sud du lac de Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Delgado Barrios, Juan Carlos ; La recherche de reconnaissance de la qualité dans la vitiviniculture du Santa Catarina (Brésil). ; The search for quality recognition of the viticulture in Santa Catarina, Brazil. ; La investigación del reconocimiento de la calidad en La vinicultura de Santa Catalina, Brasil. ; Desplobins, Gérard ; Pensamiento estratégico en el negocio mundial de manzanas. ; Strategic thought in the world apple business. ; Pensée estratégique dans le négoce mondial de la pomme. ; Giacinti, Miguel Angel ; Aproximaciones a los efectos ambientales, sociales y económicos de la erradicación de cultivos ilícitos por aspersión aérea en Colombia. ; Approximation to the environmental, social and Economic effects of erradication of illicit crops by air aspersion in Colombia. ; Une approximation aux effets écologiques, sociaux et économiques de l'éradication des cultures illicites par aspersión en Colombie. ; Osorio G., Ana Rocio ; L'union européenne et la globalisation du système agroalimentaire Grec. ; The European Union and the globalization of the Greek agro-food system. ; La Unión Europea y la globalización del sistema agroalimentario Griego. ; Papageorgiou, Athanassios ; Entorno macroeconómico, productividad del trabajo y cambio tecnológico en la agricultura Venezolana. ; Macroeconomic environment, labor productivity and technical change in Venezuelan agriculture. ; Environnement macroeconomique, productivité du travail et changement technologique dans l'agriculture Vénézuéliènne. ; Rodríguez Rojas, José E. ; 2.- Reseñas ; Agroalimentaria es ahora también una publicación indexada en el Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) y en Latindex. ; Agroalimentaria is also indexed in the Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) and Latindex. ; Agroalimentaria est registrée dans L´Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) et en Latindex. ; Anido, Daniel ; desplobins@ensam.inra.fr, desplobins@caramail.com ; semestral ; Nivel analítico

1.- Artículos ; Políticas de liberalización de mercados y estrategias adaptativas de uso de la tierra: Caso de estudio en los altos valles andinos de Venezuela. ; Freeing markets and adaptive strategies of land use: The case study of the Venezuelan high Andean Valleys. ; Politiques d'ouverture de marché et stratégies adaptatives de l'utilisation des sols: Le cas des hautes Vallées Andines. ; Arias, Eliézer ; Estrategia metodológica para la construcción de redes comunitarias agrícolas en pro del desarrollo local. Caso: Productores de plátano del Sur del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Methodological strategy for the construction of agricultural community networks: Plantain producers in the south of lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Stratégie méthodologique pour la construction de réseaux communautaires agricoles pour le développment local: Le cas des producteurs de banane plantain dans le sud du lac de Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Delgado Barrios, Juan Carlos ; La recherche de reconnaissance de la qualité dans la vitiviniculture du Santa Catarina (Brésil). ; The search for quality recognition of the viticulture in Santa Catarina, Brazil. ; La investigación del reconocimiento de la calidad en La vinicultura de Santa Catalina, Brasil. ; Desplobins, Gérard ; Pensamiento estratégico en el negocio mundial de manzanas. ; Strategic thought in the world apple business. ; Pensée estratégique dans le négoce mondial de la pomme. ; Giacinti, Miguel Angel ; Aproximaciones a los efectos ambientales, sociales y económicos de la erradicación de cultivos ilícitos por aspersión aérea en Colombia. ; Approximation to the environmental, social and Economic effects of erradication of illicit crops by air aspersion in Colombia. ; Une approximation aux effets écologiques, sociaux et économiques de l'éradication des cultures illicites par aspersión en Colombie. ; Osorio G., Ana Rocio ; L'union européenne et la globalisation du système agroalimentaire Grec. ; The European Union and the globalization of the Greek agro-food system. ; La Unión Europea y la globalización del sistema agroalimentario Griego. ; Papageorgiou, Athanassios ; Entorno macroeconómico, productividad del trabajo y cambio tecnológico en la agricultura Venezolana. ; Macroeconomic environment, labor productivity and technical change in Venezuelan agriculture. ; Environnement macroeconomique, productivité du travail et changement technologique dans l'agriculture Vénézuéliènne. ; Rodríguez Rojas, José E. ; 2.- Reseñas ; Agroalimentaria es ahora también una publicación indexada en el Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) y en Latindex. ; Agroalimentaria is also indexed in the Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) and Latindex. ; Agroalimentaria est registrée dans L´Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) et en Latindex. ; Anido, Daniel ; earias@ivic.ve ; semestral ; Nivel analítico

