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" Keeping the economy strong will require addressing two distinct but related problems. Steadily rising federal debt makes it harder to grow our economy, boost our living standards, respond to wars or recessions, address social needs, and maintain our role as a global leader. At the same time, we have let critical investments lag and left many people behind even as overall prosperity has grown. In Fiscal Therapy, William Gale, a leading authority on how federal tax and budget policy affects the economy, provides a trenchant discussion of the challenges posed by the imbalances between spending and revenue. America is facing a gradual decline as debt accumulates and delay raises the costs of action. But there is hope: fiscal responsibility aligns with both conservative and liberal goals and citizens of all stripes can support the notion of making life better for our children and grandchildren. Gale provides a plan to make the economy and nation stronger, one that controls entitlement spending but preserves and enhances their anti-poverty and social insurance roles, increases public investments on human and physical capital, and raises and reforms taxes to pay for government services in a fair and efficient way. What is needed, he argues, is to balance today's needs against tomorrow's obligations. We face significant fiscal challenges but, if we are wise enough to seize our opportunities, we can strengthen our economy, increase opportunity, reduce inequality, and build better lives for our children and grandchildren. We do not have to kill popular programs or starve government. Indeed, one main goal of fiscal reform is to maintain the vital functions that government provides. We need to act responsibly, pay for the government we want, and shape that government in ways that serve us best. "--

Discusses May 1999 establishment of the Food Standards Agency (FSA), the Agriculture and Environment Biotechnology Commission (AEBC), and the Human Genetics Commission (HGC); background, challenges, and policy implications; Great Britain.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- Glossary -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- PROGRAM PERFORMANCE -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Policy Theme # 1: Achieving a Growth-Friendly Fiscal Consolidation While Protecting the Poorest -- B. Policy Theme # 2: Maintaining Debt Sustainability and Addressing Fiscal and Financial Risks -- C. Policy Theme # 3: Boosting Competitiveness -- PROGRAM MODALITIES -- STATISTICAL ISSUES -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Security Risks and the Anglophone Region Crisis -- 2. The 2018 Audit of Domestic Arrears -- 3. Tax Potential -- 4. Addressing Gender Gaps to Boost Inclusive Growth -- 5. Financial Inclusion in Cameroon -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments, 2011-18 -- 2. Fiscal Sector Developments, 2011-17 -- 3. External Sector Developments, 2011-18 -- 4. Monetary Developments, 2014-18 -- 5. Financial Sector Developments, 2012-18 -- 6. Gender Gaps -- 7. Build-up of Contingent Liabilities from SOEs, 2009-17 -- 8. Financial Inclusion -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 2016-23 -- 2a. Central Government Operations, CFAF billions, 2016-23 -- 2b. Central Government Operations, in percent of GDP, 2016-23 -- 3. Balance of Payments, 2016-23 -- 4. Monetary Survey, 2016-23 -- 5. Financial Sector Indicators, 2014-18 -- 6. Risk Assessment Matrix -- 7. External Financing Requirements, 2015-23 -- 8. Gross Fiscal Financing Needs, 2016-23 -- 9. Proposed Schedule of Disbursements Under the ECF Arrangement, 2017-20 -- 10. Capacity to Repay the Fund, 2016-32 -- ANNEXES -- I. Implementation of Past Fund Advice -- II. Impact of Fiscal Policy on Growth -- III. Distributional Impact of Fiscal Policy -- IV. External Stability Assessment -- V. Capacity Development Strategy 2018-20 -- APPENDIX -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I. Supplementary Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, 2017-19.

In general, the rich man becomes an entrepreneur and owns a company while those who run the company are workers and in general the entrepreneur sets up his company for profit. The advantage can be achieved in the company if high productivity and cost savings are incurred by the entrepreneur. Usually one of the ways of savings done by employers is not raising workers 'wages or adding workers' facilities such as not providing work clothes, not providing transportation money and others. The policy of the employer in his company that does not increase the wages of workers and facilities, even though productivity is demanded so that high will harm workers. Workers are generally in a weak position and this is due to more job seekers than available job openings. If vacancies are balanced with job seekers, the bargaining position between employers and workers has the same position. Weak workers in working relationships with employers requires government intervention as coaches, supervisors and protectors for workers and employers. The existence of interference from the government in employment relations for the production process of goods and or services is already an industrial relationship.

Reform of the family leave system has been on the Finnish political agenda for a long time but has proved to be a challenging task. The challenges relate to ideological differences between the political parties and to non-decision making in tripartite working groups, where the labour market parties participate in policy formulation. The article analyses the recent attempt to reform the Finnish family leave system under a right-conservative government (2015–2019) as an example of how diverging political ideologies and vested interests undermine adoption of government gender equality policy. The case also serves as an example of the growing influence of knowledge, and especially economic knowledge, in policy-making. The article provides new insights into the changing processes of decision-making in relation to gender equality policy. ; peerReviewed

