Suchergebnisse

"With the international monetary system dominated by the USA, by the European Monetary Union and Japan, all important decisions on monetary policy will continue to be taken within the G 7 framework. For the foreseeable future the IMF will have to content itself with a role that is essentially geared to ensuring the monetary stabilization of the developing and newly industrializing countries, and especially of the emerging economies. The emphasis here is on four
areas of responsibility: Monetary forum: Regardless of the special role played by the G 7, the IMF should be developed into the world's main monetary forum. Only if the newly industrializing and developing countries are appropriately involved in the reform of the international financial architecture can the IMF live up to its claim to universality. In these circumstances, the establishment in the autumn of 1999 of the G 20, in which the leading industrialized and newly
industrializing countries are represented, counteracts the planned upgrading of the IMF's International Monetary and Financial Committee. Economic and monetary advice for its members countries will continue to be one of the IMF's principal tasks in the future. It is the most important contribution the IMF makes to crisis prevention. The IMF should be given the
mandate of an 'enlarged information policy', enabling it in specific cases to inform the public about critical developments in a country or even to issue a warning if it becomes clear that the government concerned is unwilling to take action against serious undesirable developments in its own country. Greater discipline over a country's economic policy might then be maintained through the markets. The financing facilities are the IMF's most important instrument in the management of financial and monetary crises. However, they form an extremely complex, bureaucratic system of arrangements, which has also lost its inner logic with the passage of time. Apart from the existing credit facilities and a new crisis facility that covers all kinds of crisis, all the facilities should be completely abandoned. The same applies to the Poverty Reduction and Growth
Facility. The scope of the credit facilities should be increased accordingly, and terms of maturity should be determined flexibly to suit the nature and magnitude of the balance-of-payments problems. The IMF should expand its service functions, some of which it is already performing. They include the preparation of statistics, analyses and assessments, technical cooperation with developing countries and countries in transition and mediation, as in relations between creditors and debtor countries at the time of debt crises." (excerpt)

457Territory — Title — Effects of change of sovereignty — Annexation — Annexation of Murray Islands to State of Queensland on 1 August 1879 — British Crown acquiring sovereignty over the Murray Islands upon annexation — Legal consequences of annexation — Laws of Queensland including common law of England becoming the laws of the Murray Islands — Doctrine of universal and absolute Crown ownership — Relevance — Whether British Crown acquiring absolute beneficial ownership as well as radical title to the Murray Islands upon annexation — Whether Meriam people legally entitled to land in the Murray Islands — Classification of rights in the land — whether any pre-existing rights of the Meriam people in land extinguished upon annexation — Capacity of the British Crown to extinguish interests in land — Whether recognition of any rights or interests necessary by British Crown — Whether rights in land dependent on Crown grants — Powers and obligations of the defendant — Whether British Crown owing Meriam people a fiduciary duty — Consequences of any breach of trust or fiduciary obligationTerritory — Acquisition of sovereignty — Modes of acquisition — Customary international law accepting conquest, cession and settlement as valid modes — Expansion of terra nullius doctrine — Application of doctrine to inhabited land if peoples considered too primitive to possess proprietary rights — Acquisition of beneficial ownership of land as well as sovereignty where no other proprietor found to exist — Annexation of Murray Islands to Colony of Queensland on 1 August 1879 — British Crown acquiring sovereignty — Meriam people being indigenous inhabitants of Murray Islands — Whether application of expanded terra nullius doctrine appropriateHuman rights — Property rights — Recognition of indigenous land rights — Legal rights of Meriam people to the land of the Murray Islands — Whether native title or any interests in land existing prior to annexation — Whether native title or other interests in land surviving annexation — Nature and incidents of native title — Reference to laws and customs of Meriam people — Relevance — Whether native title extinguished — Whether extinguishment possible — Need to balance conformity to universal human rights with retention of skeletal principles of municipal legal system — Australia's accession to the Optional Protocol to the International 458Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Racial discrimination — Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), Sections 9 and 10(1) — Whether rendering any future deed of grant in trust unlawfulRelationship of international law and municipal law — Acquisition of sovereignty — Annexation — Act of State — Whether State sovereignty over territory justiciable by municipal courtsDamages — Compensatory damages — Whether any grant by Crown inconsistent with native title giving rise to claim for compensatory damages — Declaratory relief — Whether appropriate — The law of Australia

