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The paper examines the links between economic indicators and the defence burden in selected NATO countries during the period between 1980 and 2020. Three of the largest NATO spenders in terms of defence, such as Greece, Turke, and the USA, have been chosen for the investigation. The question being posed by this research is whether economic factors have an impact on the defence burden. To answer this question, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (further ARDL) modelling has been employed. The results reveal that, in the long-run, the defence burden responds negatively to output changes in the cases of Turkey and Greece. Inflation and the number of military personnel have positive effects on the defence burden in all three countries in the long-run. While in Greece the government gross debt affects the defence burden positively, in the United States and Turkey the government gross debt affects the defence burden negatively. Moreover, the investigation has shown that defence expenditure is less affected by economic determinants in the short term rather than in the long term. The outcomes of the study could be incorporated into the economic development policies of Greece, Turkey and the USA.

In the diplom work "Image of NATO in the Soviet newspapers " Pravda" and "Tiesa" in 1949 year" to research the problem the image of NATO in the Soviet periodic publications. The newspapers at that time being investigated presented the official position of the country, therefore in them the appeared materials nayboleye accurately reflected the tendencies predominated in the media of that time. Work consists of three parts. In them not only to be carried out the means of NATO, which without somnekniya negative, but also to be carried out the detailed analysis of the means, with the aid of which was created this means. The second and third division are intended for bolleye of the detailed study of means the creation of the means of NATO. In the first division "Cold War and totalitarian regimes" researchs general political and sociocultural situation. By itself is very important from an historical point of view of 1949. It is rich in events had a nesomnenoye effect not only on the course of further events in the USSR, but also in entire peace. All these events one way or another found their reflection in the press. Formation by NATO was only one of the set of the events of that period, but much attention was given to it disproportionately. In this division is made the attempt to understand why by NATO as the military alliance of western powers, could not be predstavlenno in the positive key. The roots of opposition were located in the ideological difference of two systems The second division is intended for the more detailed text analysis. To research the separate connected with NATO texts. Using the method of comparative analysis to show the difference between "Pravda" and "Tiesa". In order to understand the overall level of the media of that time and to explaine some special features, for example, why in "Pravda" it is considerably less caricatures than in "tiyese", it was necessary to investigate some other newspapers of that time. Is prepared the short survey of the belorussian newspaper "Zvyazda". Short historical excursuies make it possible to give explain by a certain difference in the newspapers, one of which left in the Lithuanian language. In the Russian allowded "Pravda" tried to remain more solid, because its readers in essence were not only series inhabitants, but also more high ranking personas. At the same time deficite of caricatures with the interest it were compensated by the special magazine "Crocodil". The not compulsorily educated, but patriotic disposed citizens could be its readers. Thirds of part to research the means of visual action. Caricatures composed substantial part among them. This tendency was characteristic not only of newspapers, but also of entire propaganda apparatus. The frequently depictive material of explain text, it replaced or compensated. At the creation of caricatures worked the best artists, who received acknowledgement not only in Soviet Union, but also abroad. Illustrations they were created being based on predominated at that time dogmas of social realism. So here numerous elements of cartoon. Purpose of psychological methods - to humble enemy and to cause the positive reaction of the reader - laughter. Enemy to show as agressive and insidious, but week.

In the diplom work "Image of NATO in the Soviet newspapers " Pravda" and "Tiesa" in 1949 year" to research the problem the image of NATO in the Soviet periodic publications. The newspapers at that time being investigated presented the official position of the country, therefore in them the appeared materials nayboleye accurately reflected the tendencies predominated in the media of that time. Work consists of three parts. In them not only to be carried out the means of NATO, which without somnekniya negative, but also to be carried out the detailed analysis of the means, with the aid of which was created this means. The second and third division are intended for bolleye of the detailed study of means the creation of the means of NATO. In the first division "Cold War and totalitarian regimes" researchs general political and sociocultural situation. By itself is very important from an historical point of view of 1949. It is rich in events had a nesomnenoye effect not only on the course of further events in the USSR, but also in entire peace. All these events one way or another found their reflection in the press. Formation by NATO was only one of the set of the events of that period, but much attention was given to it disproportionately. In this division is made the attempt to understand why by NATO as the military alliance of western powers, could not be predstavlenno in the positive key. The roots of opposition were located in the ideological difference of two systems The second division is intended for the more detailed text analysis. To research the separate connected with NATO texts. Using the method of comparative analysis to show the difference between "Pravda" and "Tiesa". In order to understand the overall level of the media of that time and to explaine some special features, for example, why in "Pravda" it is considerably less caricatures than in "tiyese", it was necessary to investigate some other newspapers of that time. Is prepared the short survey of the belorussian newspaper "Zvyazda". Short historical excursuies make it possible to give explain by a certain difference in the newspapers, one of which left in the Lithuanian language. In the Russian allowded "Pravda" tried to remain more solid, because its readers in essence were not only series inhabitants, but also more high ranking personas. At the same time deficite of caricatures with the interest it were compensated by the special magazine "Crocodil". The not compulsorily educated, but patriotic disposed citizens could be its readers. Thirds of part to research the means of visual action. Caricatures composed substantial part among them. This tendency was characteristic not only of newspapers, but also of entire propaganda apparatus. The frequently depictive material of explain text, it replaced or compensated. At the creation of caricatures worked the best artists, who received acknowledgement not only in Soviet Union, but also abroad. Illustrations they were created being based on predominated at that time dogmas of social realism. So here numerous elements of cartoon. Purpose of psychological methods - to humble enemy and to cause the positive reaction of the reader - laughter. Enemy to show as agressive and insidious, but week.

