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The purpose of our research is to show psychological ways of the development of intercultural competence of pupils in the field of «Foreign Language Education» (according to the experience of education in foreign countries). Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: the categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. The results of the research. In the article we showed in details what exactly means the expression «European development in education»: the desire to understand the representatives of different countries and cultures, to overcome prejudice towards them, to recognize their common interests, respecting national ones; openness to different cultures, protection of cultural identity of each person; respect for legal obligations and legal decisions within the paradigm of human rights; the desire to coexist in harmony and to have compromises, allowing the reconciliation of interests of different parties; the protection of freedom, pluralistic democracy, human rights and affairs; the development of the system of production and economic exchanges between the states, which are the factors of individual and social well-being of political stability; the concern for the preservation of ecological balance in Europe and in the whole world; the desire to preserve peace in Europe and in a whole world. Conclusions. Psychological ways with the aim to develop pupils' intercultural competence were: to provide pupils with information about the socio-cultural plan, which sometimes remains beyond their control; to prove practically that cultural phenomena are most clearly manifested in a certain economic or political perspective; to teach to work with a limited amount of information; to teach to avoid negation and rejection of the phenomena of a foreign-language culture; to have reflexive attitude to their own activity. In the methodology of teaching foreign languages to the means of training there were put forward certain requirements. So, learning methods with the aim to develop intercultural competence of pupils should: a) to be acted in a form of material and perform its main functions, such as to be means of the activity that ensures the activity of a teacher and the activities of pupils in the educational process of studying a foreign language; b) to be oriented towards the purpose of training, that is, with the aim to contribute to the achievement of goals in the process of teaching a foreign language; c) to be instruments of the implementation of methods and techniques used in the educational process, and ensure the management of the activities of a teacher and the activities of a pupil; d) to correspond to the contemporary achievements of the methodology of teaching foreign languages and to ensure the implementation of the latest technologies of teaching a foreign language. ; Мета дослідження – показати й обґрунтувати психологічні шляхи роз­витку міжкультурної компетентності школярів у галузі «Іншомовна освіта» (відповідно до досвіду освіти в зарубіжних країнах). Для розв'язання поставлених у роботі завдань використано такі теоретичні методи дослідження: категоріальний, структурно-функціональний, аналіз, систематизація, моделювання, узагальнення.Результати дослідження. У статті детально показано, що саме означає вираз «європейський розвиток в освітній парадигмі»: прагнен­ня зрозуміти представників різних країн і культур, подолати упередже­ність щодо них, визнати їх спільні інтереси, поважаючи національні; від­критість до різних культур, захист культурної ідентичності кожної лю­дини; дотримання юридичних зобов'язань і правових рішень у парадигмі прав людини; бажання співіснувати в гармонії та йти на компроміси, що дають змогу примирити інтереси різних сторін; захист свободи, плюра­лістична демократія, права людини та діяльності; розвиток системи виробничого й економічного обміну між державами, які є чинниками ін­дивідуального та соціального добробуту і політичної стабільності; тур­бота щодо збереження екологічної рівноваги в Європі та в усьому світі; бажання зберегти мир у Європі та у світі загалом. Висновок. Зазначено, що психологічні шляхи з метою розвитку між­культурної компетентності учнів передбачають: надавати учням ін­формацію соціокультурного плану, що нерідко залишається поза контро­лем школярів; практично довести, що культурні явища найяскравіше ви­являються в певній економічній чи політичній перспективі; навчати учнів працювати з обмеженою кількістю інформації; навчати школярів уника­ти заперечення та неприйняття явищ іншомовної культури; сформува­ти у школярів рефлексивне ставлення до виконання власної діяльності. Наголошено, що у методиці навчання іноземних мов до засобів нав­чання висуваються серйозні вимоги. Отже, методи навчання з метою розвитку міжкультурної компетентності учнів повинні: а) актуалізува­тися у формі навчального матеріалу і виконувати його основні функції, наприклад, бути засобами діяльності, що забезпечує активність учите­ля та діяльність учнів у навчальному процесі вивчення іноземної мови; б) орієнтуватися на мету навчання, що сприятиме досягненню цілей у процесі викладання іноземної мови; в) бути інструментами реалізації методів і прийомів, які застосовуються у навчальному процесі та забез­печують управління діяльністю вчителя й учнів; г) відповідати сучасним досягненням методики викладання іноземних мов і забезпечити впрова­дження новітніх технологій навчання іноземної мови.

In recent decades, established political parties across Europe have become increasingly challenged by a new party family: the radical right. In terms of how mainstream parties respond to this challenge, Sweden has been a puzzling case both in a comparative European perspective and in light of established theories of party competition. Rather than co-opting the restrictive immigration policies of the radical right party the Sweden Democrats, the Swedish mainstream parties jointly converged on liberal policies. In addition, rather than being included as a coalition partner or support party to the government, the Sweden Democrats have been excluded from government formation despite a pivotal position between the established left and right blocs in the parliament. In order to explain these puzzling outcomes, this dissertation combines two bodies of scholarly literature that have tended not to communicate much: coalition theory and research on mainstream party reactions to the radical right. It uses a multi-method research design to analyse party behaviour at both the local and the national level, and in both the electoral and the parliamentary arena. In doing so, it identifies aspects of established theories and concepts in need of refinement. The dissertation argues that despite the apparently puzzling nature of the Swedish case, the isolation of the Sweden Democrats can be explained in terms of the strategic pursuit of policy, office, and votes. The key to the strategic explanation lies in considering three things: first, that different kinds of party strategies interact, within and across arenas; second, that the choice of strategy is constrained, between different levels of a party and over time; and third, that we need to reconsider how some commonly used concepts – such as anti-pacts, winning coalitions, and policy dimensions – are operationalised. Rather than relying on the idea of qualitatively different 'pariah' or 'anti-system' parties, the findings of this thesis show how the isolation of a radical right party can be explained in terms of the strategic incentives of rival parties. The results also show that the transition from isolation to cooperation can, under certain conditions, be a rapid process. The dissertation is a contribution to research on coalition formation, spatial party competition, and mainstream party reactions to the radical right. ; Den här avhandlingen behandlar frågan om hur etablerade politiska partier agerar när de utmanas av nya partier från den högerradikala partifamiljen. Studien fokuserar på Sverige och hur de svenska etablerade partierna har bemött det högerradikala partiet Sverigedemokraterna. Sverige har varit ett avvikande fall i jämförelse med många andra länder i Europa, där etablerade partier har tenderat både att bilda regeringar med stöd av högerradikala partier, och att ta över deras politiska positioner – framförallt i invandringsfrågan – för att försöka vinna tillbaka väljare. I Sverige valde de etablerade partierna istället (inledningsvis) att förflytta sina positioner bort från Sverigedemokraternas politik. Vidare har partiet trots sin starka position i riksdagen uteslutits från regeringssamarbete. I syfte att förklara det svenska fallet kombinerar denna avhandling