Abstract: The dispute over the Spratly Islands is an important indicator for the management of future relations in the Asia Pacific region. The Spratlys are claimed in whole or in part by China, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines and Brunei. This is a particularly sensitive issue due to the strategic importance of the South China Sea, and the Spratly Islands in particular. The central argument of the article is that the development of multilateral regional cooperative security approaches to the territorial disputes in the South China Sea could assist in the maintenance of peace and stability in the sub-region. There are three primary questions that need to be addressed in order to effectively develop multilateral security cooperation in the South China Sea. The first is whether the claimants are willing to compromise their claims in order to attain a peaceful settlement of the dispute. Second, will the claimants be willing to adopt confidence-building measures that restrict their capability to respond to crises before a final resolution to the dispute has been achieved? Finally, can the claimants reach an agreement on the rules and norms for state behavior in the disputed territory. It is argued that cooperative security approaches offer the most appropriate mechanisms for the eventual resolution of the Spratlys dispute. A high level of enmity still exists among the claimants but this is primarily focused against the People's Republic of China. China is seen as a threat to regional security because it has not renounced the use of force to resolve the dispute. The Chinese have also been reluctant to enter into multilateral dialogue over the issue as they feel they can gain more in bilateral meetings and fear being isolated on the issue in an international forum. The evolutionary nature of cooperative security approaches, however, offers the opportunity for others to convince the Chinese of the benefits of participating in multilateral institutions. The Workshops on Managing Potential Conflict in the South China Sea is also put forward as the best forum to deal with the Spratlys issue. The workshops adopt a cooperative security approach of promoting dialogue on regional security issues while also encouraging low level confidence-building among the littoral states through the development of joint development and research projects in the disputed area. The question remains, however, whether an informal process can develop sufficient habits of cooperation among the claimants to effectively spill over into a formal dialogue on sovereignty?

478Air — Crimes against aircraft — Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 — Whether applicable to allegations of State terrorism — System of aut dedere aut punire — Lockerbie bombingExtradition — General principles — Whether State under a duty to extradite in the absence of an extradition treaty — Anti-terrorist conventions — Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 — Extradition provisions — Whether creating duty to extradite — Whether State required to extradite own nationalsInternational Court of Justice — Provisional measures of protection — Grounds for indication of provisional measures — Requirement that Court's jurisdiction be established prima facie — Protection of the rights claimed by the Applicant — Whether rights illusory — Whether measures may be indicated solely to prevent extension or aggravation of dispute — Indication of provisional measures by Court proprio motu — Relationship between Court and Security Council — Matter before both Court and Security Council — Duties of both organs — Security Council adopting binding resolution in respect of matter pending before Court — Whether Court possessing powers of judicial review — Whether resolution to be presumed valid at provisional measures stage — Procedure — Court conducting hearings on request for provisional measures — Security Council adopting binding resolution after close of hearings but before Court rules on requestJurisdiction — Territorial — Bomb exploding on airliner — Jurisdiction of State over whose territory explosion occurred — Jurisdiction of State in which aircraft registered — Suspects located in third State — Suspects nationals of third State — Whether third State entitled to exercise jurisdictionInternational organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Powers to maintain international peace and security — United Nations Charter, 1945, Chapter VII — Power to characterize situation as a threat to international peace and security — Acts of terrorism — Power to require State to take specified actions — Demand for surrender of terrorist suspects — Whether within powers of the Council — Limits on the powers of the Council — Whether Council required to observe rules of general international law — Whether International Court of Justice entitled to determine validity of Security Council 479resolutions — Binding nature of Security Council resolutions — United Nations Charter, Article 25 — Which resolutions of Council are binding — Difference between resolutions adopted under Chapter VI and Chapter VII of the Charter — Effect of binding resolution on rights and obligations arising under other international agreements and under customary law — United Nations Charter, Article 103 — Relationship between Security Council and International Court of Justice

