Suchergebnisse

The Article 1 of the Constitution of Ukraine regulates: Ukraine is a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, legal state. One of the destabilizing factors in building the rule of law is the commission of criminal offenses by organized criminal groups. Due to the changes in the criminal legislation during the last two years, the criminal law norms have undergone significant changes, which directly or indirectly affect the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups. Given the changes in criminal law, the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups requires uniform systemic approaches, primarily at the level of judicial law enforcement practice. The formation of the Ukrainian legal doctrine on the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups is one of the significant auxiliary guidelines in the formation of such law enforcement practice. To achieve this goal and the defined objectives, the following methods were applied in the study: logical and normative – for the analysis of criminal law on the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups; system analysis – when considering judicial law enforcement practice (first of all, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Ukraine) of the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups. The legislation strengthens criminal liability for criminal offenses by organized criminal groups, in particular, as evidenced by the amendments to the Criminal Code under the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Liability for Crimes Committed by the Criminal Community" dated by the 4th of June 2020. Before the formation of new approaches to the doctrine of criminal law and law enforcement judicial practice on the qualification of criminal offenses (crimes), a specific part of which is provided by h.ch. 1-5 art. 255 of the Criminal Code, the indirect reference is the provision of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine of December 23, 2005 №12 "On the practice of consideration by courts of criminal cases on crimes committed by stable criminal groups." Keywords: criminal offenses, criminal community, criminal organization, organized group, creation of a criminal community, leadership of a criminal community, organized criminal groups.

The article presents an analysis of the legal basis for implementing the law enforcement function of the state in the economic sphere, Ukraine's entry into the single European economic and political space. The importance of the law enforcement function of the state in the sphere of Ukraine's economy in the context of legal regulation, which is directly related to the sovereignty and protection of national interests, is analyzed. Legal regulation of the economy should be carried out in two priority areas: regulatory consolidation of acceptable mechanisms that develop as a result of natural economic laws; economic development to achieve the interests of the state and society in the context of European integration. The directions of improvement of legal regulation of the economic sphere of Ukraine are offered, namely: improvement of the normative-legal base of realization of the system of measures of financial safety maintenance; effective legal regulation of economic relations; compliance with the provisions adopted by the legislation of Ukraine in the field of prevention of corruption violations; ensuring fair competition, supporting entrepreneurship and others.

The purpose of the article is to find the best ways to resolve conflicts in the criminal law of Ukraine. Methods. Methodological tools are selected in accordance with the purpose, specifics of the object and subject of research. The main one is general dialectical method of scientific knowledge of real legal phenomena. Special research methods used in the study are: the method of systematic analysis, formal legal, interpretation of law, comparative law, modeling. The theoretical basis of the study is the latest scientific works in the chosen field of research. Results. As proved during the analysis of the legal literature, there is the following list of effective ways to resolve and prevent conflicts in law, which can be extrapolated to the field of criminal law: 1) unification of law; 2) harmonization of law; 3) approximation of law; 4) clear delineation of powers of public authorities; 5) monitoring of normative legal acts; 6) creation of model laws; 7) interpretation of law; 8) improvement of legislation. Conclusions. As a result of the study, it is proposed to apply different principles to overcome conflicts depending on their type (in particular, "a special law repeals a general law", "a later law cancels an earlier one", "the next general law does not cancel an earlier special law of similar legal force"). Types of "conflict rules" in the sources of criminal law are presented primarily depending on the specific type of such sources. Modern legislation, including criminal, contains virtually no rules aimed at overcoming intersectoral conflicts, but conflicts of law in various areas of Ukrainian law create significant problems in law enforcement.

The article examines the peculiarities of law and legal security in modern Ukrainian realities. It is determined that law is a mechanism which, through the application of legal norms of which it is a part, should ensure the effective functioning of democracy and democracy in the state and the functioning and further development of the social system. It is established that the Ukrainian legal system is undergoing a reconstruction phase, in which administrative and legal mechanisms are being transformed into mechanisms of self-regulation and self-organisation. The author establishes that essential factors of law stability are correct definition and certainty of each element, completeness and absence of contradictions. It is established that the basis of the concept of legal security is the conditions, sources, methods and mechanisms of negative impact (falsification of legal provisions, conflicts of provisions, legal gaps, inadequate implementation procedures, neglect of the effect of provisions, substitution of concepts, corruption, etc. The author determines that legal security is a component of national security. Its content consists of the implementation of national interests in all areas of national security, protection of national interests in the security sector, as well as legal regulation of legal relations and legal protection of the creation of state and non-state institutions with the necessary and sufficient conditions for the effective functioning of law and legal order as a crucial regulator of social relations. It is noted that legal security is one of the constant needs caused by the natural conditions of life of a person, society and mankind. It should also be considered a universal human value designed to ensure a person's existence as a public good. The author identifies the factors that significantly impact the institutionalisation process of an individual's legal security.