teorier om regeringsbildning med teorier om hur etablerade partier bemöter högerradikala partier. Studien kombinerar kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod för att analysera partibeteende på både lokal och nationell nivå, samt på väljararenan och den parlamentariska arenan. Genom att analysera ett avvikande fall vidareutvecklar avhandlingen etablerade teorier och koncept. Analysen visar att det svenska fallet, trots att det delvis skiljer sig från andra länder, kan förklaras i termer av hur partierna försöker uppnå tre strategiska mål: att vinna röster, att få genomslag för sin politik, och att sitta i regeringsställning. Den strategiska förklaringen består av tre delar. För det första måste vi beakta att olika partistrategier – t.ex. valet av sakpolitiska positioner och valet att misskreditera ett annat parti – kan påverka varandra. För det andra måste vi ta hänsyn till att partier inte alltid är fria i sina val. De kan förhindras från att tillämpa en viss strategi, antingen på grund av meningsskiljaktigheter inom partiet eller på grund av att det kan vara väljarmässigt riskabelt att alltför snabbt byta strategi. För det tredje behöver vi ompröva vissa av de koncept som vanligen används inom koalitionsforskningen – t.ex. vad som gör en koalition "vinnande", vilka politiska konfliktdimensioner som är de viktigaste, och hur vi bäst mäter förekomsten av "anti-pakter" mellan partier. Det strategiska perspektiv som presenteras i avhandlingen visar att isoleringen av högerradikala partier kan förklaras utan att hänvisa till att vissa partier är väsensskilda "paria"- eller "anti-system"-partier. Resultaten visar också att ett skifte från isolering till samarbete kan ske snabbt, givet att de strategiska förutsättningarna förändras. Avhandlingen är ett bidrag till koalitionsforskning, till forskning om partibeteende på väljararenan, samt till forskning om hur etablerade partier bemöter högerradikala partier. ; From the margins to the mainstream: Populist radical right parties and government formation in Europe

The article considers the political evolution of territorial communities in democratic countries as a problem that reflects the local regional political authenticity and becomes the basis for applied research. The interrelation of the criteria of professionalization of managerial staff at the territorial level with local educational and scientific traditions is substantiated.The purpose of this article is to establish the level of reflection in the modern discourse of political science of socio-political representation of territorial communities.Research methods. The structural-functional method is used to analyze the criteria for staff promotion and their inclusion in certain management teams; the method of comparison used to relate to democratic procedures and practices of representation determines the quality of community development at the territorial level; a method of retrospective reconstruction to establish a high level of compliance with certain conditions of functioning in a controlled power environment, clear implementation of procedures, ensuring stability and implementation of a certain authoritarian course.Results. The assessment of the phenomenon of institutional inequality of communities determines the incomplete correspondence of elites of different levels in the former post-communist states. It is proved that the electoral variability of socio-political representation at the territorial level is manifested in the moderate position of the elites, their party and ideological mimicry in the conditions of insufficiently predictable and clear electoral result. Emphasis is placed on the factors of elite professionalism, which are not focused on managerial qualities, but are determined by archaic principles of situational loyalty and political expediency. The properties of population participation in the electoral process as a decisive factor in the qualitative political transformation of territorial communities are revealed. The specifics of the mechanisms of political representation and the processes of reforming territorial communities in the old European democracies and post-communist countries are noted. The substantiation of the tendency to preserve the internal elite patron clientelism and to ensure one's own position regardless of the political situation is proposed. ; В статье рассмотрена политическая эволюция территориальных общин в демократических странах как проблема, которая отражает местную региональную политическую аутентичность, и становится основой для прикладных научных разработок. Обосновано взаимосвязь критериев профессионализации управленческих кадров на территориальном уровне с местными образовательными и научными традициями.Целью данной статьи является установление уровня отражения в современном дискурсе политической науки социально-политического представительства территориальных общин.Методы исследования. Использован структурно-функциональный метод для анализа критериев продвижения кадров и их включения в определенные управленческие команды, метод сравнения применен для связи с демократическими процедурами и практиками представительства определяет качество развития общин на территориальном уровне; метод ретроспективной реконструкции для установления высокого уровня соответствия определенным условиям функционирования в контролируемом властной среде, четкого выполнения процедур, обеспечение стабильности и реализации определенного авторитарного курса.Результаты. Данная оценка феномена институциональной неровности общин определяет неполное соответствие элит разных уровней в бывших посткоммунистических государствах. Доказано, что электоральная изменчивость социально-политического представительства на территориальном уровне проявляется в умеренной позиции элит, их партийной и идеологической мимикрии в условиях недостаточно прогнозируемого и четкого электорального результата. Акцентировано внимание на факторах профессионализма элит, которые не ориентируются на менеджерские качества, а определяются архаичными принципами ситуативной лояльности и политической целесообразности. Раскрыто свойства участия населения в электоральном процессе в качестве решающего фактору качественного политического преобразования территориальных общин. Отмечено специфику механизмов политического представительства и процессов реформирования территориальных общин в старых европейских демократиях и посткоммунистических странах. Предложено обоснование тенденции к консервации внутренне элитного патрон-клиентелизма и обеспечения собственного положения независимо от политической конъюнктуры. ; У статті розглянуто політичну еволюцію територіальних громад у демократичних країнах як проблему, яка відображає місцеву регіональну політичну автентичність, та стає основою для прикладних наукових розробок. Обґрунтовано взаємозв'язок критеріїв професіоналізації управлінських кадрів на територіальному рівні з місцевими освітніми і науковими традиціями.Метою даної статті є встановлення рівня відображення у сучасному дискурсі політичної науки соціально-політичного представництва територіальних громад.Методи дослідження. Використано структурно-функціональний метод для аналізу критеріїв просування кадрів та їх включення до певних управлінських команд; метод порівняння застосований для зв'язок з демократичними процедурами та практиками представництва визначає якість розвитку громад на територіальному рівні; метод ретроспективної реконструкції для встановлення високого рівня відповідності певним умовам функціонування у контрольованому владному середовищі, чіткого виконання процедур, забезпечення стабільності та реалізації певного авторитарного курсу.Результати. Дано оцінку феномену інституційної нерівності громад визначає неповну відповідність еліт різних рівнів у колишніх посткомуністичних державах. Доведено, що на електоральна мінливість соціально-політичного представництва на територіальному рівні проявляється у поміркованій позиції еліт, їх партійній і ідеологічній мімікрії в умовах недостатньо прогнозованого та чіткого електорального результату. Акцентовано увагу на чинниках професіоналізму еліт, які не орієнтуються на менеджерські якості, а визначаються архаїчними принципами ситуативної лояльності та політичної доцільності. Розкрито властивості участі населення у електоральному процесі як вирішального чиннику якісного політичного перетворення територіальних громад. Відзначено специфіку механізмів політичного представництва і процесів реформування територіальних громад в старих європейських демократіях і посткомуністичних країнах. Запропоновано обґрунтування тенденції до консервації внутрішньо-елітного патрон-клієнтелізму та забезпечення власного становища не залежно від політичної кон'юнктури.