In the diplom work "Image of NATO in the Soviet newspapers " Pravda" and "Tiesa" in 1949 year" to research the problem the image of NATO in the Soviet periodic publications. The newspapers at that time being investigated presented the official position of the country, therefore in them the appeared materials nayboleye accurately reflected the tendencies predominated in the media of that time. Work consists of three parts. In them not only to be carried out the means of NATO, which without somnekniya negative, but also to be carried out the detailed analysis of the means, with the aid of which was created this means. The second and third division are intended for bolleye of the detailed study of means the creation of the means of NATO. In the first division "Cold War and totalitarian regimes" researchs general political and sociocultural situation. By itself is very important from an historical point of view of 1949. It is rich in events had a nesomnenoye effect not only on the course of further events in the USSR, but also in entire peace. All these events one way or another found their reflection in the press. Formation by NATO was only one of the set of the events of that period, but much attention was given to it disproportionately. In this division is made the attempt to understand why by NATO as the military alliance of western powers, could not be predstavlenno in the positive key. The roots of opposition were located in the ideological difference of two systems The second division is intended for the more detailed text analysis. To research the separate connected with NATO texts. Using the method of comparative analysis to show the difference between "Pravda" and "Tiesa". In order to understand the overall level of the media of that time and to explaine some special features, for example, why in "Pravda" it is considerably less caricatures than in "tiyese", it was necessary to investigate some other newspapers of that time. Is prepared the short survey of the belorussian newspaper "Zvyazda". Short historical excursuies make it possible to give explain by a certain difference in the newspapers, one of which left in the Lithuanian language. In the Russian allowded "Pravda" tried to remain more solid, because its readers in essence were not only series inhabitants, but also more high ranking personas. At the same time deficite of caricatures with the interest it were compensated by the special magazine "Crocodil". The not compulsorily educated, but patriotic disposed citizens could be its readers. Thirds of part to research the means of visual action. Caricatures composed substantial part among them. This tendency was characteristic not only of newspapers, but also of entire propaganda apparatus. The frequently depictive material of explain text, it replaced or compensated. At the creation of caricatures worked the best artists, who received acknowledgement not only in Soviet Union, but also abroad. Illustrations they were created being based on predominated at that time dogmas of social realism. So here numerous elements of cartoon. Purpose of psychological methods - to humble enemy and to cause the positive reaction of the reader - laughter. Enemy to show as agressive and insidious, but week.