337 Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty-making power — France — French Constitution — Article 54 — Constitutional review of exercise of treaty-making power — Treaty on European Union, 1992 ("Maastricht Treaty") — Compatibility with French ConstitutionTreaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Accession of France to Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Extension of powers of European Community — Compatibility with French Constitution — Whether special constitutional amendments required prior to ratification — Obligation for Member States to allow nationals of one Member State resident in another Member State to participate in municipal elections — Obligations for Member States inherent in operation of common monetary and exchange rate policy — Obligations for Member States inherent in operation of common visa policy for nationals of third States crossing the Community's external borders — Whether compliance with these obligations constituting limitation of national sovereignty — Scope of permissible transfer of sovereignty to European Community institutions under French ConstitutionInternational organizations — European Community — Institutions — European Parliament — Legal nature — Whether forming part of institutional orders of Member States — Whether participating in exercise of national sovereignty — Extension of right to vote in elections for European Parliament to nationals of a Member State resident in another Member State — Whether subject to national constitutional reviewHuman rights — Procedure for enforcement — European Community — Scope of protection of human rights within the Community — Treaty on European Union, Article F(2) — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Significance for the European Community — Importance of case law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities in securing respect for fundamental rights — General principles of Community law — Constitutional traditions common to Member StatesHuman rights — Procedure for enforcement — Rights under French Constitution — Rights under Treaty on European Union, Article F(2) — Complementary roles of Court of Justice of European Communities and national courts in securing respect for fundamental rights — Whether adequately guaranteeing rights and freedoms of citizens under French Constitution338 Aliens — Acquisition of citizenship — European Community — Establishment of citizenship of European Union — Effect on nationals of one Member State resident in another Member State — Entitlement of such persons to vote in municipal elections — Entitlement of such persons to vote in elections to European ParliamentAliens — Right of entry — European Community — Extension of powers under Treaty on European Union — Provisions for operation of common visa policy for nationals of third States crossing the Community's external bordersEconomics, trade and finance — European Community — Economic and monetary union — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Provisions for operation of common monetary and exchange rate policy — The law of France

Dans cette communication, nous étudions le rôle du sexe dans l'organisation des rapports de production sur le marché du travail post‐industriel au Canada. L'article s'appuie d'abord sur les données des recensements de la période de 1941 à 1986 pour décrire les spécificités liées au sexe de la transition au post‐industrialisme telle que vécue par les hommes et les femmes. Le post‐industrialisme a entraîné un départ d'un grand nombre d'hommes de l'agriculture et les industries du secteur primaire, mais le secteur manufacturier est resté jusqu'à récemment relativement stable. Pour les femmes, le post‐industrialisme a surtout provoqué le passage du travail domestique non rémunéré au travail salarié dans les industries de services. Par conséquent, la répartition de l'emploi chez les hommes demeure essentiellement celle d'une économie industrielle traditionnelle; or, dans les industries de services 'post‐industrielles, ce sont les femmes qui prédominent. Done nous analysons les données de l'Enquête sur les structures de classe et démontrons que la prédominance numérique des femmes dans les services n'a strictement rien changéà l'écart entre les sexes en ce qui concerne l'accès aux postes de pouvoir et d'autorité. Dans les secteurs traditionnels, producteurs de marchandises, les hommes commandent généralement aux hommes, tandis que dans le secteur des services, les hommes commandent maintenant aux femmes. Nous terminons par une analyse des données de recensement qui montre en quoi les différences entre hommes et femmes en matière d'accès au pouvoir et à l'autorité ont évolué dans le temps.In this paper we examine the gendered nature of production relations in the context of Canada's postindustrial labour market. We begin by describing gender‐specific features of the transition to postindustrialism with census data for the period from 1941–1986. For men, postindustrialism brought considerable movement out of agriculture and other extractive industries but, until recently, relative stability in the manufacturing sector. For women, postindustrialism has mainly meant a shift from unpaid domestic labour to paid employment in the service industries. As a consequence, male employment patterns continue to resemble those of a traditional industrial economy while women predominate in the 'postindustrial' service industries. We then use data from the 1982 Class Structure Survey to show that women's numerical dominance in services has in no way altered the gender gap in access to positions of power and authority. In the traditional goods‐producing sectors, men mainly rule other men while the service economy is the site where men now rule over women. We end with an analysis of change over time in male‐female differences in access to power and authority using census data.