Full list of authors: Hanuš, J.; Vernazza, P.; Viikinkoski, M.; Ferrais, M.; Rambaux, N.; Podlewska-Gaca, E.; Drouard, A.; Jorda, L.; Jehin, E.; Carry, B.; Marsset, M.; Marchis, F.; Warner, B.; Behrend, R.; Asenjo, V.; Berger, N.; Bronikowska, M.; Brothers, T.; Charbonnel, S.; Colazo, C. Coliac, J. -F.; Duffard, R.; Jones, A.; Leroy, A.; Marciniak, A.; Melia, R.; Molina, D.; Nadolny, J.; Person, M.; Pejcha, O.; Riemis, H.; Shappee, B.; Sobkowiak, K.; Soldán, F.; Suys, D.; Szakats, R.; Vantomme, J.; Birlan, M.; Berthier, J.; Bartczak, P.; Dumas, C.; Dudziński, G.; Ďurech, J.; Castillo-Rogez, J.; Cipriani, F.; Fetick, R.; Fusco, T.; Grice, J.; Kaasalainen, M.; Kryszczynska, A.; Lamy, P.; Michalowski, T.; Michel, P.; Santana-Ros, T.; Tanga, P.; Vachier, F.; Vigan, A.; Witasse, O.; Yang, B. ; With an estimated diameter in the 320 350 km range, (704) Interamnia is the fifth largest main belt asteroid and one of the few bodies that fills the gap in size between the four largest bodies with D >400 km (Ceres, Vesta, Pallas and Hygiea) and the numerous smaller bodies with diameter 200 km. However, despite its large size, little is known about the shape and spin state of Interamnia and, therefore, about its bulk composition and past collisional evolution. Aims. We aimed to test at what size and mass the shape of a small body departs from a nearly ellipsoidal equilibrium shape (as observed in the case of the four largest asteroids) to an irregular shape as routinely observed in the case of smaller (D 200 km) bodies. Methods. We observed Interamnia as part of our ESO VLT/SPHERE large program (ID: 199.C-0074) at thirteen different epochs. In addition, several new optical lightcurves were recorded. These data, along with stellar occultation data from the literature, were fed to the All-Data Asteroid Modeling algorithm to reconstruct the 3D-shape model of Interamnia and to determine its spin state. Results. Interamnia s volume-equivalent diameter of 332 6 km implies a bulk density of = 1.98 0.68 g cm3, which suggests that Interamnia like Ceres and Hygiea contains a high fraction of water ice, consistent with the paucity of apparent craters. Our observations reveal a shape that can be well approximated by an ellipsoid, and that is compatible with a fluid hydrostatic equilibrium at the 2 level. Conclusions. The rather regular shape of Interamnia implies that the size and mass limit, under which the shapes of minor bodies with a high amount of water ice in the subsurface become irregular, has to be searched among smaller (D 300 km) less massive (m 3 1019 kg) bodies. © 2020 EDP Sciences. All rights reserved. ; This work has been supported by the Czech Science Foundation through grant 18-09470S (J.H., J.D.) and by the Charles University Research program No. UNCE/SCI/023. This research was supported by INTER-EXCELLENCE grant LTAUSA18093 from the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports (J.H. and O.P.). The research of O.P. is additionally supported by Horizon 2020 ERC Starting Grant "Cat-In-hAT" (grant agreement #803158) and award PRIMUS/SCI/17 from Charles University. P.V., A.D., and B.C. were supported by CNRS/INSU/PNP. M.M. was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. 80NSSC18K0849 issued through the Planetary Astronomy Program. This work was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, through grant no. 2014/13/D/ST9/01818 (A.M.). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement no 687 378 (SBNAF). This project has been supported by the GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003 and NKFIH K125015 grants of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) and by the Lendulet grant LP2012-31 of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. TRAPPIST-North is a project funded by the University of Liege, in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakech (Morocco). TRAPPIST-South is a project funded by the Belgian FNRS under grant FRFC 2.5.594.09. F.E.J. is a FNRS Senior Research Associate. ASAS-SN thanks the Las Cumbres Observatory and its staff for its continuing support of the ASAS-SN project. ASAS-SN is supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through grant GBMF5490 to the Ohio State University and NSF grant AST-1515927. Development of ASAS-SN has been supported by NSF grant AST-0908816, the Mt. Cuba Astronomical Foundation, the Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy (CASSACA), the Villum Foundation, and George Skestos. ; Peer reviewed

Flyktige organiske forbindelser (VOC-er) er en gruppe av organiske kjemikalier som lett fordamper ved omgivelsestemperaturer, bl.a. fra byggematerialer. Dette gjør at de kan påvirke inneluftkvaliteten. Det finnes mange ulike typer VOC-er, i første rekke er det type materiale som bestemmer hvilke VOCer frigjøres til inneluften. Deretter vil materialbehandling og fysiske forhold bestemme konsentrasjonen og sammensetningen av disse forbindelsene. De siste årene har det blitt et økt fokus på VOC-emisjoner, ettersom konsentrasjoner fra disse forbindelsene er ofte høyere innendørs enn utendørs. Dette kan ha en effekt på menneskehelse, spesielt med tanke på at befolkningen i Skandinavia tilbringer over 90% av tiden sin innendørs. Derfor setter stadig flere reguleringer og lovverk krav til VOCkonsentrasjoner fra byggematerialer bl.a. trematerialer, og nivået av VOC-er innendørs. Et modellsystem, med bakgrunn i kravene for den europeiske standarden for vurdering av frigjøring av farlige stoffer til inneluft (EN 16516) ble utviklet. Dette ble gjort for å sammenligne VOC-emisjoner fra to forskjellige typer av interiørpanel fra furu (Pinus Sylvestris). De mest vanligst forekommende VOC-ene fra furu ble analysert fra disse prøvene, ved bruk av termodesorpsjon-gasskromatografi (ATD GC-MS). Emisjonene fra tre prøver av ubehandlet interiørpanel, og tre prøver av beiset interiørpanel ble analysert i forhold til kravene i den europeiske byggevareforordningen (EU-LCI). Målene med dette studiet var å utvikle et modellsystem for analyse av VOC-er, og utforske resultater i forhold til tidligere undersøkelser. Deretter var det et mål å utforske hvordan materialbehandling eventuelt påvirker VOC-emisjoner, samt finne ut om disse materialene oppfyller kravene satt i EU-LCI. Modellsystemet klarte å kvantifisere seks av de mest forekommende forbindelsene i bartrær, heksanal, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, camphene og 3-carene. Det ble ikke funnet noen statistisk signifikant forskjell mellom de ubehandlede og behandlede materialene, til tross for at det ubehandlede materialet hadde langt høyere konsentrasjoner enn det ubehandlede materialet. Ingen av prøvene klarte å oppfylle EU-LCI kravene etter 28 dager, men dette kan også skyldes modellsystemet. Det er derfor viktig å utvikle dette systemet videre, spesielt med tanke på at målinger av emisjoner fra VOC-er vil bli et stadig større krav i forskjellige reguleringer og lovverk. ; Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a diverse group of organic chemicals that easily evaporate at ambient temperatures, e.g. from building materials. This makes them likely to affect indoor air quality (IAQ). There are many different types of VOCs, and their concentration and composition depend on a number of different factors. Primary, the type of material determines which VOCs will be present in a given environment. Then other factors, such as the material treatment and physical conditions decide the concentration and composition of these compounds in an environment. There has been an increasing focus on VOC-emissions indoors over the last years, as the concentrations of these compounds are higher indoors than outdoors. VOCs can also have an effect on human health. This has led to an increasing number of regulations establishing requirements for VOC emissions from different types of materials, e.g. wood materials, and the level of VOCs in indoors. A model system was developed to compare VOC emissions from two different types of Scots Pine interior panelling (Pinus Sylvestris). The model system was based on the requirements of the European standard for the assessment of the release of hazardous substances for indoor air (EN 16516). The most common VOCs in Scots Pine were analysed using thermo-desorption gas chromatography (ATD GC-MS). Overall, the emissions from three samples of untreated interior panel, and three samples of stained interior panel were analysed in accordance to the requirements of the Construction Products Regulation (EU-LCI). The objectives of this study were to develop a model system for the analysis of VOCs, and to compare the analysis from this model system in relation to previous studies. Other objectives were to explore how material treatment might affect VOC emissions, as well as find out if these materials meet the requirements set in EU-LCI. The model system was able to quantify six of the most abundant compounds in conifers, i.e. hexanal, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, camphene and 3-carene. No statistically significant difference was found between the untreated and treated materials, even though the untreated material had substantially higher concentrations than the untreated material. None of the samples met the EU-LCI requirements after 28 days, but this could also be due to the model system. It is therefore important to further develop this system, especially as testing of emissions from VOCs will become an increasingly important requirement in various regulations and legislations. ; M-SF