In the diplom work "Image of NATO in the Soviet newspapers " Pravda" and "Tiesa" in 1949 year" to research the problem the image of NATO in the Soviet periodic publications. The newspapers at that time being investigated presented the official position of the country, therefore in them the appeared materials nayboleye accurately reflected the tendencies predominated in the media of that time. Work consists of three parts. In them not only to be carried out the means of NATO, which without somnekniya negative, but also to be carried out the detailed analysis of the means, with the aid of which was created this means. The second and third division are intended for bolleye of the detailed study of means the creation of the means of NATO. In the first division "Cold War and totalitarian regimes" researchs general political and sociocultural situation. By itself is very important from an historical point of view of 1949. It is rich in events had a nesomnenoye effect not only on the course of further events in the USSR, but also in entire peace. All these events one way or another found their reflection in the press. Formation by NATO was only one of the set of the events of that period, but much attention was given to it disproportionately. In this division is made the attempt to understand why by NATO as the military alliance of western powers, could not be predstavlenno in the positive key. The roots of opposition were located in the ideological difference of two systems The second division is intended for the more detailed text analysis. To research the separate connected with NATO texts. Using the method of comparative analysis to show the difference between "Pravda" and "Tiesa". In order to understand the overall level of the media of that time and to explaine some special features, for example, why in "Pravda" it is considerably less caricatures than in "tiyese", it was necessary to investigate some other newspapers of that time. Is prepared the short survey of the belorussian newspaper "Zvyazda". Short historical excursuies make it possible to give explain by a certain difference in the newspapers, one of which left in the Lithuanian language. In the Russian allowded "Pravda" tried to remain more solid, because its readers in essence were not only series inhabitants, but also more high ranking personas. At the same time deficite of caricatures with the interest it were compensated by the special magazine "Crocodil". The not compulsorily educated, but patriotic disposed citizens could be its readers. Thirds of part to research the means of visual action. Caricatures composed substantial part among them. This tendency was characteristic not only of newspapers, but also of entire propaganda apparatus. The frequently depictive material of explain text, it replaced or compensated. At the creation of caricatures worked the best artists, who received acknowledgement not only in Soviet Union, but also abroad. Illustrations they were created being based on predominated at that time dogmas of social realism. So here numerous elements of cartoon. Purpose of psychological methods - to humble enemy and to cause the positive reaction of the reader - laughter. Enemy to show as agressive and insidious, but week.

The aim of the article was to explore the Agreement on the Adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 1999 (hereinafter referred to as an A-CFE) & its positive/negative implications for the NATO-Russian relations. The A-CFE, considered to be a cornerstone of the European security paving the way to a greater conventional stability on the continent, has not entered into force for political & geo-strategic reasons. Moreover, A-CFE aims at establishing a stable & balanced overall level of conventional armed forces between NATO & Russia in Europe, thus solving NATO enlargement & security dilemmas, the bone of contention between NATO & Russia. The main question the article dealt with was whether the A-CFE could stabilize NATO-Russian relations in the anarchical international system facing the dynamics of balance of power. The article focused on analyzing conventional arms control influence on NATO-Russian interaction; a heavy emphasis was placed on A-CFE functionality to solve security dilemma problems in light of NATO enlargement, hypothetical NATO-Russian conflict, & NATO-Russian level of conventional armed forces in Europe. What's more, a concrete case -- the Baltic States possible membership in A-CFE & its influence on NATO-Russian relations has been analyzed in the context of military power disparities & geo-strategic position of the Eastern Baltic sub-region. Having analyzed it accordingly, the following conclusion has been made: A-CFE Treaty of actual text would not properly stabilize NATO-Russian relations due to the reaction of national units to the on-going redistribution of military power & the dynamic of military balance. If not revised, A-CFE will amount to a "sunset Treaty" while remaining an instrument of political process. This assumption emerges from the following factors: 1. A-CFE has asymmetrically imposed the ceilings of conventional arms in favor of Russia, reducing U.S. Army quota in Europe & setting strict limits on keeping foreign military forces on a permanent basis; new NATO members are obliged not to increase the ceilings whereas Russia's limits rise to the Flanks. 2. Asymmetrical distribution of power imposed by A-CFE has decreased NATO operational capabilities to respond to Russian offensive/defensive attacks. NATO forces have been reduced in NATO-Russian border sub-regions, which might become a conflict zone. 3. The first wave of NATO enlargement was set in a frame of arms control thus solving the security dilemma of Russia, whereas the second wave diverted the distribution of power & required a new response from arms control. With the second wave including the Baltic States, NATO has significantly improved its geo-strategic positions as a result of the possibility of establishing an offensive front against Russia from the Baltic States in which conventional arms control does not apply. 4. The Baltic States' membership in the A-CFE has had implications for its own national security could be evaluated from perspectives of defensive & offensive realism. In the world of the offensive realism, the Baltic States should avoid entering the A-CFE with low ceilings, as Russia proposed, which would diminish Baltic States' national security. On the other hand, the Baltic States are supposed to evaluate a negative effect of the security dilemma, according to defensive realists. Large & flexible ceilings the Baltics may negatively affect Russian security & it could start increasing the weapons. The Baltic States would lose the arms race with Russia due to the lack of economic recourses. 5. The research suggests two ways to revise the A-CFE to solve the security dilemma of both Russia & the Baltic States: (1) to set ceilings for the whole Eastern Baltic sub-region (at the present time, Russia's commitments in Kaliningrad & Pskov are the political ones); (2) to add the whole Eastern Baltic sub-region to Central European stability zone using the formula national ceilings = territorial ceiling. 5 Lenteles. Adapted from the source document.