1.- Artículos ; Políticas de liberalización de mercados y estrategias adaptativas de uso de la tierra: Caso de estudio en los altos valles andinos de Venezuela. ; Freeing markets and adaptive strategies of land use: The case study of the Venezuelan high Andean Valleys. ; Politiques d'ouverture de marché et stratégies adaptatives de l'utilisation des sols: Le cas des hautes Vallées Andines. ; Arias, Eliézer ; Estrategia metodológica para la construcción de redes comunitarias agrícolas en pro del desarrollo local. Caso: Productores de plátano del Sur del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Methodological strategy for the construction of agricultural community networks: Plantain producers in the south of lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Stratégie méthodologique pour la construction de réseaux communautaires agricoles pour le développment local: Le cas des producteurs de banane plantain dans le sud du lac de Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Delgado Barrios, Juan Carlos ; La recherche de reconnaissance de la qualité dans la vitiviniculture du Santa Catarina (Brésil). ; The search for quality recognition of the viticulture in Santa Catarina, Brazil. ; La investigación del reconocimiento de la calidad en La vinicultura de Santa Catalina, Brasil. ; Desplobins, Gérard ; Pensamiento estratégico en el negocio mundial de manzanas. ; Strategic thought in the world apple business. ; Pensée estratégique dans le négoce mondial de la pomme. ; Giacinti, Miguel Angel ; Aproximaciones a los efectos ambientales, sociales y económicos de la erradicación de cultivos ilícitos por aspersión aérea en Colombia. ; Approximation to the environmental, social and Economic effects of erradication of illicit crops by air aspersion in Colombia. ; Une approximation aux effets écologiques, sociaux et économiques de l'éradication des cultures illicites par aspersión en Colombie. ; Osorio G., Ana Rocio ; L'union européenne et la globalisation du système agroalimentaire Grec. ; The European Union and the globalization of the Greek agro-food system. ; La Unión Europea y la globalización del sistema agroalimentario Griego. ; Papageorgiou, Athanassios ; Entorno macroeconómico, productividad del trabajo y cambio tecnológico en la agricultura Venezolana. ; Macroeconomic environment, labor productivity and technical change in Venezuelan agriculture. ; Environnement macroeconomique, productivité du travail et changement technologique dans l'agriculture Vénézuéliènne. ; Rodríguez Rojas, José E. ; 2.- Reseñas ; Agroalimentaria es ahora también una publicación indexada en el Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) y en Latindex. ; Agroalimentaria is also indexed in the Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) and Latindex. ; Agroalimentaria est registrée dans L´Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) et en Latindex. ; Anido, Daniel ; diatha@pgcom.gr ; semestral ; Nivel analítico

Abstract: Social structure and equality in present-day Cuba: the effects of the 1990s reform on the structure of Cuban social classesThe principle objective of this article is to exemplify and reflect upon the transformations that have occurred in the structure of the Cuban social classes since the reforms in the socialist system, especially since 1990. At that time of economic crisis caused by the collapse of international socialism, a period of important changes began in the political-economic sphere. In this regard, it is important to highlight the appearance of new factors which are capable of creating new groups of social structures in Cuban society. The creation of an economy with a dual character, the expansion of the informal sector, the reorganization of the production of agriculture and fishing, and the rise of the informal economy have imposed an increase in inequality with regard to the income of the citizens, which between 1959-1989 was considered by many authors as one of the most equitable societies in the world. This article also proposes what could become projects that are aiming to attain terms of relative equality or equilibrium in the standards of living of the citizenry. Resumen:Esto es un artículo que tiene como objetivo principal exponer y reflexionar acerca de las transformaciones ocurridas en la estructura socioclasista cubana a partir de las reformas en el sistema socialista, en especial a partir de 1990 en que, con la crisis económica ocasionada por el derrumbe del socialismo internacional, comienza un período de importantes cambios en la esfera político-económica. En este aspecto, resulta de interés destacar la aparición de nuevos factores con capacidad de crear nuevos grupos socioestructurales en la sociedad cubana. La creación de una economía de carácter dual, la expansión del sector informal, la reorganización de la producción agropecuaria o la economía sumergida, han supuesto un incremento de las desigualdades en materia de ingresos monetarios de los ciudadanos en la que entre 1959-1989 fue calificada por muchos autores como una de las sociedades más equitativas del mundo. El artículo propone también lo que actualmente podrían ser algunos proyectos destinados a lograr términos de igualdad o equilibrio relativo mayor en los niveles de vida de la ciudadanía.

The Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH) Karlskrona, Sweden, will begin a new Master's programme focusing on sustainable development in September 2004. The programme is intended to contribute to a growing international network of sustainability practitioners, including early and mid-career professionals, resource managers, executives and political decision-makers. As with many programmes of this type, this one will require coverage of numerous complex economic, social and ecological issues. In so doing, it will cover a number of interrelated disciplines concepts and tools (e.g. environmental science, system dynamics, public policy, business strategies, corporate social responsibility, dematerialization and 'green technologies'). Various sectors of the sustainability arena will also be studied including agriculture, transportation, health, energy and product development. To deal with the high complexity inherent in sustainable development, we intend to test the enhanced learning capabilities of three unique and interrelated aspects of this Master's programme including: (1) a structured comprehension of sustainable development, using "Backcasting from Basic Socio-Ecological Principles of Sustainability"; (2) free creativity within basic constraints established by the structured comprehension and (3) a learning process that 'walks the talk' with respect to free creativity within basic constraints. Recognizing that "society within the biosphere" is inherently a complex system, the programme will revolve around a generic, structured model for planning and decisionmaking in any complex system. The model is adaptable to any system at any scale – e.g. an organization, a football game, and in this case, "society in the biosphere". The programme distinguishes five essential system levels including: (i) the system; (ii) success; (iii) strategy; (iv) actions and (v) tools. Second, a structured comprehension, anchored to basic principles at the success level – the 'trunk and branches of sustainability' – allows for and promotes free creativity on actions in a particular context – the 'leaves'. Third, the students will be exposed to a learning process of creative use of actions and tools that the model allows for in any organization – sharing the basic trunk and branches and practicing free creativity amongst the leaves. The programme's learning process will facilitate a systematic approach to analysis of all kinds of current sectors and problem areas through envisioning of solutions and finding strategic paths of actions and tools towards sustainable outcomes within those sectors. It will culminate in a thesis, following the same general structure, during the last-half of the programme.