Considered the hermeneutic project of H.-G. Gadamer as the final phase of the development of the circle of ideas of the German philological hermeneutics of the ХІХ-ХХ century. The philosophy of language and the doctrine of understanding and interpretation are explored in connection with the development of philological ideas within the framework of the phenomenological school. The relationship between Gadamer's position and representatives of various linguistic theories of the early twentieth century is shown. The concept of understanding is presented as a key element of the hermeneutic process. Gadamer's hermeneutics is analyzed in the context of his conservative position and his interpretation of Platonic philosophy. Formation of the circle of ideas that formed the basis of the philosophical hermeneutics of H.-G. Gadamer is an integral part of the notion of the essence of language and understanding of its role in the formation of meaning and the entire spiritual culture of mankind, as well as from the concepts of human personality, its creation and development. Consideration of such issues is fundamental to revealing the real role that the hermeneutic project has played and continues to play in the development of European philosophy. The relevance of the theme chosen is determined by the role that the philosophical project of H.-G. Gadamer plays in the development of contemporary ideas about the importance of humanitarian knowledge and, above all, philosophy in the formation of man as such. Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics with the passage of time only increases its importance for the development of philosophical discourse, thereby confirming its great euristic potential. As in modern Ukrainian philosophy, the development of the problems of understanding, first of all, understanding of the semantic component of human activity in the most diverse fields - from the sphere of art to political discourse, has become more relevant than ever. But in our day one can observe some limitations in understanding the significance and relevance of the Gadameric heritage, the study of which is often of a formal nature; the thinker himself and his works are referred to as a kind of 'figure of contention', without the necessary reflection and further development. ; Формування кола ідей, що лягли в основу філософської герменевтики Г.-Ґ. Ґадамера, є невід'ємною частиною поняття сутності мови і розуміння її ролі у формуванні сенсу і всієї духовної культури людства, а також концепцій людської особистості, її створення і розвитку. Філософська герменевтика Ґадамера з часом лише збільшує своє значення в розвитку філософського дискурсу, тим самим підтверджуючи свій великий евристичний потенціал. Як і в сучасній українській філософії, розвиток проблем розуміння, насамперед, розуміння смислової складової людської діяльності в найрізноманітніших сферах - від сфери мистецтва до політичного дискурсу - є сьогодні гостро актуальним. Але в наші дні можна спостерігати певні обмеження в розумінні значущості й актуальності ґадамерівської спадщини, вивчення якої часто має формальний характер. Сам мислитель і його твори згадуються як своєрідна «фігура розбрату», без необхідного відображення і подальшого розвитку. У статті розглядається герменевтичний проект Г.-Ґ. Ґадамера як завершальна фаза розвитку кола ідей німецької філологічної герменевтики ХІХ-ХХ ст. Філософію мови і вчення про розуміння та інтерпретацію досліджено у зв'язку з розвитком герменевтичних ідей в рамках феноменологічної школи. Показано взаємозв'язок позиції Ґадамера з представниками різних лінгвістичних теорій початку ХХ ст. Поняття "розуміння" подано як ключовий елемент герменевтичного процесу. Герменевтика Ґадамера аналізується в контексті консервативної концепції філософа і його доробку в царині інтерпретації платонівської філософії. ; Формирование круга идей, легших в основу философской герменевтики Г.-Г. Гадамера, является неотъемлемой частью понятия сущности языка и понимания его роли в формировании смысла и всей духовной культуры человечества, а также концепций человеческой личности, ее формирования и развития. Философская герменевтика Гадамера со временем только увеличивает свое значение в развитии философского дискурса, тем самым подтверждая свой большой эвристический потенциал. Как и в современной украинской философии, развитие проблем понимания, прежде всего, понимания смысловой составляющей человеческой деятельности в самых разных сферах - от сферы искусства до политического дискурса - есть сегодня остро актуальным. Но в наши дни можно наблюдать определенные ограничения в понимании значимости и актуальности гадамеровского наследия, изучение которого часто носит формальный характер. Сам мыслитель и его произведения упоминаются как своеобразная «фигура раздора», без необходимого отражения и дальнейшего развития.В статье рассматривается герменевтический проект Г.-Г. Гадамера как завершающая фаза развития круга идей немецкой филологической герменевтики XIX-ХХ вв. Философия языка и учение о понимании и интерпретации исследованы в связи с развитием герменевтических идей в рамках феноменологической школы. Показана взаимосвязь позиции Гадамера с представителями различных лингвистических теорий начала ХХ в. Понятие понимание представлено в качестве ключевого элемента герменевтического процесса. Герменевтика Гадамера анализируется в контексте консервативной концепции философа и его произведений в области интерпретации платоновской философии.

Social media are a space for discussions, debates and deliberations about personality, culture, society, and actual experiences of social actors in South Africa. They offer an unexpected opportunity for the broader consideration and inclusion of community members' voices in governance decision making and policy processes. They also offer opportunities to engage, mobilise and change people and society in impressive scale, speed and effect: They have mobilising and transformative powers emanating from their interaction with the impetus of the agency of community members seeking better conditions of living. The magnitude of the effects of these powers makes it imperative to have a better understanding of their workings. Social media have been used in numerous social movements as the medium of communication to mobilise, coordinate, and broadcast protests. However, social media were never a guarantee of success as most movements using them did not achieve significant results. Yet, governments in developed and developing countries tend to engage inadequately with social media supported movements. The research problem is that the contribution of social media to the transformation of the social practice of discourse, which causes SSA community members' agential impetus (collective intentionality for action) to generate a discourse of resistance on social media during social movements, is not well understood. The main research question is: Why are South African community members using social media to enact online discursive resistance during social movements? The aim of the research is to explain, from a critical realism point of view, Sub-Saharan African community members' emergent usage of social media during social movements, by providing a contextualised social history (a tale) of South African community members' practice of online discursive enactment of resistance. The emergent usage of social media of concern is conceptualised as "discursive enactment of networked everyday resistance" within a dialectical space of interaction conceptualised as "space of autonomous resistance"; an instance of a communication space allowing for transformative negation to occur. The research follows Bhaskar's Critical Realism as a philosophical paradigm. Critical Realism seeks to explain phenomena by retroducing (retrospective inference) causal explanations from empirically observable phenomena to the generative mechanisms which caused them. The research was designed as a qualitative, processual and retroductive inquiry based on the Morphogenetic/Morphostasis approach with two phases: an empirical research developing the case of South African community members' emergent usage of social media during the #feesmustfall social movement, looking for demi-regularities in social media discourse; and a transcendental research reaching into the past to identified significant events, objects and entities which tendencies are responsible for the shape of observed discourse. In the first phase, a case study was developed from data collected on the social media platform Twitter™, documents, and in-depth interviews of South African community members. The data collected were analysed using qualitative content analysis (QCA) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to unveil demi-regularities; moving from the observable individual strategic orientation of messages to discourses, thus to the tendencies of relational emergent properties of systemic magnitude which structure local discourses and are transformed by them. Then, the social mediainduced morphogenesis or transformation of South African community members' discursive action was postulated in an analytical history of emergence (or analytical tale) of their usage of social media within a "space of autonomous resistance" during social movements. The findings of the research suggest that South African community members authored 3 discourses of resistance on Twitter™: #feesmustfall discourses of struggle, identity and oppression. They identified as "student qua black-child" stepping into the "Freedom fighter" role against the hegemonic post-apartheid condition curtailing their aspirations. It was found that social media socio-cultural embeddedness and under-design (Western European socio-cultural globalising underpinning features and functional features of the platforms) which interaction with the local socio-cultural mix (postapartheid socio-cultural tendencies for domination/power, spiral of silence, and legitimacy/identification) resulted in misfits and workarounds enhancing individual emotional conflict and aligning towards a socio-cultural opportunistic contingent complementarity integration in the deployment of discourse. That integration was actualised as a mediatization emergent property through asignification/signification of mainstream discourses of liberal democracy, colonial capitalism, national democratic revolution, free and decolonised education, black consciousness and Fallism. That mediatization through re-signification of the struggle for freedom created a communication "space of autonomous resistance" where networked freedom fighters enacted discursive everyday resistance against the hegemonic forces of students' precariousness. The contribution of the research includes a realist model of social media discursive action (ReMDA); an explanation of South African community members' deployment of discourse over social media during social movement and telling the tale of the transformation of discursive practices with the advent of social media in South Africa.

