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Since the 1960s and during the initial decades of the United Nations (UN) Africa has always had great representation inside the General Assembly. Besides the numerical advantage of Africa, the ties between the continent and the UN grew to be very specific and assumed multidimensional aspects due to the various issues related to the constant conflicts and social crises inside African territories. However, this engagement presents several complex aspects, including international, regional, and local issues. The engagement of Africa with the UN Security Council is based on two main pillars: conflict resolution and the claim of representation in a reformed Council. The problems related to these pillars are summarized in three broad categories considered problematic for this interaction: capacity, regional integration, and the political relation between the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council and the UN Security Council. The colonial background of the African continent left deep scars for its countries. Currently, Africa is the continent with the second biggest economic inequality in the world, besides the fact that its countries are hardly able to mobilize their forces to control domestic issues. Therefore, the capacity for collaboration and cooperation with UN forces is much reduced. At the same time, the continent was never united completely under a consensus and real integration, despite the existence of the AU – the former Organization of African Unity (OAU). African countries have been divided between two opposites: the need for integration and the defence of sovereignty. This division harmed even the African claims for fair representation inside the UNSC. This work intends to develop a discussion on how these problems must be overcome for successful engagement between the African continent and the UN Security Council.

В результате все большего развития глобализационных и интеграционных процессов результаты осуществления внешней и внутренней политики сказываются на всех направлениях жизни общества и государства. Отсюда конституционно-правовой механизм политики является неотъемлемой составной частью структуры государственного механизма любого современного государства, в том числе Австрийской республики. При этом проблема безопасности всегда привлекала внимание ученых и практиков, известных политиков и государственных деятелей, поскольку безопасность является важным условием существования и выживания человека и личности, общества и государства. Особую актуальность она приобрела в последнее время. Она имеет чрезвычайно сложное и разностороннее содержание. Ее различные аспекты активно исследуются представителями самых разных отраслей знания философии, социологии, идеологической науки, религии, политологии, экономики, права, менеджмента, теории социального и государственного управления, в том числе реализуемого в уголовно-исполнительной системе, конфликтологии, психологии, педагогики и других наук. ; As a result of an increasing development of globalisation and integration processes, the results of carrying out foreign and domestic policy impact all aspects of life of the society and state. Therefore, the constitutional law mechanism of policy is an integral constituent part of the structure of any modern state, including the Republic of Austria. Further, the problem of security has always attracted the attention of scholars and practitioners, noted politicians and statemen since security is an important condition for the existence and survival of man and personality, society and state. Recently it has become especially topical. Its contents is extremely complex and multifarious. Its various aspects are actively studied by representatives of different branches of knowledge: philosophy, sociology, ideological science, religion, politilogy, economics, law, management, theory of social and public administration, including that implemented in the penal system, conflictology, psychology, pedagogy, and other branches of science.

Данная научная статья посвящена вопросам, касающихся анализа проблематики современного философско-правового понимания сущности правовой государственности в контексте глобализации. Авторами обобщены различные теоретические модели правового государства, соотнесенные с реалиями глобализации («субстанциальное правовое государство», «международное правовое государство»), исследованы основные аспекты трансформации современной правовой государственности через призму конвергенции ее ведущих национальных практик: континентально-европейской модели (собственно «правового государства») и англосаксонской концепции «верховенства права», отмечены и подробно проанализированы дискуссионные аспекты сущности данных идей. В работе приведена критика данных концепций, как с формально-правовых позиций, так и с точки зрения «общесоциального» видения государственного идеала. По итогам исследования авторами сформулированы выводы о перспективах дальнейшего развития концептуального осмысления феномена правового государства. ; This scientific article is devoted to issues related to the analysis of the problems of modern philosophical and legal understanding of essence of the rule of law in a context of globalization. The authors summarized the various theoretical models of the rule of law, correlated with the realities of globalization («the substantial rule of law», «the international rule of law»), explored the basic aspects of the transformation of the modern rule of law in the light of the convergence of its leading national practices: continental European model (the actual «legal state») and the Anglo-Saxon concept of «the rule of law», noted and analyzed in detail the debatable aspects of its essence. The paper contains the criticism of these concepts both from the formal legal position, and from the point of view of the «general social» vision of the ideal state. On the outcome of the study the authors formulated the conclusions about the prospects for further development of conceptual understanding of the phenomenon of the rule of law.