1.- Artículos ; Políticas de liberalización de mercados y estrategias adaptativas de uso de la tierra: Caso de estudio en los altos valles andinos de Venezuela. ; Freeing markets and adaptive strategies of land use: The case study of the Venezuelan high Andean Valleys. ; Politiques d'ouverture de marché et stratégies adaptatives de l'utilisation des sols: Le cas des hautes Vallées Andines. ; Arias, Eliézer ; Estrategia metodológica para la construcción de redes comunitarias agrícolas en pro del desarrollo local. Caso: Productores de plátano del Sur del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Methodological strategy for the construction of agricultural community networks: Plantain producers in the south of lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Stratégie méthodologique pour la construction de réseaux communautaires agricoles pour le développment local: Le cas des producteurs de banane plantain dans le sud du lac de Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Delgado Barrios, Juan Carlos ; La recherche de reconnaissance de la qualité dans la vitiviniculture du Santa Catarina (Brésil). ; The search for quality recognition of the viticulture in Santa Catarina, Brazil. ; La investigación del reconocimiento de la calidad en La vinicultura de Santa Catalina, Brasil. ; Desplobins, Gérard ; Pensamiento estratégico en el negocio mundial de manzanas. ; Strategic thought in the world apple business. ; Pensée estratégique dans le négoce mondial de la pomme. ; Giacinti, Miguel Angel ; Aproximaciones a los efectos ambientales, sociales y económicos de la erradicación de cultivos ilícitos por aspersión aérea en Colombia. ; Approximation to the environmental, social and Economic effects of erradication of illicit crops by air aspersion in Colombia. ; Une approximation aux effets écologiques, sociaux et économiques de l'éradication des cultures illicites par aspersión en Colombie. ; Osorio G., Ana Rocio ; L'union européenne et la globalisation du système agroalimentaire Grec. ; The European Union and the globalization of the Greek agro-food system. ; La Unión Europea y la globalización del sistema agroalimentario Griego. ; Papageorgiou, Athanassios ; Entorno macroeconómico, productividad del trabajo y cambio tecnológico en la agricultura Venezolana. ; Macroeconomic environment, labor productivity and technical change in Venezuelan agriculture. ; Environnement macroeconomique, productivité du travail et changement technologique dans l'agriculture Vénézuéliènne. ; Rodríguez Rojas, José E. ; 2.- Reseñas ; Agroalimentaria es ahora también una publicación indexada en el Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) y en Latindex. ; Agroalimentaria is also indexed in the Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) and Latindex. ; Agroalimentaria est registrée dans L´Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) et en Latindex. ; Anido, Daniel ; anidoriv@ula.ve ; semestral ; Nivel analítico

1.- Artículos ; Políticas de liberalización de mercados y estrategias adaptativas de uso de la tierra: Caso de estudio en los altos valles andinos de Venezuela. ; Freeing markets and adaptive strategies of land use: The case study of the Venezuelan high Andean Valleys. ; Politiques d'ouverture de marché et stratégies adaptatives de l'utilisation des sols: Le cas des hautes Vallées Andines. ; Arias, Eliézer ; Estrategia metodológica para la construcción de redes comunitarias agrícolas en pro del desarrollo local. Caso: Productores de plátano del Sur del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Methodological strategy for the construction of agricultural community networks: Plantain producers in the south of lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Stratégie méthodologique pour la construction de réseaux communautaires agricoles pour le développment local: Le cas des producteurs de banane plantain dans le sud du lac de Maracaibo, Venezuela. ; Delgado Barrios, Juan Carlos ; La recherche de reconnaissance de la qualité dans la vitiviniculture du Santa Catarina (Brésil). ; The search for quality recognition of the viticulture in Santa Catarina, Brazil. ; La investigación del reconocimiento de la calidad en La vinicultura de Santa Catalina, Brasil. ; Desplobins, Gérard ; Pensamiento estratégico en el negocio mundial de manzanas. ; Strategic thought in the world apple business. ; Pensée estratégique dans le négoce mondial de la pomme. ; Giacinti, Miguel Angel ; Aproximaciones a los efectos ambientales, sociales y económicos de la erradicación de cultivos ilícitos por aspersión aérea en Colombia. ; Approximation to the environmental, social and Economic effects of erradication of illicit crops by air aspersion in Colombia. ; Une approximation aux effets écologiques, sociaux et économiques de l'éradication des cultures illicites par aspersión en Colombie. ; Osorio G., Ana Rocio ; L'union européenne et la globalisation du système agroalimentaire Grec. ; The European Union and the globalization of the Greek agro-food system. ; La Unión Europea y la globalización del sistema agroalimentario Griego. ; Papageorgiou, Athanassios ; Entorno macroeconómico, productividad del trabajo y cambio tecnológico en la agricultura Venezolana. ; Macroeconomic environment, labor productivity and technical change in Venezuelan agriculture. ; Environnement macroeconomique, productivité du travail et changement technologique dans l'agriculture Vénézuéliènne. ; Rodríguez Rojas, José E. ; 2.- Reseñas ; Agroalimentaria es ahora también una publicación indexada en el Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) y en Latindex. ; Agroalimentaria is also indexed in the Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) and Latindex. ; Agroalimentaria est registrée dans L´Hispanic American Periodical Index (HAPI) et en Latindex. ; Anido, Daniel ; aosorio1@eafit.edu.co ; semestral ; Nivel analítico