Through the prism of the Subcarpathian press of the first third of the twentieth century, the tragic period of establishment of the Ukrainian statehood on the eve of World War II, the struggle for the free development of the Ukrainian nation on the territory of Subcarpathian Ruthenia due to the Munich Agreement and the dangerous political game of England, France, Germany and Italy, as well as Poland and Hungary, in the epicenter of ambitions of which Transcarpathia was caught, is delineated. Further development was given to the issues of struggle of the Ukrainians in Transcarpathia for the realization of the "peoples' right to self-determination" in the course of the forceful formation of the joint Polish-Hungarian border after the Second Czechoslovak crisis of 1938, which had given rise to the actual division of Czechoslovakia on the one hand, and the intensification of Ukrainians' national aspirations - on the other. The geopolitical aspects of the game of the Central Powers, as well as of Poland and Hungary in the process of "redrawing Europe", the international peculiarities of the policy of appeasement of an aggressor of 1938 as a process of concessions and losses, in which the Transcarpathian lands remained as currency and the government of the autonomous Subcarpathian Ruthenia had to struggle alone against imperial revisionism, aggressive propaganda and destructive armed sabotage, were analyzed. Based on the Transcarpathian periodicals, the development of relations between the Carpathian Ukraine and practically the only foreign-policy partner - Germany - is shown in the context of the formation of the Hitler's strategy of the "Eurasian Axis", where the Ukrainian lands had a significant role. Factors of influence on the formation of the new European political reality and the role of the Ukrainian country in it are investigated. When using the press as a key source of historical data, a comprehensive picture of the Central Powers' encroachments and aspirations and their practical intentions in an international crisis is reflected. ; Через призму подкарпатской прессы первой трети ХХ в. освещен трагический период становления украинской государственности накануне Второй мировой войны, ход борьбы за свободное развитие украинской нации на территории Подкарпатской Руси в результате Мюнхенского соглашения и опасной политической игры Англии, Франции, Германии и Италии, а также Польши и Венгрии, в эпицентре амбиций которых оказалось Закарпатье. Дальнейшее развитие получили вопросы борьбы украинского Закарпатья за воплощение «права народов на самоопределение» в процессе силового формирования совместной польско-венгерской границы после Второго Чехословацкого кризиса 1938 года, давшая начало фактическому разделению Чехословакии с одной стороны, и активизации национальных стремлений украинцев с другой. Проанализированы геополитические аспекты игры центральноевропейских государств, а также Польши и Венгрии в процессе «перекраивания Европы», международные особенности политики умиротворения агрессора 1938 года как процесса уступок и потерь, в которых закарпатские земли оставались разменной монетой, а правительство автономной Подкарпатской Руси было вынуждено самостоятельно бороться против имперского ревизионизма, агрессивной пропаганды и разрушительных вооруженных диверсий. Опираясь на закарпатскую периодику, авторы показали развитие отношений между Карпатской Украиной и практически единственным внешнеполитическим партнером - Германией - в контексте формирования гитлеровской стратегии «Евразийской оси», где украинским землям отводилась значительная роль. Исследованы факторы влияния на формирование новой европейской политической реальности и роли в ней украинского края. При использовании прессы как ключевого источника исторических данных отражена целостная картина посягательств и стремлений центральноевропейских государств и их практические намерения в условиях международного кризиса. ; Крізь призму підкарпатської преси першої третини ХХ ст. висвітлено трагічний період становлення української державності напередодні ІІ Світової війни, перебіг боротьби за вільний розвиток української нації на території Підкарпатської Русі внаслідок Мюнхенської угоди й небезпечної політичної гри Англії, Франції, Німеччини та Італії, а також Польщі та Угорщини, в епіцентрі амбіцій яких опинилося Закарпаття. Подальшого висвітлення отримали питання боротьби українців Закарпаття за втілення «права народів на самовизначення» в процесі силового формування спільного польсько-угорського кордону після Другої Чехословацької кризи 1938 р., що дала початок фактичному поділові Чехословаччини з одного боку, та активізації національних прагнень українців з іншого. Проаналізовано геополітичні аспекти гри центральноєвропейських держав, а також Польщі та Угорщини в процесі «перекроювання Європи», міжнародні особливості політики умиротворення агресора 1938 р. як процесу поступок та втрат, в яких закарпатські землі залишалися розмінною монетою, а уряд автономної Підкарпатської Русі був змушений самотужки боротися проти імперського ревізіонізму, агресивної пропаганди та руйнівних збройних диверсій. Спираючись на закарпатську періодику, автори показали розвиток взаємин між Карпатською Україною та практично єдиним зовнішньополітичним партнером - Німеччиною - в контексті формування гітлерівської стратегії «Євразійської осі», де українським землям відводилась значна роль. Досліджено чинники впливу на формування нової європейської політичної реальності і ролі в ній українського краю. При використанні преси як ключового джерела історичних даних відображено цілісну картину зазіхань і прагнень Центральних держав та їх практичні наміри в умовах міжнародної кризи.

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City planning issues for sustainable development.International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol.10, Iss.22, 2015, pp.43131-43138. 11.Danilina, N., Vlasov, D., System of transport-interchange hubs and «intercepting» parking: Monograph.Saarbrucken, Lap Lambert AcademicPublishing, 2013, 88 p. 12.Transport-interchange hubs: road and transport infrastructure development maps [Transportno-peresadochnie uzly: karty razvitiya dorozhno-transportnoi infrastruktury].Official site of the complex of town-planning policy and construction of the city of Moscow [Electronic resource] http://old.stroi.mos.ru/TPU-aip.Last accessed 31.07.2016. 13.Shitova, Yu.Yu., Shitov, Yu.A. Individual characteristics of the pendulum labor migration in the Moscow region: GIS analysis of micro data [Individual'nye harakteristiki majatnikovoj trudovoj migracii v Podmoskov'e: GIS-analiz mikro-dannyh].International University of Nature, Society and Man «Dubna», the work was carried out within the framework of the RFBR grant 11-06- 00323-a.2011, 9 p. 14.Danilina N. V. Intermodal system for mobility demand in the realities of the Russian Federation: reality and forecast.E3S Web of Conferences, ICSC (2016) [Electronic resource] DOI:10.1051/e sconf /2016.Last accessed 31.07.2016. 15.Vlasov D., Danilina N. Scientific and Methodological Basis of Development of the Park-and- Ride Facilities in the Intermodal Transport Hubs of Moscow Agglomeration.Advanced Materials Research Vol.869-870 (2014), pp.201-204 (2014).Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland [Electronic resource] DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.869-870.201.Last accessed 31.07.2016. 16.Durán Bernal L., Basic Parameters for the Design of Intermodal Public Transport Infrastructures.Transportation Research Procedia, Vol.14, 2016, pp.499-508. 17.Decree of Moscow Government dated December 23, 2015 № 945-PP «On approval of regional standards of urban design of the city of Moscow in the field of transport, highways of regional or municipal significance [Postanovlenie Pravitel'stva Moskvy ot 23.12.2015 № 945- PP «Ob utverzhdenii regional'nyh normativov gradostroitel'nogo proektirovanija goroda Moskvy v oblasti transporta, avtomobil'nyh dorog regional'nogo ili municipal'nogo znachenija].[Electronic resource]: http://www.consultant.ru/cons/CGI/online.cgi?req=doc &base=MLAW&n=167806#0.Last accessed 21.03.2017. 18.Spillar R. Park-and-Ride Planning and Design Guidelines.New York, Parsons Brinckerhoff Inc., 1997, 220 p. 19.Guide for park and ride facilities.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, USA, 2004, 154 p. ; Текст аннотации на англ. языке и полный текст статьи на англ. языке находится в прилагаемом файле ПДФ (англ. версия следует после русской версии).Статья посвящена проблемам развития интермодальной транспортной системы крупных городов и агломераций. Представлены результаты изысканий в вопросах оценки и определения перспектив транспортного обслуживания. Модель разработанной системы позволяет наглядно показать состояние транспортной сети городского поселения. Апробация предложенной модели в Московской агломерации дает возможность оценить существующую и сформировать перспективную программу развития пассажирских интермодальных перевозок, соответствующую современным требованиям к качеству транспортных услуг для населения мегаполиса.