499State responsibility — Breach of treaty — Applicable principles — Whether responsibility for breach of treaty governed by same principles as breach of other international obligations — Circumstances excluding wrongfulness — Force majeure — Distress — Necessity — Conditions for application of distress — Rainbow Warrior dispute between New Zealand and France — 1986 Agreement implementing ruling by United Nations Secretary-General — Provision that two French agents to spend three years on island of Hao and not to leave island without consent of New Zealand — Circumstances in which emergency evacuation justified — Requirement to return agents to Hao once circumstances of emergency terminated — International Law Commission Draft Articles on State ResponsibilityState responsibility — Damage — Whether damage essential element in establishing responsibility — Whether damage must be material — Moral and legal damage — Remedy — Satisfaction — Whether award of monetary compensation possibleTreaties — Application — Law governing application of treaties — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Whether exhaustive — Whether principles of law relating to State responsibility also applicable — Whether principles of State responsibility regarding circumstances excluding wrongfulness applicable to application of treaty — Distress500Treaties — Breach — Nature of breach — Duration of breach — Continuing breach of treaty — Principles of international law applicable to breach of treatyTreaties — Termination — Duration of obligation — Whether treaty to operate for fixed period — Rainbow Warrior dispute between New Zealand and France — 1986 Agreement implementing ruling by United Nations Secretary-General — Provision that two French agents to spend three years on island of Hao and not to leave island without consent of New Zealand — Whether obligations of France regarding agents to terminate after three years irrespective of whether agents have spent entire period on island — Whether France still under obligation to return agents to HaoClaims — Breach of treaty — Damage — Non-material damage to State — Remedy — Whether satisfaction the only available remedy — Whether award of monetary compensation possible — Claimant State not seeking award of monetary compensation — Declaration by tribunal that condemnation of respondent State appropriate satisfactionDamages — Losses for which damage recoverable — Non-material damage to State — Violation of solemn obligation — Insult — Whether award of monetary compensation available as remedySources of international law — Customary international law — Treaty as statement of customary law — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — International Law Commission Draft Articles on State ResponsibilityArbitration — Ad hoc international arbitration — Applicable law — Powers of tribunal — Arbitration tribunal established by agreement between New Zealand and France to hear Rainbow Warrior dispute

The United States had an inbuilt constituency in India, a constituency that had its origins in the pre-independent period. Although the British were under fire, they enjoyed a certain amount of respect for their commitment to justice and law. The Indian elites were the products of English education. All these resulted in a love-hate relationship between the Indians and the Anglo-Saxon groups in general. Besides, the amount of importance the Indian nationalist leaders gave to the mediatory role of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the liberal American Press in bringing about India's independence bears testimony to this formulation. Thus in 1941 when India won independence, the United States enjoyed considerable goodwill in India. The United States was willing and far abler than Stalin's Soviet Union to help in the economic betterment of India. The US launched the Point Four Programme, a politico-humanitarian package.1 Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, was consciously warm towards it because, apart from other reasons, he found it good tactics to use against domestic communism, and the collapse of the Telengana rebellion in Southern India proved him right. During his first visit to the United States in 1949, Nehru and President Truman seemed to have achieved a reasonable desire of mutual sympathy in genera! outlook on. world affairs. What alienated India's diplomacy from that of the United States most was the difference in their views of the nature of Chinese Communist threat and what approaches could be made about it. The United States had not yet given in to Dulles's pactomania, nor had the dreadful McCarthy era started. Yet guided by their different experiences, the two countries began to choose their different paths which did not converge until the Communist Chinese massive invasion of India's north-eastern border in October 1962. So conflicting were the approaches of India and the United States that they found themselves ranged on opposite sides on many issues regarding China. This worked clearly to the disadvantage of both. The differences discouraged economic assistance to India while the United States lost the sympathy of the emerging Asian nations. My paper examines the various aspects of these Indo-American differences over Communist China in order to define the impact on their political relations. It establishes that the 'China Question'—the non-recognition by the United States, non-admission to the United Nations, the status of Formosa, etc., created bitter differences between India and the United States till the China War of 1962. This provided cause for an unparalleled deepening of the Indo-US involvement.

