Suchergebnisse

The object of analysis in the present text is concerned with the Polish energy policy from the institutional-legal, forecast and problem aspect. In the first case, the analysis will focus on the statutory solutions related to the goals, tasks, the elements as well as the model of energy policy, also within the compass of the entities pursuing the energy policy in Poland. In the second case, scenarios for the development of an energy policy and their comparative analysis will be presented. In the third case, a selection of the Polish energy policy as well as challenges to the entities responsible for their implementation will be presented. The chief problem issues have been recognised as: (1) energy dependence, (2) energy monoculture, (3) a development level of renewable energy sources, including low-emission ones, (4) emission performance, and (5) energy efficiency. The individual issues, that is the selected diagnostic features of the energy policy, have been illustrated with the analyses of the index values. The following indexes have been considered crucial: (1) the energy dependence index, (2) the Stirling index, (3) the index of renewable energy use, (4) the emission performance indexes, and (5) the energy efficiency indexes. The main goal of the analysis is to present the crucial issues and challenges that the Polish energy policy is facing. In order that the research problem can be elaborated, the text features the following research questions: (1) To what extent do institutional and legal solutions affect the effectiveness of the energy policy pursued in Poland?, (2) Which one of the scenarios for the development of the Polish energy policy should be deemed most likely?, (3) Which ones of the problem issues singled out in the analysis should be regarded as the greatest challenge to the Polish energy policy? The analysis included in the text is of an informative character, and hence the conducted research will consist in elaboration of and a synthetic approach to secondary data. It is, however, to be noted that the collected quantitative and qualitative secondary data will be supplemented with the author's own conclusions and opinions. In the case of the analysis of the quantitative secondary data, where the Stirling index is used, the author's own calculations will be performed. In the case of the description of the term of energy policy and the subjective scope of energy policy, the legal-institutional approach has been adopted. In the case of the description of the forecasting aspects of Poland's energy policy, a comparative analysis will be performed for the three exploratory scenarios contained in the draft energy policy of 2015. ; The objective scope of the analysis featuring in the text focuses on selected problems of the Polish energy policy. The text addresses three issues connected with the Polish energy policy: (1) institutional and legal, (2) forecasting, and (3) problem ones. In the first case, attention is given to the statutory solutions with regard to the goals, tasks, the model and the elements of the energy policy, as well as to the entities' responsibility for its implementation. In the second case, scenarios for the development of the energy policy are presented; they have also been subjected to a brief comparative analysis. In the third case, attention is given to the presentation of the following issues: (1) energy dependence, (2) energy monoculture, (3) a development level of the renewable energy sources, (4) emission performance, and (5) energy efficiency. In order for the research problem to be elaborated, the text features the following research questions: (1) To what extent do institutional and legal solutions affect the effectiveness of the energy policy pursued in Poland?, (2) Which one of the scenarios for the development of the Polish energy policy should be deemed most likely?, (3) Which ones of the problem issues singled out in the analysis should be regarded as the greatest challenge to the Polish energy policy? ; 2 ; 59 ; 87 ; 4 ; Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

The objective scope of this analysis is focused on selected problems of the Polish energy policy. The text addresses three groups of issues connected with Polish energy policy: (1) institutional and legal matters, (2) forecasting, and (3) problems. In the first case, attention is given to the statutory solutions with regard to the goals, tasks, the model and the elements of the energy policy, as well as to the responsibility of different entities for its implementation. In the second case, scenarios for the development of the energy policy are presented; they are also subjected to a brief comparative analysis. In the third case, attention is given to the presentation of the following issues: (1) energy dependence, (2) energy monoculture, (3) the level of development of renewable energy sources, (4) emissions performance, and (5) energy efficiency. In order for the research problem to be elaborated, the text features the following research questions: (1) to what extent do institutional and legal solutions affect the effectiveness of the energy policy pursued in Poland?; (2) which scenario for the development of Polish energy policy should be deemed most likely?; (3) which problem issues singled out in the analysis should be regarded as the greatest challenge to the Polish energy policy?

Security is one of the most important factors in Polish debate on both, energy and foreign policies. Under its influence the proposed future shape of Polish electricity system is to be continuation of the present coal-based quasiautarchic one. The paper investigates historical factors that make Polish elites so much attached to the idea of energy policy based on striving full energy independence and concludes presenting threats arising from such policy.