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) is internationally recognized to categorize nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. Despite their joint categorization, each weapon is distinct from the other and use and possession are treated differently. Previous studies have focused on technological aspects of these weapons, failing to examine and explain the distinct nature and underlying significance of this term. Adopting a constructivist approach, and utilizing sociological research, this work addresses this gap by restoring the underlying strategic and ethical significance of the concept of WMD. The article stresses stigmatization of WMD by the international community. The evolving condemnation of chemical and biological weapons forged the stigma and led to the condemnation of nuclear weapons. WMD have been framed as a threat to humanity due to their ability to create widespread, long-term, irreversible destruction. WMD have also been associated with elevated status and power. These two aspects cannot be separated from each other. The article shows that the actors involved in stigmatization have varied. Initially, the stigma emerged top-down, via government officials. In time, grass roots movements and the general public have also condemned these weapons. Secondly, stigmatizing was driven by perceptions of social, economic, and political power, which elevated the status of these weapons. Stigmatization then developed as a reaction to the threatened possession and use of WMD by antagonistic actors. The ethical and political processes cannot be distinguished from each other; each has formed to frame the image of the long-term danger of WMD. Understanding this process of stigmatization is of particular importance at a time in which the threat from these weapons has increased. This work therefore provides greater insight and understanding into ways to address this challenging subject.

Context Hunting transactions can be considered a composite good that includes various attributes or characteristics. Obtaining information regarding the utility derived from the different characteristics of the hunter's bag might help elucidate the purchasing behaviour of hunters. This behaviour is, in turn, an important aspect to be considered by land managers in adaptive hunting management. Aims The present study attempts to identify the values given by hunters to species, landscape and management in the pricing of the hunter's bag. Our analysis is focused on the hunting bag characteristics and adds to previous research the joint consideration of the amount and quality (sex, age classes and trophy) of various species in the hunter's bag. Methods We use a dataset of 740 forest hunting estates at Andalucía (1 162 405 ha in the south of Spain) with an important mixed-species bag composition and where 225 game-hunting marketed transactions were declared by the hunting managers, including 13 541 hunting journeys. Hedonic-price analysis and mixed-effect models are used. Key results Our results showed that the composition of the harvested species (quantity and trophy of different species, sex and age classes), the activities related to harvesting and organisation of hunting events and landscape in hunting areas are relevant attributes in big-game market transactions. In small-game market transactions, species and landscape are the primary significant variables found. The latter variable plays a more important role in small game than in big game. Conclusions These findings indicated that hunting market values include, in addition to hunters' recreational experience, ecological and management aspects with a broader social scope. Implications A further discussion regarding the possible conflict among hunter preferences, long-term game-management decisions and ecological goals is also provided.

Like in all other journal numbers, in this journal also there are articles strongly connected with journal topic. There are some regional problems aspects, evaluating them in organizational and governmental level. There are some articles about problems in rural areas. A. Aleksandravičius analyzes models of public electronic services organization in the rural areas; V. Atkočiūnienė describes factors determining labour places sustainable development in Lithuanian rural regions; A. Župerka, E. Župerkienė describe entrepreneurship factors in rural areas of Lithuanian cross-border regions. Some authors, how A. Kozlovskaja and T. Q. Dinh, H. Hilmarsson analyzes relevance of risk factors for Lithuanian agricultural producers and also food processing in Vietnam. For public administration people would be interesting some articles like M. Grigaliūnas article about the official values-level attitudes of EU to volunteering; V. Burkšienė, E. Račaitė article about organizational learning in ministries of Republic of Lithuania; I. Normantė article about public services liberalization. If we continue to read articles about quality of services in organizational level, we can mention V. Grublienė, E. Ambraziūnaitė, L. Venckevičė article. A. Kutkaitis, A. Petrulis evaluate leadership styles, A. Giedraitis describe management of ergonomic risk factors in organization. Transport and international trade problems are described in two articles: I. Gumenyuk, T. Kuznetsova and E. Spiriajevas. Articles for sustainable development and the better country development description are in these articles: R. Čiegis, A. Dilius, A. Mikalauskienė bei L. Šimanskienė, A. Petrulis describe aspects of sustainability; A. B. Knašas analyzes the development of scientific-technical progress in terms of published patent applications; A. Homutinin analyzes system dynamics modeling of social economic development in Latvia and M. Norkevičius describes analysis of regionalization processes in Latin America. So this journal number should be interesting for different field of scientists and business people.