States as intemational persons — In general — Extinction of States — Effect on nationality — The law of the Federal Republic of GermanyStates as international persons — Succession of governments — In general — Effect on nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of GermanyState territory — In general — Effects of changes of sovereignty — On nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of GermanyThe individual in international law — Nationality — In general Claim for unjust enrichment — Continuity of nationality of ownership of claim — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims TribunalThe individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — Nationality as affected by change of sovereignty — Conditions for acquisition of nationality — Whether governed by international law or a matter for State discretion — Changes in sovereignty over State territory — Effect on nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany Seep. 435 (Russian Nobleman Nationality Case).The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 12 (2) — Whether has retroactive effect on rights acquired under old personal status — The law of the Federal Republic of GermanyTreaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether has retroactive application — The law of the Federal Republic of GermanyTreaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Presumed intention of the parties — Policy considerations — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether has retroactive application — The law of the Federal Republic of GermanyWar and neutrality — Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Nature and effects of the occupation — Extent of legislative power of occupying State — The law of the Federal Republic of GermanyThe individual in international law — Nationality — Expatriation Loss of Nationality — Emigration — Whether automatically results in loss of nationality — Conditions for acquisition and loss of nationality — Whether governed by international law or State discretion — Succession of governments — Russian Revolution, 1917 — Effect on nationality — Changes in sovereignty over State territory and extinction of States — Effect on nationality — Russian citizen abroad — Whether affected by Soviet decree abolishing nobility — Personal and territorial jurisdiction — Definition — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 12 (2) — Whether having retroactive effect on acquired rights — Wartime occupation — Extent of legislative power of occupying State — Principle of good faith Applicability to measures enacted during occupation — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The impact of the southwest German school on Max Weber's methodological work between 1903 & 1907 has already been well-established. An attempt is made to discern how this came about -- through the books he read, his acquaintances, or more systematic means. It is argued that the influence of the Baden neo-Kantians lies in the immanent requirements of Weber's thought: their philosophy offered a connection between the problem of knowledge of the historical individual, the problem of concept formation, & the theory of value. However, Weber maintained that cultural & ethical values were entirely separate, while the neo-Kantians -- primarily Heinrich Rickert -- supported a doctrine of objective values; the difficulties this posed for Weber's methodology are explored. In Weber and the Southwest German School: The Genesis of the Concept of the Historical Individual, Ahmad Sadri explores these methodological implications further, focusing on Oakes's criticisms of Weber for: (1) adopting Rickert's theory of objective cultural values without acknowledging its incompatability with his other assumptions, (2) misinterpreting Kantian epistemology, & (3) dichotomizing (along with Rickert) value/valuation. In Commentary on Oakes's Paper, Godehard Czernik asks whether the Kantian assumption that the function of human consciousness (or more precisely, the intellect) is to categorize otherwise unorganized sensations is valid, particularly in light of the problems of value relationality & value judgment that Oakes presents. How would these notions be affected if the individual were conceived of as the subject of ongoing historical processes? Differences between Weber's & Rickert's views on these