Through the prism of the Subcarpathian press of the first third of the twentieth century, the tragic period of establishment of the Ukrainian statehood on the eve of World War II, the struggle for the free development of the Ukrainian nation on the territory of Subcarpathian Ruthenia due to the Munich Agreement and the dangerous political game of England, France, Germany and Italy, as well as Poland and Hungary, in the epicenter of ambitions of which Transcarpathia was caught, is delineated. Further development was given to the issues of struggle of the Ukrainians in Transcarpathia for the realization of the "peoples' right to self-determination" in the course of the forceful formation of the joint Polish-Hungarian border after the Second Czechoslovak crisis of 1938, which had given rise to the actual division of Czechoslovakia on the one hand, and the intensification of Ukrainians' national aspirations - on the other. The geopolitical aspects of the game of the Central Powers, as well as of Poland and Hungary in the process of "redrawing Europe", the international peculiarities of the policy of appeasement of an aggressor of 1938 as a process of concessions and losses, in which the Transcarpathian lands remained as currency and the government of the autonomous Subcarpathian Ruthenia had to struggle alone against imperial revisionism, aggressive propaganda and destructive armed sabotage, were analyzed. Based on the Transcarpathian periodicals, the development of relations between the Carpathian Ukraine and practically the only foreign-policy partner - Germany - is shown in the context of the formation of the Hitler's strategy of the "Eurasian Axis", where the Ukrainian lands had a significant role. Factors of influence on the formation of the new European political reality and the role of the Ukrainian country in it are investigated. When using the press as a key source of historical data, a comprehensive picture of the Central Powers' encroachments and aspirations and their practical intentions in an international crisis is reflected. ; Через призму подкарпатской прессы первой трети ХХ в. освещен трагический период становления украинской государственности накануне Второй мировой войны, ход борьбы за свободное развитие украинской нации на территории Подкарпатской Руси в результате Мюнхенского соглашения и опасной политической игры Англии, Франции, Германии и Италии, а также Польши и Венгрии, в эпицентре амбиций которых оказалось Закарпатье. Дальнейшее развитие получили вопросы борьбы украинского Закарпатья за воплощение «права народов на самоопределение» в процессе силового формирования совместной польско-венгерской границы после Второго Чехословацкого кризиса 1938 года, давшая начало фактическому разделению Чехословакии с одной стороны, и активизации национальных стремлений украинцев с другой. Проанализированы геополитические аспекты игры центральноевропейских государств, а также Польши и Венгрии в процессе «перекраивания Европы», международные особенности политики умиротворения агрессора 1938 года как процесса уступок и потерь, в которых закарпатские земли оставались разменной монетой, а правительство автономной Подкарпатской Руси было вынуждено самостоятельно бороться против имперского ревизионизма, агрессивной пропаганды и разрушительных вооруженных диверсий. Опираясь на закарпатскую периодику, авторы показали развитие отношений между Карпатской Украиной и практически единственным внешнеполитическим партнером - Германией - в контексте формирования гитлеровской стратегии «Евразийской оси», где украинским землям отводилась значительная роль. Исследованы факторы влияния на формирование новой европейской политической реальности и роли в ней украинского края. При использовании прессы как ключевого источника исторических данных отражена целостная картина посягательств и стремлений центральноевропейских государств и их практические намерения в условиях международного кризиса. ; Крізь призму підкарпатської преси першої третини ХХ ст. висвітлено трагічний період становлення української державності напередодні ІІ Світової війни, перебіг боротьби за вільний розвиток української нації на території Підкарпатської Русі внаслідок Мюнхенської угоди й небезпечної політичної гри Англії, Франції, Німеччини та Італії, а також Польщі та Угорщини, в епіцентрі амбіцій яких опинилося Закарпаття. Подальшого висвітлення отримали питання боротьби українців Закарпаття за втілення «права народів на самовизначення» в процесі силового формування спільного польсько-угорського кордону після Другої Чехословацької кризи 1938 р., що дала початок фактичному поділові Чехословаччини з одного боку, та активізації національних прагнень українців з іншого. Проаналізовано геополітичні аспекти гри центральноєвропейських держав, а також Польщі та Угорщини в процесі «перекроювання Європи», міжнародні особливості політики умиротворення агресора 1938 р. як процесу поступок та втрат, в яких закарпатські землі залишалися розмінною монетою, а уряд автономної Підкарпатської Русі був змушений самотужки боротися проти імперського ревізіонізму, агресивної пропаганди та руйнівних збройних диверсій. Спираючись на закарпатську періодику, автори показали розвиток взаємин між Карпатською Україною та практично єдиним зовнішньополітичним партнером - Німеччиною - в контексті формування гітлерівської стратегії «Євразійської осі», де українським землям відводилась значна роль. Досліджено чинники впливу на формування нової європейської політичної реальності і ролі в ній українського краю. При використанні преси як ключового джерела історичних даних відображено цілісну картину зазіхань і прагнень Центральних держав та їх практичні наміри в умовах міжнародної кризи.

The Finnish National Topographic Database (NTDB) is currently developed by the National Land Survey of Finland (NLS) together with municipalities and other governmental agencies. It will be a harmonized database for topographic data in Finland provided by municipalities, the NLS and other agencies. The NTDB has been divided into several themes, of which the buildings theme was the focus in the first stage of development. Data collection for the NTDB is performed by different municipalities and governmental organizations. Having many supplying organizations can lead to inconsistencies in spatial data. Without a robust quality process this could lead to a chaos. Fortunately data quality can be controlled with an automated data quality evaluation process. Reaching a better degree of harmonization across the database is one of the main goals of NTDB in the future, besides reducing the amount of overlapping work and making national topographic data more accessible to all potential users. The aim of the NTDB spatial data management system architecture is to have a modular architecture. Therefore, the Data Quality Module named as QualityGuard can also be utilized in the National Geospatial Platform which will be a key component in the future Spatial Data Infrastructure of Finland. The National Geospatial Platform will include the NTDB data themes but also addresses, detailed plans and other land use information. FME was chosen as the implementation platform of the QualityGuard because it is robust and highly adaptable, allowing development of even the most complicated ETL workflows and spatial applications. This approach allows effortless communication with different applications via various types of interfaces, thus efficiently enabling the modularity requirement in all stages of development and integration. The QualityGuard works in two modes: a) as a part of the import process to NTDB, and b) independently. Users can validate their data using the independent QualityGuard to find possible errors in their data and fix them. Once validated and the data is fixed, data producers can import their data using the import option. The users receive a data quality report containing statistics and a quality error dataset regarding their imported data, which can be inspected in any GIS software, e.g. overlaid on original features. Geographical locations of quality errors are displayed as points. Each error finding produces a row in the error dataset, containing information about the type and cause of the error as short descriptions. Data quality evaluation is based on validating the conformance against data product specifications specified as quality rules. Three different ISO 19157 quality elements are utilized: format consistency, domain consistency and topological consistency. The quality rules have been defined in a co-operation with specialists in the field and the technical developing team. The definition work is based on the concept developed in the ESDIN project, quality specifications of INSPIRE, national topographic database quality specifications, national and international quality recommendations and standards, quality rules developed in European Location Framework (ELF) project and interviews of experts from National Land Survey of Finland and municipalities. In fact the NLS was one of the first agencies in the world who published a quality model for the digital topographic data in 1995. Quality rules are currently documented in spreadsheet documents representing each theme. Each quality rule has been defined using RuleSpeak, a structured notation for expressing business rules. RuleSpeak provides a consistent structure for each definition. The rules are divided in general rules and feature-specific rules. General rules are relevant for all feature types of a specific theme, although exceptions can be defined. A nation-wide, centralized automated spatial data quality process is one of the key elements in an effort towards achieving better harmonization of the NTDB. In principle, the greater aim is to achieve compliance with the auditing process described in ISO 19158. This process is meant to ensure that the supplying organizations are capable of delivering data of expected quality. However, implementing a nation-wide process is rather challenging because municipalities and other organizations might not have the capability or resources to repair the quality issues identified by the QualityGuard. Inconsistent data quality is not desirable, and data quality requirements will be less strict at first phases of implementation. Some of the issues will be automatically repaired by the software once the process has been established, but the organizations will still receive a notification about data quality issues in any conflicting features. The Finnish NTDB is in a continuous state of development and currently effort is made towards reaching automation, improved data quality and less overlapping work in co-operation with municipalities and other data producers. The QualityGuard has enabled an automated spatial data quality validation process for incoming data and it is currently being evaluated in practice. The results have already been well received by the users. Automating data quality validation is no longer a work of fiction. As indicated earlier we believe this will be a common practice with all SDI datasets in Finland.