Since the first identification of HIV/Aids in Uganda in 1981, at Kasensero and Rukunyi locations of Rakai District on the shores of Lake Victoria, the government of Uganda has demonstrated an open and supportive response to the epidemic. The Uganda Aids Control Programme (ACP) was established in 1986 with a mandate to control the spread of HIV and to assist people and families infected and affected by HIV/Aids. In 1991 the Ugandan government adopted a multi-sectoral approach to fighting HIV/Aids by establishing the Uganda Aids Commission (UAC). Despite these efforts HIV/Aids has continued to seriously affect Uganda. At the beginning of 1998 an estimated 800,000 people out of a population of 17 million were HIV-positive. This included at least 25,000 children. By 2002 approximately two million out of a population of twenty-two million were thought to be infected. Most are between 15 and 35 years old, Thus the epidemic affects the most productive age group and greatly hinders development. Uganda has a mainly young population with a tremendous dependency burden. The economy is based on labour-intensive agriculture with the agrarian sector contributing 54 percent of GDP and accounting for 90 percent of exports (MFPED 1998). The terrible irony of Aids is that HIV infection is concentrated in the countries that are least able to cope with the sickness, death and loss of productivity it brings. Close to 90 percent of all people with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries. Yet these countries account for a mere eight percent of global economic production. Moreover the gap between rich and poor countries with regard to HIV/Aids is increasing. Investment in HIV prevention and access to expensive life-prolonging drugs are cutting new infection rates and progression to Aids in industrialised countries, but in the developing world infection rates are still on the rise, and drugs to slow the progression from HIV to Aids are largely unavailable. In Uganda the rural labour force is expected to fall by two million by the year 2010 due to Aids (Stover 1990). The loss of so much of the economically most active population, along with their skills and experience, further increases the de ple left behind are unable to contribute meaningfully to economic activity.

Despite significant progress in recent years, horizontal and vertical integration of the Lithuanian milk sector is not very much advanced. The primary sector is characterised by small-scale farming, the fragmentation of farmland and a low number of livestock per farms. These features cause severe problems regarding the restructuring and modernisation of agricultural production since only a few farmers possess the capital resources to conduct necessary investments. However, despite the unfavourable conditions Lithuanian milk producers have made significant improvements concerning milk quality. In the last decade, the processing sector was due to drastic concentration processes. These were induced by the strong competition processes on the milk market and fostered by foreign direct investors. Today, the market is dominated by three companies. About ten enterprises supply almost the entire market of dairy products. The main mode of governance in the market for raw milk is contractual arrangements. The spot market of strong vertical control are unimportant. The basic rules of the contracts like duration or payment scheme are set by the Ministry of Agriculture, others, especially prices, are negotiated individually between farmer and processor. Because of advantages in terms of transport and transaction costs processors provide better conditions to large agricultural producers. Often the processors try to strengthen their relationships with large-scale producers by providing credits for farm modernisation and/or foodstuff. Most small producers do not deliver directly to processors but to milk collection centres. In general, these are owned by processors. So far, only a few farmers co-operatives have been established in order to take this function. Contractual arrangements also dominate in the distribution channel. Small processors supply mainly to wholesalers who supply the retail market. Large processors often circumvent the wholesale stage and supply the retail stage directly. The basic means which allow this forward integration are intensive marketing activities which are intended to improve the consumer perception of their products. However, this type of exchange is mainly observed in urban areas where well established large retail chains exist. The Lithuanian milk sector is highly internationally competitive. The expansion to international markets is in the responsibility of the individual firms. However, the Lithuanian government and the food processors have established a joint marketing agency that provides infrastructure and joint marketing for international trade.