issues are discussed, with focus on their conceptions of the individual, reality, & historical science. In Commentary on Guy Oakes's paper on "Max Weber and the South German Neo-Kantians," Joseph Bensman expresses doubt that Weber failed to fully understand the neo-Kantians, suggesting that he actually chose not to contradict his friends & mentors, downplaying the methodological & epistemological differences between them. The problem of avoiding the value-reliance of social scientific inquiry & establishing objectivity & logic is addressed, & solutions are offered in the concepts of the historical individual & the ideal type. In Remarks on Weber and Rickert, Guy Oakes reiterates his position on the consequences of Rickert's theory of concept formation for Weber's theory of ideal types, & justifies his critique of Rickert's distinction between values & value judgments. It is concluded that Weber's adaptation of neo-Kantian thought extended far beyond epistemological & methodological issues to a basic concern over the nature of cultural reality. 1 Reference. K. Hyatt

AbstractThe working wife is becoming the norm in European society. For some, the need to find work outside the home is purely an economic one but for many women, it is suggested that paid employment also answers needs for company, recognition and status and enhances the woman's sense of independence and self worth. Farmers' wives are part of society and therefore exposed to its norms and sanctions. This paper argues that farm women will experience the same needs as other women for earnings, financial independence, association with others, status and self fulfilment but that remoteness, lack of suitable work for women in rural areas, needs of the farm business and sanctions against farmers' wives working elsewhere may deter them. The balance of motives may change from predominantly financial on small farms to predominantly social and personal on large farms. A review of the literature on off farm employment of farm women offers some support for these hypotheses.RésuméLe travail de la femme tend, en Europe, à devenir une norme socialc. Cette exigence de travail hors du foyer n'a, pour certains, qu'une signification économique, mais, pour beaucoup de femmes, il s'agit ?un besoin de sociabilityé, de reconnaissance sociale, ?indépendance et ?estime de soi. Les épouses ?agriculteurs sont égalcment soumises à cette norme. Ces femmes du milieu agricole partagent en effet les mêmes désirs de rémunération, ?indépendance matérielle, de relations sociales et ?accomplissement, mais le sous‐développement économique et la carence ?emplois adaptés dans les régions rurales, les exigences de ľexploitation et la réprobation àľégard des femmes qui ont un travail hors de la ferme peuvent les décourager. Ľauteur poursuit en montrant que les motivations sont davantage economiques dans les exploitations petites et davantage sociales ou personnelles dans les grandes. Enfin une lecture critique de la littérature consacrée au travail non agricolc des femmes ?agriculteurs permet de conforter ces hypothèses.KurzfassungDie erwerbstätige Ehefrau wird in europäischen Gescllschaften zur Norm. Für einige ist das Bedürfnis nach außerhäuslicher Arbeit rein ökonomischer Natur, für viele jedoch, so wird vermutet, ist die Erwerbstätigkeit durch das Bedürfnis nach Geselligkeit, Anerkennung und einem eigenen Status bestimmt und verstärkt das Unabhängigkeitsgefühl und Selbstwertge‐fühl der Frau. Frauen von Landwirten unterliegen als Mitglieder der Gesellschaft deren Normen und Sanktionen. In diesem Beitrag wird angenommen, daß Frauen von Landwirten dieselben Bedürfnisse nach eigenem Verdienst, finanzieller Unabhängigkeit und Zusammensein mit anderen, eigenem Status und Sclbstverwirklichung entwickeln werden, wie andere Frauen, aber daß Abgelegenheit, Mangel an gceigneten Arbeitsplätzen für Frauen in ländlichen Räumen, Anfordcrungen des landwirtschaftlichen Betriebes und Sanktionen gegenüber landwirtschaftlichen Ehcfrauen, die außcrbetricblich arbeiten gehen, sie davon abhalten werden. Das Gewicht der Motive verlagert sich wahrschcinlich von vorherrschend finanziellen bei kleinbäuerlichen Bctrieben zu vorherrschend sozialen und persönlichen bei Großbetrieben. Durch cine Auswertung der Literatur über außerbetriebliche Erwerbstätigkeit von Landwirtsfrauen werden diesc Hypothesen unterstützt.