The aim of this article is to revisit the work of the French philosopher Julia Kristeva and ask what place we might give her conceptual framework today. I will focus on one key aspect of Kristeva's work, sexual difference, as that which ties most, if not all, aspects of Kristeva's work. I am hoping to present a concise, yet wide-ranging view on Kristeva's critical contribution to the fields of politics and ethics. My objective will be threefold. First, I will present the main lines of Kristeva's theory on sexual difference; this presentation will also outline her political critique of equality and diversity in the domains of gender and sexuality. Kristeva believes that contemporary politics invested in suppressing inequality through the promotion of diversity will in the long term not only prove unsuccessful, but also create more exclusion. Secondly, I will point out the main objections raised against her theories and show how her critics come to their conclusions. Objectors to Kristeva's sexual difference theory are mostly concerned with the manner in which she associates marginality and unintelligibility. They see little value in her theory, because, on the one hand, it relegates marginal groups to a world beyond social viability, and, on the other, because it effectively disables advancements in equality politics. Finally, I hope to provide the reader with a useful counter-critique to Kristeva's detractors that will show why their views are partly founded on a misreading of her ethical (Freudian) framework and a desire to translate her work into a more pragmatic and user-friendly tool. I will argue that Kristeva's work is best apprehended as a variant of psychoanalytic ethics and that to engage with its rhetoric is to capture the full weight of Kristeva's contribution to politics and intellectual engagement.

The aim of this article is to revisit the work of the French philosopher Julia Kristeva and ask what place we might give her conceptual framework today. I will focus on one key aspect of Kristeva's work, sexual difference, as that which ties most, if not all, aspects of Kristeva's work. I am hoping to present a concise, yet wide-ranging view on Kristeva's critical contribution to the fields of politics and ethics. My objective will be threefold. First, I will present the main lines of Kristeva's theory on sexual difference; this presentation will also outline her political critique of equality and diversity in the domains of gender and sexuality. Kristeva believes that contemporary politics invested in suppressing inequality through the promotion of diversity will in the long term not only prove unsuccessful, but also create more exclusion. Secondly, I will point out the main objections raised against her theories and show how her critics come to their conclusions. Objectors to Kristeva's sexual difference theory are mostly concerned with the manner in which she associates marginality and unintelligibility. They see little value in her theory, because, on the one hand, it relegates marginal groups to a world beyond social viability, and, on the other, because it effectively disables advancements in equality politics. Finally, I hope to provide the reader with a useful counter-critique to Kristeva's detractors that will show why their views are partly founded on a misreading of her ethical (Freudian) framework and a desire to translate her work into a more pragmatic and user-friendly tool. I will argue that Kristeva's work is best apprehended as a variant of psychoanalytic ethics and that to engage with its rhetoric is to capture the full weight of Kristeva's contribution to politics and intellectual engagement.

It is largely undisputed within the social sciences that genes, which influence human motivation and behavior must have been subject to the forces of natural selection in the same manner as genes, which determine physical traits and characteristics. In contrast, much less agreement has been achieved on the question whether and if so how this information could be gainfully employed to explain human behavior in general, and facets of economic behavior in particular. One reason for this state of affairs is the lack of economic research confronting hypotheses derived from insights on human biology with real world data. Within the scope of this thesis it is, therefore, aimed to provide an empirical assessment of how innate human dispositions and the economic system interact to generate some important behavioral phenotypes and patterns. Its main focus is on the motivational foundations of preferences and their effects on economic outcomes. However, other aspects of this relationship are also considered. Chapter one introduces the research question and frames it with respect to the relevant literature. Chapter two investigates the implications of the human reproductive system for preference formation and inter-individual variation in preferences. Subject of the ensuing third chapter are the consequences of universally shared human dispositions for the (observed) temporal stability of consumption behavior. Chapter four examines the corollaries of preference dynamics to the derivation of policy implications from empirical research. Finally, chapter five takes a look at the detrimental consequences arising from human mal-adaptations to the current economic environment. Chapter six concludes. Despite emphasizing various aspects in different chapters, the connective element of this thesis is the interest in the way, insights into human biology can be utilized to understand human economic activity.