The Finnish National Topographic Database (NTDB) is currently developed by the National Land Survey of Finland (NLS) together with municipalities and other governmental agencies. It will be a harmonized database for topographic data in Finland provided by municipalities, the NLS and other agencies. The NTDB has been divided into several themes, of which the buildings theme was the focus in the first stage of development. Data collection for the NTDB is performed by different municipalities and governmental organizations. Having many supplying organizations can lead to inconsistencies in spatial data. Without a robust quality process this could lead to a chaos. Fortunately data quality can be controlled with an automated data quality evaluation process. Reaching a better degree of harmonization across the database is one of the main goals of NTDB in the future, besides reducing the amount of overlapping work and making national topographic data more accessible to all potential users. The aim of the NTDB spatial data management system architecture is to have a modular architecture. Therefore, the Data Quality Module named as QualityGuard can also be utilized in the National Geospatial Platform which will be a key component in the future Spatial Data Infrastructure of Finland. The National Geospatial Platform will include the NTDB data themes but also addresses, detailed plans and other land use information. FME was chosen as the implementation platform of the QualityGuard because it is robust and highly adaptable, allowing development of even the most complicated ETL workflows and spatial applications. This approach allows effortless communication with different applications via various types of interfaces, thus efficiently enabling the modularity requirement in all stages of development and integration. The QualityGuard works in two modes: a) as a part of the import process to NTDB, and b) independently. Users can validate their data using the independent QualityGuard to find possible errors in their data and fix them. Once validated and the data is fixed, data producers can import their data using the import option. The users receive a data quality report containing statistics and a quality error dataset regarding their imported data, which can be inspected in any GIS software, e.g. overlaid on original features. Geographical locations of quality errors are displayed as points. Each error finding produces a row in the error dataset, containing information about the type and cause of the error as short descriptions. Data quality evaluation is based on validating the conformance against data product specifications specified as quality rules. Three different ISO 19157 quality elements are utilized: format consistency, domain consistency and topological consistency. The quality rules have been defined in a co-operation with specialists in the field and the technical developing team. The definition work is based on the concept developed in the ESDIN project, quality specifications of INSPIRE, national topographic database quality specifications, national and international quality recommendations and standards, quality rules developed in European Location Framework (ELF) project and interviews of experts from National Land Survey of Finland and municipalities. In fact the NLS was one of the first agencies in the world who published a quality model for the digital topographic data in 1995. Quality rules are currently documented in spreadsheet documents representing each theme. Each quality rule has been defined using RuleSpeak, a structured notation for expressing business rules. RuleSpeak provides a consistent structure for each definition. The rules are divided in general rules and feature-specific rules. General rules are relevant for all feature types of a specific theme, although exceptions can be defined. A nation-wide, centralized automated spatial data quality process is one of the key elements in an effort towards achieving better harmonization of the NTDB. In principle, the greater aim is to achieve compliance with the auditing process described in ISO 19158. This process is meant to ensure that the supplying organizations are capable of delivering data of expected quality. However, implementing a nation-wide process is rather challenging because municipalities and other organizations might not have the capability or resources to repair the quality issues identified by the QualityGuard. Inconsistent data quality is not desirable, and data quality requirements will be less strict at first phases of implementation. Some of the issues will be automatically repaired by the software once the process has been established, but the organizations will still receive a notification about data quality issues in any conflicting features. The Finnish NTDB is in a continuous state of development and currently effort is made towards reaching automation, improved data quality and less overlapping work in co-operation with municipalities and other data producers. The QualityGuard has enabled an automated spatial data quality validation process for incoming data and it is currently being evaluated in practice. The results have already been well received by the users. Automating data quality validation is no longer a work of fiction. As indicated earlier we believe this will be a common practice with all SDI datasets in Finland.

[Foreword] After a delayed start, the Federal Government has presented numerous plans for research and innovation policy in the new legislative period. The Commission of Experts comments on some of the most significant plans in chapter A 1. In the new High-Tech Strategy 2025, the Federal Government has once again committed itself to the target of spending 3.5 percent of gross domestic product on R&D by 2025. However, the funds currently budgeted are not sufficient to meet this target. The Commission of Experts therefore once again calls for the introduction of tax-based support for R&D, focused on SMEs. It also recommends that the Federal Government grants considerable freedom to the proposed Agency for Disruptive Innovations. Unless it is granted independence from political control, the agency will be unable to meet the expectations placed upon it. The Federal Government's Artificial Intelligence Strategy (chapter A 2) documents the high regard in which it holds this field of research. The funding volume of €3 billion (by 2025) appears to be appropriate. The current version of the AI Strategy, however, remains vague on numerous points and must be substantiated without delay. The Commission of Experts expressly warns against adopting a scatter-gun approach to research funding. However, the Commission of Experts considers a wide-ranging transfer of knowledge to be necessary. It supports the systematic expansion of European collaborations so that, as part of the association of EU partner countries, Germany can keep pace with the USA and China as the leading nations in the field of AI research. In chapter A 3, the Commission of Experts examines the funding structures implemented by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG), Germany's largest research funding organization, and compares them with those of key research funding organizations in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the USA. This examination shows that the DFG places strong emphasis on funding programmes intended to foster collaboration and structural development. It also highlights that the average funding provided by the DFG for new single project applications is comparatively low, and the average funding duration relatively short. The Commission of Experts suggests that a review be conducted to examine whether the high weighting given to structural funding formats should be adjusted in favour of single project funding. In chapter B 1, the Commission of Experts acknowledges the importance of start-ups in the innovation system. In Germany, a vibrant start-up scene has developed in recent years that is highly concentrated in regional terms. To promote globally visible start-up ecosystems, it is important not to counteract this geographical concentration but, instead, to expand existing and emerging ecosystems. Start-ups in Germany - particularly those in the growth phase - still have problems in accessing sufficient venture capital. With this in mind, the conditions for private investments in start-ups must be further improved; in particular, incentives should be created to encourage institutional investors to invest more heavily in start-ups. In chapter B 2, the Commission of Experts investigates the contribution that research and innovation policy can make to the energy transition. Important innovative technologies and business models for decarbonisation of the German energy system are already market-ready, or will be so in the near future. However, their diffusion is hampered by CO2 prices set too low as well as by regulatory requirements. In order to remove these barriers, taxes and levies on energy across all sectors of the economy should be geared to the damage energy sources inflict on the environment or to their CO2 content. To avoid putting the success of the energy transition at risk, political actors should structure potential reforms in a socially sustainable manner - without curtailing the steering effect of climate-protection measures. In chapter B 3, the Commission of Experts discusses blockchain technologies, which provide an immutable, forgery-proof way to store and transfer digital data. Germany is well positioned to exploit the economic and social potential of such technologies. However, it is important to promote the use and further development of blockchain technologies with a flexible regulatory framework, such as by setting up regulatory test beds. It will also be necessary to develop skills and knowledge in society and administration in order to reliably assess the opportunities and risks involved in the use of these technologies. In chapter B 4, the Commission of Experts analyses the digitalization of German tertiary education (TE) institutions. The German TE institutions surveyed ascribe a high level of importance to digitalization, but this is yet to be reflected in the level of digitalization achieved. The Commission of Experts therefore considers there to be significant potential for development, especially in the areas of teaching and administration. The governance structures currently in place in TE institutions hamper the progress of the digitalization process. To ensure that digitalization can succeed on the whole, TE institutions must continue to modernize their administration. The Commission of Experts recommends supporting TE institutions in this process by introducing a lump-sum digitalization payment. [.]