"The book scrutinizes the scientific and expert practices of Roma classification in a historic perspective focusing on the expert discourses that gave rise to Roma-related policies in the last two decades. Epistemic communities that classify and describe Roma obey the commandments of political regimes in power, to the disciplinary research traditions and to the organizational interests. The resultant of knowledge subordination is a negative Roma public image that creates and reinforce stereotypical views held by the society at large. Case studies and thorough examples in the book show that both the census as an administrative and scientific practice, as well as policy related surveys are crafting Roma identity in an essentializing manner. The census reifies Roma by the use of mutually exclusive categories and by post-codification of data while the surveys do so by unfounded representativeness claims. Roma are relegated by the experts to several types of determinism: to a social category, to a frozen culture and to a biologized entity. The recently reemerged scholarship in Roma-related genetics imported classifications and narrations created in the fields of social sciences and contributed to circulation of bio-historical narratives that singularize, pathologize and exoticize Roma"--Provided by publisher

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Fiscal Policy: Ensuring Fiscal Sustainability and Growth-Friendly Consolidation -- B. Strengthening Fiscal Institutions: Reducing Fiscal Risks and Improving Efficiency -- C. Monetary Policy: Strengthening Inflation Targeting and Mitigating Risks -- D. Financial Sector: Ensuring Financial Stability -- E. Structural Reform: Improving the Investment Climate and Boosting Labor ForceParticipation -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOX -- 1. NPL Resolution in Albania -- FIGURES -- 1. Real GDP Growth and Inflation -- 2. Monetary Sector Developments -- 3. External Sector Developments -- 4. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 5. Social Spending Indicators -- 6. Banking Sector Indicators -- 7. Structural Indicators -- 8. Labor Market and Demographic Developments -- 9. Inclusiveness Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Basic Indicators and Macroeconomic Framework, 2013-22 -- 2a. General Government Operations, 2013-22 (Percent of GDP) -- 2b. General Government Operations, 2013-22 (Billion Lek) -- 3a. Balance of Payments, 2013-22 (Percent of GDP) -- 3b. Balance of Payments, 2013-22 (Million Euros) -- 4. External Financing Requirements and Sources, 2014-22 -- 5. Indicators of Capacity to Repay to the Fund, 2013-22 -- 6. Monetary Survey, 2013-22 -- 7. Summary Accounts of the Central Bank, 2013-22 -- 8. IMF Core Indicators of Financial Soundness, 2007-17 -- ANNEXES -- I. External Sector Assessment -- II. Risk Assessment Matrix -- III. Implementation of the Recommendations from the 2016 Article IV Consultation -- IV. Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) -- V. Medium-term Growth in Albania -- VI. Fiscal Anchor for Albania -- VII. Revenue Mobilization in Albania -- VIII. Judicial Reform and Anti-Corruption Efforts in Albania -- IX. Financial Deepening -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS.

The prices for callable U.S. Treasury securities provide the sole source of evidence concerning the implied volatility of interest rates over the extended 1926-1994 period. This paper uses the prices of callable as well as non-callable Treasury instruments to estimate implied interest rate volatilities for the past sixty years, and, for the more recent 1989-1994 period, the cross-sectional term structures of implied interest rate volatility. We utilize these estimates to perform cross-sectional richness/cheapness analysis across callable Treasuries. Inter alia, we develop the optimal call policy for deferred "Bermuda"-style options for which prior notification of intent to call is required by introducing the concept of "threshold volatility" to measure the point when the time value of the embedded call option has been eroded to zero. Using this concept facilitates callable-bond valuation and documents the optimality of the Treasury's past call policy for U.S. government obligations.

PurposeBatik is a craft in the creative industry, which is the identity of the Indonesian nation. One of the main batik tourism areas in Indonesia is Trusmi, and women entrepreneurs have a strategic role in developing the batik craft industry in the region. The batik industry faced various challenges during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, this study aims to explore the impact and identify strategic options during the COVID-19 period on batik businesses owned by women entrepreneurs in the Trusmi area.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a qualitative case study method by interviewing ten batik women entrepreneurs in the Trusmi area.FindingsThis study elaborates findings about the impact of COVID-19, the technology role, collaboration, the government role and strategic options.Originality/valueThis study provides academic and practical implications, which are discussed further about the role of the craft industry in dealing with economic and social turmoil.

Governments across the world have been slow in reacting to meeting the needs of disabled people during the pandemic. This has exposed existing inequalities in social policies, as well as new support barriers. Debates over social care have focused on Covid-19's impact on those living in residential care. Little is known about the experiences of disabled people who rely on daily support in their homes.This article reports on a year-long study examining the experiences of disabled people during the pandemic in England and Scotland. It focuses on the crisis in social care and offers evidence of how lives have been disrupted. For many, this resulted in a sudden loss of services, delayed assessments and break down of routines and communities. Findings underline the weakness of social care in its wider relationship with the NHS and show how the social care crisis has challenged the goal of independent living.

This article uses Taiwan as an example to examine how families manage work and care when the government and workplace provide limited support. Many Taiwanese households employ live-in migrant care workers to negotiate care responsibilities and adults' paid jobs. Based on interviews with employers of live-in migrant care workers and workers, the findings demonstrate that daughters-in-law and occasionally daughters and sons become employers of live-in migrant care workers because of the limitation of public care services and lack of support they receive in seeking to combine paid work and family care responsibility. Even after employing migrant workers, women retain greater care responsibility in daily practices than their husbands. Hiring live-in migrant care workers also imposes risks to all parties involved in the processes of organising, coordinating, and providing care due to the uncertainty of care quality and the nature of care work.