The Territorial Competitiveness Index in Heredia cantons is assessed in this paper using a weighted index including five basic components: economic-business, socio-demographic, infrastructure, local governance, and environmental. Results help identify competitive strengths and weaknesses of each canton, which provides valuable information to entrepreneurial investors in order to assess the permanence or opening of a productive activity in the territory and to local authorities in order to identify variables to improve. The Territorial Competitiveness Index classifies cantons by the level of competitiveness associated and identifies the variables that explain such competitiveness and the location of SMEs. Results are compared with other methodologies used in the country to measure socio-economic aspects, human, and local government development, allowing for a broad view of the particular competitive aspects related to each canton. ; La competitividad territorial de los cantones de Heredia es evaluada en el presente documento por medio de un índice que pondera cinco componentes agregados básicos: económico-empresarial, socio-demográfico, infraestructura, institucional y ambiental. Los resultados permiten identificar las debilidades y fortalezas competitivas del cantón particular, proporcionando información valiosa para el empresario inversionista, para evaluar la permanencia o apertura de una actividad productiva en el territorio y para las autoridades locales, al identificar las variables por mejorar. El índice de competitividad territorial clasifica los cantones según el nivel de competitividad asociado, identifica las variables que explican dicha competitividad y la ubicación de las pymes en una localidad. Además compara los resultados del ICT con otras metodologías utilizadas en el país para medir aspectos económicos, de desarrollo humano, social y municipal en los territorios, permitiendo una visión amplia de la competitividad asociada al cantón particular.

It is largely undisputed within the social sciences that genes, which influence human motivation and behavior must have been subject to the forces of natural selection in the same manner as genes, which determine physical traits and characteristics. In contrast, much less agreement has been achieved on the question whether and if so how this information could be gainfully employed to explain human behavior in general, and facets of economic behavior in particular. One reason for this state of affairs is the lack of economic research confronting hypotheses derived from insights on human biology with real world data. Within the scope of this thesis it is, therefore, aimed to provide an empirical assessment of how innate human dispositions and the economic system interact to generate some important behavioral phenotypes and patterns. Its main focus is on the motivational foundations of preferences and their effects on economic outcomes. However, other aspects of this relationship are also considered. Chapter one introduces the research question and frames it with respect to the relevant literature. Chapter two investigates the implications of the human reproductive system for preference formation and inter-individual variation in preferences. Subject of the ensuing third chapter are the consequences of universally shared human dispositions for the (observed) temporal stability of consumption behavior. Chapter four examines the corollaries of preference dynamics to the derivation of policy implications from empirical research. Finally, chapter five takes a look at the detrimental consequences arising from human mal-adaptations to the current economic environment. Chapter six concludes. Despite emphasizing various aspects in different chapters, the connective element of this thesis is the interest in the way, insights into human biology can be utilized to understand human economic activity.

The Territorial Competitiveness Index in Heredia cantons is assessed in this paper using a weighted index including five basic components: economic-business, socio-demographic, infrastructure, local governance, and environmental. Results help identify competitive strengths and weaknesses of each canton, which provides valuable information to entrepreneurial investors in order to assess the permanence or opening of a productive activity in the territory and to local authorities in order to identify variables to improve. The Territorial Competitiveness Index classifies cantons by the level of competitiveness associated and identifies the variables that explain such competitiveness and the location of SMEs. Results are compared with other methodologies used in the country to measure socio-economic aspects, human, and local government development, allowing for a broad view of the particular competitive aspects related to each canton. ; La competitividad territorial de los cantones de Heredia es evaluada en el presente documento por medio de un índice que pondera cinco componentes agregados básicos: económico-empresarial, socio-demográfico, infraestructura, institucional y ambiental. Los resultados permiten identificar las debilidades y fortalezas competitivas del cantón particular, proporcionando información valiosa para el empresario inversionista, para evaluar la permanencia o apertura de una actividad productiva en el territorio y para las autoridades locales, al identificar las variables por mejorar. El índice de competitividad territorial clasifica los cantones según el nivel de competitividad asociado, identifica las variables que explican dicha competitividad y la ubicación de las pymes en una localidad. Además compara los resultados del ICT con otras metodologías utilizadas en el país para medir aspectos económicos, de desarrollo humano, social y municipal en los territorios, permitiendo una visión amplia de la competitividad asociada al cantón particular.