U radu se razmatraju promene koje su nastale poslednjih decenija u obrazovnoj politici Rusije, a koje se tiču razvijanja informatizacije obrazovne sredine. Prelazak na novi postsovjetski model sistema visokog obrazovanja, zasnovan na evropskim standardima, doveo je do promena u odnosu nastavnik–student, što se odnosi i na veću samostalnost u radu studenata i smanjenje angažovanja nastavnika i vremena koje je određeno za komunikaciju studenata sa nastavnicima. Značajan deo u sistemu ocenjivanja znanja sprovodi se putem testiranja. Ukazuje se na negativne posledice ovih promena koje se reflektuju na kvalitet budućih stručnjaka, s obzirom da interakciju u komunikaciji sa nastavnicima zamenjuju kompjuteri, odnosno formalno popunjavanje zadataka bez adekvatne refleksije. Uspon informatizacije obrazovne sredine u Rusiji preti značajnim nestankom celog niza profesija, kao i povećanjem broja nazaposlenih. Imajući u vidu značaj koji digitalne tehnologije imaju na razvoj ekonomije i privrede zemlјe, njenu odbrambenu sposobnost i političke procese, ukazuje se na potrebu za usklađivanjem obrazovanja sa potrebama na tržištu rada, kao i na potrebu da se obrazuju novi profili stručnjaka koji će biti sposobni da upravlјaju kompleksnom savremenom tehnikom, uređajima i robotima kako bi država sačuvala svoje pozicije na svetskom nivou. Naglašava se nedostatak interakcije i saradnje između strukovnih univerziteta sa poslodavcima i naučnim institucijama, što dovodi do smanjenja kvaliteta obrazovnih procesa, koji se najpre odnose na praktičnu osposoblјenost stručnjaka. Na osnovu analize problema u informaciono-obrazovnoj sredini koji su prikazani u ovom radu možemo da zaklјučimo da je neophodno razmotriti načine primene informaciono-komunikacione tehnologije u funkciji unapređivanja obrazovnog sistema. Naime, savremena obrazovna sredina mora da obuhvata sistem organizaciono-metodičkih, softverskih i drugih tehničkih sredstava za čuvanje, obradu i prenošenje informacija koja obezbeđuju brži pristup materijalima, među kojima je i stručna literatura. Takva sredina je pogodna za interaktivnu komunikaciju nastavnika sa studentima i time doprinosi efikasnijem učenju i pobolјšanju uvida nastavnika u samostalan rad studenta. Informaciono-obrazovna sredina se izgrađuje kao integrisani multikomponentni sistem pomoću koga se može napraviti selekcija na različitim nivoima. Razumevanje odlučujuće uloge informacija u evolucijskim procesima prirode i društva dovodi do otkrića potpuno nove, informacione slike sveta koja se značajno razlikuje od tradicionalnog tehnokratskog pristupa koji dominira u nauci. ; The work deliberates the changes that occurred in Russian educational policy in the last decades, concerning development of informatization of educational environment. Transition to the new post-soviet model of high education based on European standards led to changes in the teacherstudent relationship. These changes involve a greater independence in work for students and reduced engagement of a teacher and the amount of time intended for communication between students and teachers. A major part of knowledge assessment is performed via tests. It points to negative consequences of these changes that are reflected in the quality of future experts, as the interaction in communication with teachers is replaced by computers i.e. formal fulfilment of tasks without adequate reflection. The rise of informatization in Russian educational environment may jeopardise a significant number of professions and increase number of unemployed. Having in mind the significance of digital technologies for the development of the country's economy and industry, its defence capability and political processes, it points to the need for harmonization of education with the labour market needs as well as the necessity to educate new profiles of experts who will be capable of managing complex modern technical solutions, devices and robots so as to enable the country to preserve its global position. It stresses the lack of interaction and cooperation between vocational universities and employers and scientific institutions, which leads to decline in quality of educational processes, primarily regarding the know-how of experts. Upon analysing the problems in information-educational environment as presented in this paper, we can conclude that it is necessary to look into the ways of implementing the information and communications technologies for the sake of improving the educational system. Namely, modern educational environment has to include the system of organizational and methodical, software and other technical methods for storing, processing and transmitting the information which provide faster approach to resources, professional literature included. Such environment is suitable for interactive communication between teachers and students and contributes to a more efficient learning and a better teacher's insight into the student's independent work. Information-educational environment needs to be formed as an integrated multicomponent system, acting as a means for making selection at different levels. Comprehension of decisive role of information in evolution processes of the nature and society leads to discovery of a completely new, informational concept of the world, which differs a great deal from the traditional technocratic approach prevailing in science. ; Zbornik rezimea / 24. Međunarodna naučna konferencija "Pedagoška istraživanja i školska praksa ; Book of abstracts / 24th International Scientific Conference "Educational Research and School Practice"

In the essays in Outliers and American Vanguard Art, claims are made by the editor Lynn Cooke (Cooke 14) and others (English 49) (Sorkin 102) speak on behalf of or around the topic of "mental disability". The social experience of being "the mentally ill" and/or those grouped by certain categories of "dis-order" (Wells, Creating the Dis-City) (Wells, Mentally Ill Deserve Equal Opportunity: Ph.D. Value is that of your future) (U.S. Congress)(see Appendix A) is problematic. Without understanding the language of self-empowerment being created by citizens with disabilities, nor the possibilities of experience for a more effective and efficient recovery in modern terms of altered ways of thinking, i.e. "The Altered State" , a profound understanding for the aesthetics and presence of citizens with psychiatric labels (disabilities) remains silent as a response to the imbalance of political and economic power. I realized a review of the catalog (Zeger) that inspired Hilma af Klint, Emma Kunz, and Agnes Martin prior to visiting New York City on March 9th, 2019 where a visit to the Guggenheim's show of Helma af Klint, Mapplethorpe, and Brancusi was occurring. I submit as a thesis, the conceptual structure inherent to life, as to how one learns to create art, challenges the self to reconcile constantly a love for creative learning. Art becoming information by itself is only data, but to transform the information into "profound knowledge" (Deming, Out of the Crisis) creates joy and transformation within an artist or even a team of individuals, within an organization, or an organization, itself. The visit to New York City's museums and galleries afforded me once again to be in wonder at the weight, the mass of a city as art form while seeing light and every physical object in motion with deeper understandings for my existence as well as others (Merton) . This attempt into Fine Art is an effort to recognize the forces by which processes respond to entropy not just aligned with Rodin's portrayal of the Gates of Hell (Getsy 60) but also to comprehend the perpetual flow of disorder with nuances by which nature/economies create forms. In other words, I am suggesting an integration with a philosophy that understands in toto, how materialization of an idea is still important for economic development, but at a meta-supra level of analytics and knowledge production being realized more specifically into public policy (Lepowski 33): "before time runs out on mankind". In creating a visual language, the artist expends energy in response to a vision within (Terkel). With the head of MIT's physics department referring me to see his friend, Cyril Smith at the Christmas Break in 1982, my realization became aware of how beauty arises in art, as a transformational function in the micro to the macro. Complexity now is a concept, that transforms space into beauty, i.e. abstracting to ultimately realize an artifact or even a city . This observation was outside of self and had not been internalized as thought at this time. Now, my senses are that Life is the Art and to attempt in a few pages, an assemblage that connects the dots for a more coherent order is a moment by moment engagement with my psyche. My perception(s) of reality requires only an acceptance of living with renewal and uncertainty (Prigogine). Risks are essentially part of the deeper thought process rooted in time that are now only being discussed in terms of "ephaptic oscillations" in regards to how the brain processes time (Wassenhove, 2017 European Frequency and Time Forum & International Frequency Control Symposium). As one who experienced mental illness and is challenged to understand the nature of labels and the mental health industry, my research question is from the outlier's position that has found meaning with relation to the bell curve of statistical sampling in the verb of creative expression . To go a little bit deeper in trying to understand this dilemma, I/We (Foster) face an arts community that is perpetuating a discriminatory language as an economy. Somehow, the turn to the hard right (Fraser) from the last presidential election rejects directly and indirectly the value and values the art industry, being that "donations" or "investments" are as much a function of tax benefits codified by favorable laws conducive to the investment banking industry and their clients (Fraser). On the other hand, Disability is the last category of civil rights and yet this category reflects a membership by multiple races, sex, creeds, and gender in an aging world that denies inclusive expressions. The value in being different, by choice, genetics (not so much choice though one can learn to improve) with access to economies built on credit, requires a certain artistry of response and greatness of citizenship. The struggle is ongoing and at times may reflect more of a retrograde motion.