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "In November 2001, the World Trade Organization launched a new set of multilateral negotiations at its ministerial conference in Doha, Qatar. The ministerial conference was important because it laid out an ambitious agenda for a broad set of new multilateral trade negotiations, set forth in the Doha Ministerial Declaration. The declaration calls for a continuation of discussions on liberalizing trade in agriculture and services which began in 2000. In addition, it provides for new talks on market access for nonagricultural products, trade and the environment, trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, and other issues. Four main factors led to the World Trade Organization's successful launch of new multilateral trade negotiations in Doha. First, the United States' and the European Union's clear support of the launch, bolstered by the strong personal relationship between the U.S. Trade Representative and the European Union Commissioner for Trade, facilitated agreement on the agenda for new negotiations. Second, World Trade Organization members applied an effective preparation strategy before the Doha ministerial conference. Third, some key developments at the Doha conference helped gain support from the developing countries for launching negotiations. Last, World Trade Organization officials and member country representatives said that the tragic events of September 11th galvanized Organization members to show their support for a strong and healthy worldwide trading system. The Doha Declaration requires negotiators to make early, crucial decisions because it mandates several important interim deadlines. One of these deadlines involves decisions on agricultural trade, where World Trade Organization members must agree on modalities, or methodologies, timetables, and desired targets, for reducing agricultural export subsidies, domestic support, and agricultural tariffs by March 31, 2003. The second interim deadline concerns the "Singapore issues," which Organization members must decide whether to include in the negotiations by the next ministerial conference in September 2003. The overriding challenge for the World Trade Organization in the negotiations will be to forge consensus within its large and diverse membership and to deal with several difficult organizational issues. In addition, the Organization will need to overcome the negative effects of outside events, such as disputes among its key members."

Compte tenu de l'intensité des vents et des superficies dévastées, la tempête du 26 décembre 1999 est sans précédent en Lorraine. Tout d'abord abattus, les hommes se sont rapidement ressaisis et attelés au rétablissement de la voirie pour mettre en sécurité les voies, évaluer les dégâts et organiser l'exploitation des chablis. Cet article décrit les conditions d'organisation des chantiers de déblaiement des routes forestières en soulignant le rôle essentiel des maires. Pour faire face à la charge de travail, la Lorraine a dû faire appel à la main-d'¦uvre qualifiée et aux matériels des régions ou pays voisins, ce qui n'a pas été sans difficulté. Le dispositif d'aides mis en place par le gouvernement dès le 12 janvier 2000 est rappelé. Des précisions sont données d'une part sur le nombre de demandes de subvention instruites par les Directions régionale et départementales de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt pour le déblaiement des routes et l'investissement en matériel d'exploitation forestière, d'autre part sur le montant versé aux communes et aux propriétaires privés. En Lorraine, le rétablissement de la voirie a été marqué par une mobilisation rapide et forte de l'ensemble de la filière forêt-bois qui s'est poursuivie en 2001. ; The speed of winds and the sheer surface area devastated made the December 26, 1999 storm the worst ever recorded in Lorraine. After the initial shock, people soon reacted and got to work to clear roads so as to ensure safety, assess the damage and organise logging of windthrows. This article describes how these logging yards were organised to clear forest roads and the key role played by the town and village authorities. The workload was such that Lorraine had to call on qualified manpower and equipment from neighbouring regions and countries which presented problems of its own. The relief program established by the government as early as January 12, 2000 is outlined. Data is provided about the number of claims for subsidies examined by the Regional and Département Agriculture and Forestry authorities for the purpose of clearing roads and investing in logging equipment as well as the amounts paid to municipalities and private owners. In Lorraine, the whole forestry and forest-based industry very quickly became involved in clearing the roads and restoring access and continued its efforts through 2001.