The short clinical diagnostic self-rating scale for emotional and somatic concerns — Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) - was translated into everyday Hebrew and tested on 131 subjects for: 1. Construct validity, using item analysis. 2. Discriminating validity on a gradient of general practice patients and 'normal' controls. The Hebrew SCL-90 was found to retain its validity and to be easily administered and scored in non-treatment situations. It was also used as a tool for generating and substantiating hypotheses on psychosomatic and psychosocial interrelationships. The success of anxiolytic drugs in the treatment of neurotic patients depends, in part, on factors that are not drug-related. Among these factors is the nature of the neurotic complaint, or the composition of the symptom syndrome. Therefore, as part of its larger study on anxiolytic drugs, the Community Mental Health Centre of Northern Jerusalem, Israel, sought a self-diagnostic psychometric instrument that could differentiate among subjects in terms of symptom syndromes, and that could also reflect change as a result of drug treatment. The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ) was the first questionnaire considered for this purpose(2): A validation study of the Hebrew version showed that the Hebrew MHQ was 'a valid scale enabling accurate segregation of sub-populations differing in their clinical status'.(3) But the MHQ subscales were not sufficiently specific, since three of them showed some overlapping. Moreover there were only 48 items, and the questionnaire allowed only 'yes/no' answers. These two factors, therefore, tended to lower the reliability of the questionnaire. Consequently the search for a self-diagnostic instrument continued, and the SCL-90 was considered(4). The SCL-90 is a self-report clinical rating scale that is longer than the MHQ (90 items, which reflect nine primary symptom dimensions) and has a range of five answers for each item. According to its authors the 'SCL-90 has been designed as a general measure of psychiatric outpatient symptomatology for use in both clinical and research situations, and was developed with primary emphasis on validity as a criterion measure in clinical drug trials where the principal focus is on the relative efficacy of psychotherapeutic agents'.(5) It was, therefore, decided to conduct a pilot study attempting to validate a Hebrew version of the SCL-90. No inter-country or interlingual comparisons are intended. In the present study, the Hebrew version of the SCL-90 is investigated for its construct and discriminatory validity. An item analysis will be presented.

SommaireEn vertu du Protocole facultatif au Pacte international sur les droits civils et politiques, tout particulier qui prétend être victime d'une violation des droits énoncés dans le Pacte peut adresser une plainte au Comité des droits de l'homme de l'O.N.U.Madame Sandra Lovelace, une indienne de la banque des Tobiques du Nouveau-Brunswick, eut recours à cette procédure et présenta une communication à l'effet que l'article 12(i)(b) de la Loi sur les Indiens, S.R.C, igyo, c. 1-6 était contraire au Pacte et ce qu'il faisait perdre à une femme indienne son statut d'Indienne lorsqu'elle épousait un non-indien, le même sort n'étant toutefois pas réservé à l'homme indien mariant une femme non-indienne. La plaignante plaidait en outre que cette disposition de la législation fédérale sur les indiens violait les articles 23(1), 23(4), 26 et 27 du Pacte international sur les droits civils et politiques.Dans une constatation du 30 juillet 1981, le Comité des droits de l'homme de l'O.N.U. concluait à la contravention par le Canada du Pacte et plus particulièrement à la violation de l'article 27 de celui-ci, lequel stipule que les personnes appartenant à des minorités ethniques ne peuvent être privés du droit d'avoir en commun avec les autres membres de leur groupe, leur propre vie culturelle de professer et de pratiquer leur propre religion et d'employer leur propre langue.La procédure d'examen de la plainte s'est étendu sur une période de trois ans et demie. La nature et le contenu des explications et déclarations faites par le Canada à la demande du Comité des droits de l'homme de l'O.N.U. pendant la procédure ainsi que la négligence actuelle du Canada à se plier à la constatation du Comité et à modifier son droit interne tendent à démontrer que le Canada ne se préoccupe guère de ses obligations internationales en matière de droits de l'homme.Il est à noter que le Comité des droits de l'homme de l'O.N.U. est présentement saisi d'une plainte dans laquelle la question de la con-formité de l'article 12(1) (b) de la Loi sur les Indiens au Pacte international sur les droits civils et politiques est à nouveau posée. A la différence de la communication de Sandra Lovelace, la récente plainte révèle que le mariage de la femme indienne à un non-indien a eu lieu après l'entrée en vigueur du Pacte, ce qui pourrait permettre notamment au Comité de constater la violation de son article 26 qui garantit l'égalité devant la loi et l'égale protection de la loi.