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag vermittelt einen Überblick über die Strafvorschriften betreffend die Prostitution. Im Gegensatz zum sog. "Nordischen Modell" werden die Nachfrage und das Umfeld der Prostitution in Deutschland nicht umfassend kriminalisiert. Stattdessen orientiert sich die strafrechtliche Regulierung an der grundsätzlichen Akzeptanz eigenverantwortlich ausgeübter Prostitution. Kurz: Es geht nicht um den Schutz vor Prostitution, sondern um Schutz in der Prostitution. Gleichwohl fehlt immer noch ein systematisch stimmiges Gesamtkonzept. Abschließend wird der Reformbedarf aufgezeigt.

"Bis heute bringt die Rechtssoziologie für die Rechtsdogmatik, also für die Tätigkeit und die Erzeugnisse der methodisch kontrollierten Auslegung des kodifizierten Rechts, wenig Interesse auf. Ihren Gegenstand sieht die Rechtssoziologie in der Erforschung der empirischen sozialen Rechtswirklichkeit. Die gültigen Regeln der Auslegung des geltenden Rechts sind, sofern sie in der Rechtspraxis Beachtung finden, Bestandteil der Konstitution dieser Rechtswirklichkeit. Dem rechtssoziologischen Desinteresse an der Rechtsdogmatik liegt mithin explizit oder implizit die Annahme zu Grunde, dass die Rechtsdogmatik keinen beachtenswerten Beitrag dieser Art zur Konstitution der Rechtswirklichkeit leistet. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht einige Entwicklungslinien der Rechtssoziologie, die dieser Annahme Vorschub geleistet haben. In der Auseinandersetzung mit ihnen wird argumentiert, dass Anlass zu einer veränderten Bewertung der soziologischen Relevanz der dogmatischen Jurisprudenz besteht." (Autorenreferat)

Der Text erläutert die aus der Sicht des Autors negative Entwicklung verlässlicher Rechtsdogmatik durch schwankendes Richterrecht. In das Thema einführend wird zunächst im ersten Kapitel eine Begriffsbestimmung des Schlüsselbegriffes formuliert. Demnach ist Rechtsdogmatik der Versuch, das jeweils geltende Recht widerspruchsfrei und mit rationaler Überzeugungskraft als ein einheitliches Wertungssystem zu erklären. Ihre wichtigste Leistung ist die Erfassung, Ordnung und Systematisierung des gesamten geltenden Rechts in Grundsätzen, die als "gültige" Aussagen Beachtung verlangen und von den zur Rechtsanwendung wie zur Normsetzung berufenen Instanzen nicht beliebig negiert werden dürfen. Im Mittelpunkt des zweiten Kapitels steht sodann die Frage, wie Rechtsdogmatik mittels der Gesetze durch die Gerichte entsteht. Anschließend folgt im dritten Kapitel die Beschreibung des Wandels der Dogmatik in der Wende vom Gesetzesstaat zum Richterstaat. Das dritte Kapitel geht der Frage nach, was die Rechtsdogmatik für die juristische Praxis leistet. Hierzu zählen (1) Ordnungs- und Systematisierungsfunktion, (2) Stabilisierungsfunktion, (3) Entlastungsfunktion, (4) Negationsverbot sowie (5) Kritik- und Fortbildungsfunktion. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im vierten Kapitel schließlich die Rechtsdogmatik mit der Rechtspolitik verknüpft. Unter Rechtspolitik versteht man die Gestaltung gesellschaftlichen und politischen Lebens durch staatlich gesetzte und durchgesetzte Normen. Die Steuerungs- und Gestaltungsfunktion des Rechts wird heute in der Rechtstheorie als die wichtigste Aufgabe des Rechts und jeder einzelnen Rechtsnorm allgemein anerkannt. Abschließend erörtert der Autor im fünften Kapitel, inwieweit nach seiner Ansicht eine Erosion der Dogmatik durch das Richterrecht zu beobachten ist.