Zakres przedmiotowy analizy zawartej w tekście skupia się na wybranych problemach polityki energetycznej Polski. W tekście poruszono trzy zagadnienia związane z polityką energetyczną Polski: (1) instytucjonalno-prawne, (2) prognostyczne i (3) problemowe. W pierwszym przypadku, zwrócono uwagę na ustawowe rozwiązania w zakresie celów, zadań, modelu i elementów polityki energetycznej oraz na odpowiedzialność podmiotów za jej realizację. W drugim przypadku zaprezentowano scenariusze rozwoju polityki energetycznej, poddano je również krótkiej analizie porównawczej. Natomiast w trzecim przypadku, uwagę skupiono na prezentacji następujących kwestii: (1) zależności energetycznej, (2) monokultury energetycznej, (3) poziomu rozwoju odnawialnych źródeł energii, (4) emisyjności oraz (5) efektywności energetycznej. W celu uszczegółowienia problemu badawczego w tekście zaprezentowane zostały następujące pytania badawcze: (1) W jakim stopniu rozwiązania instytucjonalno- prawne wpływają na efektywność prowadzonej polityki energetycznej w Polsce?, (2) Który ze scenariuszy rozwoju polskiej polityki energetycznej należy uznać za najbardziej prawdopodobny?, (3) Które z wyodrębnionych w analizie zagadnień problematycznych należy uznać za największe wyzwanie dla polskiej polityki energetycznej? ; The objective scope of this analysis is focused on selected problems of the Polish energy policy. The text addresses three groups of issues connected with Polish energy policy: (1) institutional and legal matters, (2) forecasting, and (3) problems. In the first case, attention is given to the statutory solutions with regard to the goals, tasks, the model and the elements of the energy policy, as well as to the responsibility of different entities for its implementation. In the second case, scenarios for the development of the energy policy are presented; they are also subjected to a brief comparative analysis. In the third case, attention is given to the presentation of the following issues: (1) energy dependence, (2) energy monoculture, (3) the level of development of renewable energy sources, (4) emissions performance, and (5) energy efficiency. In order for the research problem to be elaborated, the text features the following research questions: (1) to what extent do institutional and legal solutions affect the effectiveness of the energy policy pursued in Poland?; (2) which scenario for the development of Polish energy policy should be deemed most likely?; (3) which problem issues singled out in the analysis should be regarded as the greatest challenge to the Polish energy policy?

'Polens ablehnende Haltung zu den Plänen für eine Gaspipeline durch die Ostsee, sein wachsames Beobachten der russisch-ukrainischen oder russisch-belarussischen Gaskontroversen, aber auch seine Vorschläge zur Fortentwicklung der europäischen Energiepolitik haben dem übrigen Europa vor Augen geführt, welchen Stellenwert energiepolitische Fragen im politischen Zielsystem Warschaus einnehmen. Anhand der Ostseeleitung wurden auch die divergenten energiepolitischen Interessen Deutschlands und Polens und das daraus resultierende Konfliktpotential für die bilateralen Beziehungen sichtbar. Oberstes Gebot der polnischen Energiepolitik ist die Reduktion der energiewirtschaftlichen Asymmetrie im Verhältnis zu Russland. Hierbei verfolgt Warschau mehrere Strategien: die Diversifizierung von Lieferquellen und -wegen für die Einfuhr von Energieträgern, vornehmlich Erdgas; die Koppelung der Energiepolitik mit den Zielen der Warschauer 'Ostpolitik'; die Konsolidierung polnischer Energiekonzerne und die Beibehaltung des Status als Transitland für russische Energieträger nach Westeuropa. Um diesen energiepolitischen Zielen Gewicht zu verleihen, will Polen die europäische Energiepolitik mitgestalten. Ausgehend von einem stark sicherheitspolitisch motivierten Verständnis möchte Polen hierbei den Grundsatz der 'Solidarität' als überwölbendes Konstruktionselement der energiepolitischen und -wirtschaftlichen Architektur der EU verankern. Für die deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen ist gerade wegen der offensichtlichen Interessendifferenzen eine Vertiefung des energiepolitischen Dialogs sowie die Suche nach gemeinsamen Projekten notwendig.' (Autorenreferat)