Research object. Lithuania's relations and their changes with NATO after occupation of the Crimea and decisions, taken by Lithuania in security and defence policy, impact to it. The aim of this paper is to reveal what determines small states relationships with alliance and on what they are based on; Lithuania's approach towards NATO and approach changes after the occupation of the Crimea. In order to achieve this aim, should be covered the following tasks: 1. Should be analysed definition of small states, identified their place in the international environment as well as to analyze the theoretical alliance formation and existence dilemmas, in order to form the basis of research. 2. Should be analysed factors, which determines strategy choice in relationship between Lithuania and alliance? 3. Should be analysed influence of choosed strategy to Lithuania and alliance relationships; should be analysed influence of Lithuanian security and defence policy to this relations after the occupation of the Crimea, and what should be further Lithuania's actions to ensure the further development of relations chosen strategy. Research methods. To ensure efficient and high-quality implementation of the tasks, ir paper is used comparison and analytical methods. Lithuania after accession to NATO, expands alliance cooperation strategy in respect of an alliance strategy. Declined abandonment and entrapment risks determined that after 10 years in NATO, Lithuania has become a free rider state, which develops defection strategy with respect to an alliance. Prevailing geopolitical (Russian aggression in Crimea) situation, relations inside alliance and increased abandonment risk, encouraged Lithuania to adjust its strategy of cooperation with an alliance and go from defect to cooperation strategy. Relevant Lithuanian security and defence policy decisions (compulsory military service in return of the rapid reaction force), largely in line with the provisions of this strategy.

Research object. Lithuania's relations and their changes with NATO after occupation of the Crimea and decisions, taken by Lithuania in security and defence policy, impact to it. The aim of this paper is to reveal what determines small states relationships with alliance and on what they are based on; Lithuania's approach towards NATO and approach changes after the occupation of the Crimea. In order to achieve this aim, should be covered the following tasks: 1. Should be analysed definition of small states, identified their place in the international environment as well as to analyze the theoretical alliance formation and existence dilemmas, in order to form the basis of research. 2. Should be analysed factors, which determines strategy choice in relationship between Lithuania and alliance? 3. Should be analysed influence of choosed strategy to Lithuania and alliance relationships; should be analysed influence of Lithuanian security and defence policy to this relations after the occupation of the Crimea, and what should be further Lithuania's actions to ensure the further development of relations chosen strategy. Research methods. To ensure efficient and high-quality implementation of the tasks, ir paper is used comparison and analytical methods. Lithuania after accession to NATO, expands alliance cooperation strategy in respect of an alliance strategy. Declined abandonment and entrapment risks determined that after 10 years in NATO, Lithuania has become a free rider state, which develops defection strategy with respect to an alliance. Prevailing geopolitical (Russian aggression in Crimea) situation, relations inside alliance and increased abandonment risk, encouraged Lithuania to adjust its strategy of cooperation with an alliance and go from defect to cooperation strategy. Relevant Lithuanian security and defence policy decisions (compulsory military service in return of the rapid reaction force), largely in line with the provisions of this strategy.

Research object. Lithuania's relations and their changes with NATO after occupation of the Crimea and decisions, taken by Lithuania in security and defence policy, impact to it. The aim of this paper is to reveal what determines small states relationships with alliance and on what they are based on; Lithuania's approach towards NATO and approach changes after the occupation of the Crimea. In order to achieve this aim, should be covered the following tasks: 1. Should be analysed definition of small states, identified their place in the international environment as well as to analyze the theoretical alliance formation and existence dilemmas, in order to form the basis of research. 2. Should be analysed factors, which determines strategy choice in relationship between Lithuania and alliance? 3. Should be analysed influence of choosed strategy to Lithuania and alliance relationships; should be analysed influence of Lithuanian security and defence policy to this relations after the occupation of the Crimea, and what should be further Lithuania's actions to ensure the further development of relations chosen strategy. Research methods. To ensure efficient and high-quality implementation of the tasks, ir paper is used comparison and analytical methods. Lithuania after accession to NATO, expands alliance cooperation strategy in respect of an alliance strategy. Declined abandonment and entrapment risks determined that after 10 years in NATO, Lithuania has become a free rider state, which develops defection strategy with respect to an alliance. Prevailing geopolitical (Russian aggression in Crimea) situation, relations inside alliance and increased abandonment risk, encouraged Lithuania to adjust its strategy of cooperation with an alliance and go from defect to cooperation strategy. Relevant Lithuanian security and defence policy decisions (compulsory military service in return of the rapid reaction force), largely in line with the provisions of this strategy.