Die EU-Osterweiterung wirft hinsichtlich der Belastung des EU-Haushaltes erhebliche Fragen auf. Das trifft für beide große Politikbereiche, die aus dem EU-Budget finanziert werden, zu; die Agrarpolitik und die Strukturpolitik. In diesem Beitrag werden nur die Auswirkungen der Übertragung der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik (GAP), wie sie in der Agenda 2000 festgeschrieben ist, auf die 10 Beitrittskandidaten Mittel- und Osteuropas analysiert. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass mit zusätzlichen Ausgaben in Höhe von 8 Mrd. Euro für die wichtigsten Ausgabenbereiche zu rechnen ist. Der Großteil dieser finanziellen Transfer-leistungen fließt als Direktzahlungen den Landwirten zu. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Verteilung der Mittel zwischen den Ländern sehr ungleich ist, wenn man sie auf die Fläche oder die Arbeitskraft bezieht. Auf dieser Basis sind sie aber auch erheblich niedriger als in der EU-15. Schwer zu beantworten ist die Frage, wie viel von den Direktzahlungen bei den die Fläche bewirtschaftenden Landwirten verbleiben und welcher Teil an die Verpächter von Land weitergereicht wird. Auf Grund des in einigen Beitrittsländern hohen Pachtanteils ist diese Frage von erheblicher Bedeutung für die Transfereffizienz. Die gesamten im Zusammenhang mit der GAP zu leistenden Ausgaben aus dem EU-Haushalt sind höher als die hier ausgewiesenen, da nicht alle Bereiche in die Analyse einbezogen worden. Dazu zählen die Verwaltungsausgaben sowie die Erstattungen für einige Produkte wie Wein, Olivenöl, Obst Gemüse, Tabak und Schaffleisch. ; The East-Enlargement of the EU raises several questions regarding the EU-budget. This holds for both policy areas for which financial transfers are made out of the EU-budget; the structural policies and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This paper focuses on the impact of implementing the CAP as specified in the Agenda 2000 in the 10 Central and Eastern European candidate countries. The analysis shows that about 8 Bill. Euro will have to be transferred for the main types of payments out of the EU budget to the new members. The larger part of these financial transfers will be direct payments and not measures for market support. It also becomes evident that these expenditures are quite unequally distributed among the candidate countries if one calculates them per hectare or per person working in agriculture. In addition, in comparison to the EU-15 they are substantially lower. It is rather difficult to say how of the direct payments will remain with the farmer and what share is going to be transferred to the land lessors. Since in some of the candidate countries, leased land holds a large share of total cultivated land this question is important for transfer efficiency. The overall expenditures to be paid from the EU-budget in relation to the CAP are higher than what is shown here since not all types of payments considered in the analysis. This holds for outlays for administrative purposes as well for commodities such as wine, olive oil, fruits, vegetable, tobacco and mutton.

Cassava plays a major role in the food security of a large but weaker sector of the population, operating under complex, diverse and risk-prone farming systems. As the crop generally received low priority in the extension agenda of Government policies, direct intervention in the technology assessment and transfer by CTCRI in India was considered necessary. Over the past three decades the transfer of technology (TOT) program has undergone changes in concept and methodology according to changing farmers' needs and socio-economic conditions, presently culminating in the concern for the users rather than the crop. CTCRI has implemented a series of "Users Participatory Programmes" in assessing and transferring the cassava technology. The assessment of cassava technology was done in various production systems, including hill agriculture, as well as users' categories, including hill tribes. Agro-ecosystem analyses were conducted prior to the assessment of the cassava technologies; these were carried out in stages involving different categories of users. There were differential preferences observed in the various production systems as well as in the users' categories. Trials conducted in the lowland production system indicated that the cassava varieties CI-649 and CI-731 were preferred, while farmers of upland production systems rated CI-732 and CI-649 as the best ones. Differences were also observed in the varietal preferences by various tribal people. The trials clearly indicate that there is a need to develop location-specific as well as user-specific technologies. The TOT programs excuted by CTCRI during the past three decades, namely the National Demonstrations, the Operational Research Project, and the Lab-to-Land Programme, and the impact of these programs are briefly described in the paper. The technology assessment and refinement through the Institution-Village-Linkage Programme (IVLP), a novel concept using a holistic approach, and the current testing and popularizing of cassava varieties in Tamil Nadu are detailed in the paper. The technology transfer is also enhanced through human resources development in participatory training courses and seminars. The issue of concern is who makes the choices of technology. Normally those least affected by the choice are the ones responsible for determining that choice, while those who are forced to live with the technology have least say in the matter. - Hoyzer, N.