The ongoing climate changes necessitate an effective climate policy. The energy transition is now an important topic and problem, especially in Poland. (1) The undertaken analysis of the problem of energy transition is important for political, social and technological reasons. Political, because it shows the weakness of the implementation of Polish energy policy in regards to climate change. Social, because energy transition will bring about significant social changes in the largest industrial region of Poland. Technological, as the departure from fossil fuels requires the introduction of other sources of energy on a massive scale, for which Poland is not prepared. The aim of the study was to critically analyse the activities to date in the field of energy transition in Poland. The second goal of the analysis was an attempt to answer the question of whether the process of energy transition and achieving the goals set in the EU's European Green Deal are possible at all until 2050. (2) To achieve the goals, the system method and the decision-making method were primarily used. These methods allowed for an examination of the main determinants of the Polish energy transformation. (3) The main results include the confirmation, contrary to the announcements of the Polish government, that despite the adoption in Poland of the strategy "Poland's energy policy until 2040", the effective implementation of the energy transition before 2050 is not only very difficult, but may even be impossible to implement in the assumed time. This is due to political, economic, social and technological conditions. Coal energy is outdated, expensive and ineffective. Due to natural conditions, wind energy is not able to meet the energy demand of the industry. The development of nuclear energy is only in the planning phase. (4) To sum up, in the next thirty years, Poland will not be able to achieve the assumed effects of the energy transition, which is in contradiction with the official declaration of the government.

This article attempts to present both theoretical and empirical aspects of the changes in energy intensity of GDP in Poland in relation to the European Union. The paper also discusses the objectives, activities and achievements in support of reducing the level of energy intensity of GDP. The study argues that the reduction of energy consumption in the economy should be treated as a priority and a key element of energy policy, because such conduct will support the implementation of its other goals, as well as play a key role in improving the economic efficiency of the economy and positive impact on its competitiveness on the international stage. ; Krzysztof Adam Firlej

Poland, as one of the European countries experiencing the most significant economic growth in recent years, permanently relies on coal power. There are plenty of reasons behind this condition, however, wanting to become one of the European leaders Poland ought to diversify its energy sources and lower the share of those harmful to the natural environment. Some changes have already been implemented, nevertheless the Polish government is mostly reluctant to diminish the role of coal mines. Moreover, the current actions taken to diversify sources of natural gas imports are dependent on Polish foreign policy and international alliances. The author analyzes changes in the Polish energy security strategy in recent years and compares them with provisions established during COP24. The article analyzes the Polish energy market with the share of individual sources and examines the possibility to increase the share of those alternative to coal in the near future.

Für die nächsten Monate ist ein Wechsel in der polnischen Ostpolitik als Resultat der veränderten Lage in Osteuropa zu erwarten. Nachdem das Konzept einer zweigleisigen Ostpolitik mit Kontakten sowohl zur Sowjetunion als auch zu den einzelnen Sowjetrepubliken nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion obsolet geworden war, wurde es nicht durch eine adäquate Neuorientierung abgelöst. Das Resultat war ein gefährliches konzeptuelles Vakuum in der polnischen Ostpolitik. Mit dem Amtsantritt der neuen Linksregierung in Polen und der schwankenden Position Rußlands zwischen Reform und neoimperialer Orientierung steht die Formulierung einer neuen Ostpolitik nunmehr unmittelbar bevor. Hierbei wird die Unterstützung einer demokratischen Entwicklung in Rußland im Mittelpunkt stehen. (BIOst-Wpt)

Schwerpunkte der polnischen Sicherheitspolitik, wie sie im sicherheitspolitischen Programm vom 11. November 1992 fixiert wurden, bilden (1) der Aufbau eines Netzes bilateraler Beziehungen mit den Nachbarstaaten, (2) die Bewerbung um die Mitgliedschaft in der NATO sowie die Schaffung eines west- und osteuropäische Staaten umfassenden europäischen Sicherheitssytems und (3) der Aufbau eines effektiven nationalen Sicherheitssystems. Der Beitrag beleuchtet die Aktivitäten der polnischen Regierung zur Realisierung dieser Ziele in den letzten Monaten. Die im Zuge der Reorganisation der polnischen Streitkräfte geplante Verlagerung von Truppenteilen an die Ostgrenze des Landes stellt eine Reaktion auf die im Gefolge der innen- und wirtschaftspolitischen Krise Rußlands und anderer neuer unabhängiger Staaten gewachsene politische Instabilität in dieser Region dar. (BIOst-Srt)