A need for multi-dimensional effective institutional structure possessing various security instruments, have become obvious already by the end of the Cold war and is manifested itself even stronger at the beginning of the XXI century. Moreover globalization of the security concept makes it clear that security cannot be complete if it is not tackled globally. Aiming to react to changing security environment international security institutions during the last decade are undergoing essential changes, related to their missions, tasks, structures and instruments. Demand for small special forces, which possess the most advanced technologies, modern air force and efficient intelligence capabilities emerged. That stipulated changes in armed forces and armory. NATO and the EU in the beginning of the XXI century have committed themselves for a new mission - to guarantee security and stability in the World. The main purpose of this article is to overview major steps of NATO and the EU transformation aiming to respond to the contemporary security challenges, to present an analysis of possible evolu¬tion of their new instruments NATO Response Force (NRF) and European Rapio Reaction Force (ERRP), to elucidate possible roles and interdependency of NRF and ERRF in the contemporary security architecture, and, finally to contemplate on the possible effects of both forces on international security.

A need for multi-dimensional effective institutional structure possessing various security instruments, have become obvious already by the end of the Cold war and is manifested itself even stronger at the beginning of the XXI century. Moreover globalization of the security concept makes it clear that security cannot be complete if it is not tackled globally. Aiming to react to changing security environment international security institutions during the last decade are undergoing essential changes, related to their missions, tasks, structures and instruments. Demand for small special forces, which possess the most advanced technologies, modern air force and efficient intelligence capabilities emerged. That stipulated changes in armed forces and armory. NATO and the EU in the beginning of the XXI century have committed themselves for a new mission - to guarantee security and stability in the World. The main purpose of this article is to overview major steps of NATO and the EU transformation aiming to respond to the contemporary security challenges, to present an analysis of possible evolu¬tion of their new instruments NATO Response Force (NRF) and European Rapio Reaction Force (ERRP), to elucidate possible roles and interdependency of NRF and ERRF in the contemporary security architecture, and, finally to contemplate on the possible effects of both forces on international security.

A need for multi-dimensional effective institutional structure possessing various security instruments, have become obvious already by the end of the Cold war and is manifested itself even stronger at the beginning of the XXI century. Moreover globalization of the security concept makes it clear that security cannot be complete if it is not tackled globally. Aiming to react to changing security environment international security institutions during the last decade are undergoing essential changes, related to their missions, tasks, structures and instruments. Demand for small special forces, which possess the most advanced technologies, modern air force and efficient intelligence capabilities emerged. That stipulated changes in armed forces and armory. NATO and the EU in the beginning of the XXI century have committed themselves for a new mission - to guarantee security and stability in the World. The main purpose of this article is to overview major steps of NATO and the EU transformation aiming to respond to the contemporary security challenges, to present an analysis of possible evolu¬tion of their new instruments NATO Response Force (NRF) and European Rapio Reaction Force (ERRP), to elucidate possible roles and interdependency of NRF and ERRF in the contemporary security architecture, and, finally to contemplate on the possible effects of both forces on international security.

A need for multi-dimensional effective institutional structure possessing various security instruments, have become obvious already by the end of the Cold war and is manifested itself even stronger at the beginning of the XXI century. Moreover globalization of the security concept makes it clear that security cannot be complete if it is not tackled globally. Aiming to react to changing security environment international security institutions during the last decade are undergoing essential changes, related to their missions, tasks, structures and instruments. Demand for small special forces, which possess the most advanced technologies, modern air force and efficient intelligence capabilities emerged. That stipulated changes in armed forces and armory. NATO and the EU in the beginning of the XXI century have committed themselves for a new mission - to guarantee security and stability in the World. The main purpose of this article is to overview major steps of NATO and the EU transformation aiming to respond to the contemporary security challenges, to present an analysis of possible evolu¬tion of their new instruments NATO Response Force (NRF) and European Rapio Reaction Force (ERRP), to elucidate possible roles and interdependency of NRF and ERRF in the contemporary security architecture, and, finally to contemplate on the possible effects of both forces on international security.