The purpose of the article is to determine the forms of implementation of the principles of criminal law in the acts of criminal law. Methods. Methodological tools are selected in accordance with the purpose, specifics of the object and subject of the research. The general dialectical method of scientific knowledge of real legal phenomena is viewed as the main one among other methodological tools. Special research methods used in the study are: the method of systematic analysis, formal legal, interpretation of law, comparative law and modelling methods. The theoretical basis of the study is the latest scientific works in the chosen field of research. Results. As proved during the analysis of law enforcement acts, criminal law principles have their reflection and content in the acts of application and implementation of criminal law. Each individual act of application or implementation of criminal law takes into account the relevant set of principles that complement each other and provide law enforcement agencies with comprehensive tools to reflect in such acts of objectively existing social relations. Acts of implementation of the rules of criminal law are "manifestations" of the actual behaviour of the subjects of criminal law. Conclusions. According to the results of the study, each individual act of application or implementation of criminal law takes into account the relevant set of principles that complement each other and provide law enforcement agencies with comprehensive tools to reflect in such acts of objectively existing social relations. These are the acts of application of criminal law that embody the greatest number of principles of criminal law mainly due to the reflection of the latter in the documents drawn up by law enforcement agencies (indictments, petitions for coercive measures of medical or educational nature, convictions, rulings, etc.). Keywords: principles of criminal law; acts of implementation of criminal law; acts of application of criminal law.

The article deals with methodological bases for the of research on the mechanism for of law-making of a unitary state. The article is devoted to the study of the nature and role of methodology in the formation of the Ukraine's legal system during the law-making mechanism. Much attention is given to problematic approaches to determining methodological bases in law-making mechanism. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current state of lawmaking in Ukraine and to make proposals based on the methodology of law. The article explores the concept of methodology on the basis of which the methodological bases of lawmaking are determined. The author states that the methodology of research on lawmaking should cover the analysis of scientific approaches and application of own methods, which allow to identify the most essential characteristics of this legal phenomenon, to distinguish structural elements, to indicate the ways of the most effective preparation and adoption of legal acts. Law-making process is a form of the state activity intended for on the creation (or revision) of legal norms. The law-making process and the role of the legisla- tive bodies in it are based on the constitutional principles of democracy, separation of powers, social state. Scientific search for a theoretical and methodological tool for considering and solving the problems of lawmaking is carried out within the framework of legal positivism – consideration of law as a set of norms established and sanctioned by the state, the violation of which is followed by measures of state coercion. This implies the rejection of the metaphysical side, related to the disclosure of the essence of legal phenomena. The problem of specification as a legal phenome- non is considered. At the heart of the author's research there are the methods used to investigate the elaboration of law-making. The author comes to a conclusion that the choice of a certain method in the course of a specification will promote the improvement of this process as an important legal phenomenon as well as the improvement of modern legislativeprocess.

Any branch of law, private or public, has a system of sources of law, which is somewhat standard. This system became "set in stone" for many law systems around the world, starting with Constituion, legal acts of goverment and ending with brief overview of legal traditions in some branches of law. However, this system completely forgets about legal doctrine. But after legislation took over, legal doctrine lost meaning which it had before and was cast aside into shadow of legislation and basic system of sources of law. Furthermore, legal doctrine was an instrument which provided unity for any law system. The idea in its core is simple – greatest and most known legal works of different authors became rulebooks for diffenret branches of law, which were used not only for education, but as a source of law to resolve dispute, when there was missing link in legislation and when judge cannot settle dispute using law of state. This is the case, when doctrine was used as a source of law and a source for regulation. Same can be said about legal doctrine, as core for any law, passed by a parliament. In ideal case, scientists and authors of legal dontrine works should consult lawmakers regarding theoretical and doctrinal basis of any decision or action they are planning to take. So, any legal action will have strong core in it and won't be decided only on experience and opinions of lawmakers, but also with strong theoretical background for such decision. In conclusion, we think that legal doctrine requires further analysis and this topic is very important for legal studies in Ukraine. Core of legal doctrinal works becomes bigger and bigger with increasing number of scholars in this sector of science. From the nature of legal doctrine, it is clear that it can provide better understanding of law and improve connection between scientists and lawmakers. Keywords: source of law, Constitution, natural law, legal system, concept of legal doctrine, system of sources of law.

'Vielfach wird angenommen, dass Strafdrohungen potentielle Täter von der Tatbegehung abschrecken. Die Richtigkeit dieser Theorie wird jedoch bezweifelt. Zahlreiche empirische Untersuchungen haben unterschiedliche Ergebnisse erzielt. In dem vorliegenden Artikel wird eine Metaanalyse beschrieben, die versucht, die Gründe für die unterschiedlichen Befunde zu ermitteln. Erste Auswertungen deuten darauf hin, dass die Untersuchungsmethoden die Ergebnisse beeinflussen und eine mögliche Abschreckungswirkung des Strafrechts nur mit einem differenzierten Modell angemessen erfasst werden kann.' (Autorenreferat)