Many cities and towns in the lntennountain West were founded on the ideals of clustered community development with surrounding greenbelts by Morn1on settlers in the mid nineteenth century. Since the twentieth-century development of the automobile, increased mobility has enabled residential and commercial development to disrupt surrounding rural lands with scattered growth. Correctly applied, TOR (Transfer of Development Right) strategies could reverse negative sprawling development trends by channeling growth towards existing communities to simulate the abandoned pioneer town and country model. A community development transfer strategy can respect private property rights, and allow fanners to keep their land in agriculture while earning development income. This report provides a description and methodology for understanding and applying TOR to current land development policies by focusing on Cache County, Utah, a chosen jurisdiction in the heart of the lntermountain West. A GIS case study further explores TOR community build-out potential by applying a greenbelt zoning model to Mendon, Utah, an 11,484-acre town and surrounding farn1-belt area. The findings of this study show how the Men Jon region (current population 1,436) could preserve over 9,000 acres of farmland and wildlife habitat surrounding the community while accommodating an additional 3,564 residents (a 46-year growth projection) on only 1,572 acres. Final recommendations include an inter-local governmental agreement between Cache County and local cities as a cooperative effort to direct development from county open spaces towards established community infrastructure. Given the absence of state TOR enabling legislation in Utah, inter-jurisdictional development right transfers (from county jurisdiction into city boundaries) are not permitted. An inter-local agreement, however, would enable a city to target unincorporated receiving zones (or development zones) adjacent to existing incorporated boundaries. As a condition for city water and sewer services, a city could require that county development rights be transferred into receiving zones and developed according to city design standards. After receiving zones fill with development, a city could annex after 12 months of providing services without petition or protest from receiving zone residents. Inter-local TOR agreements are recommended by the Cache County-wide Planning and Development (CCPD) director as a means of achieving the TOR greenbelt growth patterns recommended in this research.

What explains the gender division of labour in preindustrial economies?
Although men and women frequently do different types of labour in any
given society, men's and women's tasks vary considerably across different
societies. In some societies, women engaged in trade and agriculture (in
parts of Africa, for example); though these were men's duties in others (in
parts of Europe, for example). At the same time, European historians
discovered that women often engaged in tasks, such as agricultural labour
and commerce, that were often assumed to be the domain of men, again
suggesting a wide variation in the gender division of labour. Understanding
the division of labour in preindustrial economies is important,
because these historical cases often serve as implicit or explicit referents
for understanding how much – or how little – has changed in
contemporary societies.A number of excellent works, such as those by Barbara Hanawalt and
Martha Howell, have explored women's roles in the economy. However,
often missing from treatments that focus on women's history is an analysis
of the gender division of labour, that is, an explicit comparison of men's
and women's activities. Undoubtedly, such a comparison is hampered by
the difficulties of finding documentary sources that provide the
appropriate type of evidence.This article takes up this task in a particular way, by examining single-person households, composed of either males or females in fifteenth-century rural Tuscany. This empirical evidence is useful for several
reasons. First, from an analytical perspective, it makes it possible to
compare explicitly the activities of men and women who are in an identical
position, that is, living alone. Second, as I discuss below, the documentary
record from this period makes it possible to provide the evidence for this
comparison. Third, this evidence provides historical information on a
relatively under-researched group, rural widows and widowers. For
example, there is generally more information available for Florentine
women than for female rural inhabitants. Furthermore, little research
explicitly compares men's and women's tasks to examine the gender
division of labour. Although Piccinni and Mazzi and Raveggi provide
much information about women's duties and activities in rural Tuscany,
their work does not directly address the gender division of labour. While
the archival evidence presented below cannot explain the division of
labour at all points in individuals' life courses, it does provide explicitly
comparative information about men and women.