The use or abuse of opium, in its three main forms, chandu (prepared opium), morphine, and heroin, covers a span of 160 years, from the founding of "modern" Singapore in 1819—when opium was exchanged as a gift between the Temenggong (Malay Sultan) and Raffles (the founder of Singapore) to 1978—when the first person to be convicted of drug-trafficking was hanged for the offense. For the three distinct products of the opium poppy—smokeable extract of opium (prepared opium or chandu), morphine, and heroin—with their three distinctive modes of administration—smoking, injection, and inhalation—there seem to be three distinct periods when each drug emerged as the main drug of addiction. Opium smoking was known in the earliest days, morphine injection appeared during the first half of the twentieth century, and heroin smoking became popular during the 1970s. The history of opium smoking can be traced among the early settlers of Singapore. These people were multiracial, but the Chinese predominated. Morphine injection became popular among adult Chinese and Indian/Pakistanis after its introduction around the turn of the century. Heroin abuse has become widespread among multiracial groups of young adults during the 1970s. For each product of the opium poppy antecedent factors are examined: the drug, the host, and the environment, especially the presence or absence of favorable or deterrent official, commerical, cultural, or political responses. For opium smoking, there was no preceding drug of abuse, its use having been introduced by a prevailing older tradition. In the case of morphine, its introduction found fertile ground among the abundance of opium smokers and new inductees did not have to cross cultural barriers. In the case of heroin abuse, its introduction was facilitated by a milieu that had been initiated to drugs in a milder form—"pot and pills." The author examines the nature of drug use from the point of view of an outsider, but retains a vested interest in treating and rehabilitating his patients "for their own good." Having seen the essential tragedy of their lives, such as elderly men becoming "vagrants" remanded to a "House of Detention," or the first morphine death from overdose in the first drug dependence clinic for young "pot and pill" users in 1971, he speculates on what might perpetuate opiate drug use among the people of Singapore. The paper concludes with identification of serious questions and profound issues that as yet have not been thoroughly addressed and may continue to remain inadequately treated.

490The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — Freedom of expression — Restriction imposed by contempt of court proceedings on Applicants' desire to publish information and comment on aspects of the drug thalidomide and its noxious and deforming effects — Whether restriction justifiable — Article 10Whether Court had jurisdiction to consider not only English court injunction but also alleged continuing restraints caused by supposed overbreadth and lack of precision of English law of contempt — Jurisdiction limited to matters lodged with and accepted by the CommissionQuestion whether the interference with freedom of expression was "prescribed by law" — "Law" comprehends both legislation and "unwritten" law — Interpretation of a law-making treaty whose equally authentic versions are not exactly the same — Law must be adequately accessible and formulated with sufficient precision for citizen to regulate his conduct — Despite measure of uncertainty in English law and divergent approaches thereto of English courts it was reasonably foreseeable that publication might fall foul of contempt lawWhether interference had aims which were legitimate under Article 10 (2) — Aim of maintaining the "authority of the judiciary" — This phrase comprises the machinery of justice as well as the judges in their official capacityQuestion whether interference was "necessary in a democratic society" for maintaining the authority of the judiciary — Meaning of "necessary" — "Margin of appreciation" afforded to Governmental authorities — Supervisory power not limited to ascertaining whether a respondent State exercised its discretion reasonably, carefully and in good faith — Scope of domestic power of appreciation not identical as regards each aim listed in Article 10(2) — Contrast in that regard between Handyside case as to the aim of "protection of morals" and that before the Court — Authority of the judiciary a more objective notion — More extensive European supervision — International standards do not mean uniformity — Question whether Governmental action regarding the injunction corresponded to a "pressing social need" — Breadth of scope of the injunction — Nature of the proposed newspaper article — Overall context of the proposed publication — Discharge of injunction in 1976 — Questions prompted thereby — Need to balance public interest at large with the requirements of the fair administration of justice — Article 10 guarantees not only freedom of the press to 491inform the public but also the right of the public to be properly informed — Restraint not proportionate to the legitimate aim pursuedNon-discrimination in respect of secured rights — No evidence of discrimination — Article 14Improper use of restrictions — Issue not pursued — Article 18Just satisfaction — Question not ready for decision — Article 50