This paper follows the conceptual definitions offered in Eduard Said's "Orientalization" and Maria Todorova's "Balkanization" toward newly coined term of "West-Balkanization", all as essential features of constructing the Otheness. In this sense, the identities generated by colective definition by the Other (The West), are seen in the abstract symbolic values of the region, which can be traced in real social and political events. Yet, in the modern age the only political perspective for the Balkan is integration with in the West. With the new mainstream of the political and economical integration of the Balkan countries into the European Union the legal frame for mutual direct communication and collaboration is being created. The future projections for this region are movement toward integration into the European Union. So the mutual European identity project can be imposed on the region of the Balkans itself. But at the same time Europe has created a West Balkan region, which besides being a symbolic waiting room, can be seen as political ghettoization of few problematic national issues and in David Noris terms as "the last line of defense against Muslim east". The second part of the paper is focused on the Republic of Macedonia, and its position during the last two decades. It refers to several aspects of the structural position of the country, as well as essential aspects of demography, inter-ethnic relations, regional politics and economy, all united under the Macedonia's prospects for future Euro- Atlantic integration. The last can generate sense of political stability, but also an exclusion from negative symbolism related to historical "Balkanization" or future "West- Balkanization". Key words: Balkan, West Balkan, West, Orient, Macedonia, Stereotypes

Abstract
Peirce's formal rhetoric is the least developed of his three branches of semeiotic. I argue that Peirce intended formal rhetoric to be a general theory of inquiry. Peirce recognized that semeiotic requires a cooperative effort by inquirers guided by certain methodological and normative principles and was thus one of the three normative sciences. Thus formal rhetoric is subject to normative considerations. The purpose of this paper is to give some body to the skeleton outline originally provided by Peirce. I start with an outline of his formal rhetoric and conclude that Peirce appeared to treat three dimensions of inquiry ·. 1) a proper community of inquirers; 2) a proper method of inquiry; and 3 ) the proper goals of inquiry. Each of these three dimensions has a normative aspect which makes the connection between semeiotic and ethics much clearer. The most important factors in scientific inquiry have been the moral ones such as love of truth and recognition of science's social and public nature. These normative factors have an impact on inquiry in at least three respects: 1 ) the ethos of the community of inquiry; 2 ) the cultivation of feelings and sentiments, forms of communication, and the virtues of inquirers; and 3) the goals of inquiry necessary for success in the long run. The normative aspect of inquiry leads to speculative rhetoric which privileges certain forms of communication and certain goals of inquiry. Spelling these out in detail leads to Peirce's novel point that pure reason or pure logic alone is not enough to discover knowledge, but that it requires the effort of a historical community of inquirers, cooperating in the right sort of community

Abstrak Pada dasarnya dalam entrepreneurship terdiri dari tiga aspek; manusia, tugas, dan organisasi. Ketiga aspek ini bergerak dalam lingkungan yang berubah-ubah yang kemudian dikenal dengan "konsep tiga kakiâ€. Lingkungan yang dimaksud misalnya lingkungan bisnis, pemerintahan, sosial, pendidikan, dan sebagainya. Dalam entrepreneurship terdapat nilai-nilai seperti mengejar peluang, melakukan pembaharuan, berani mengambil resiko, berani berbeda, menarik perhatian, dan pro pertumbuhan. Nilai-nilai ini penting dimasukkan dalam proses pembelajaran dengan tujuan agar peserta didik menjadi sosok yang logis, kreatif, spontan dan tegas, perspektif ke depan dan berorientasi hasil. Konsep ini bisa diwujudkan oleh para pendidik pada saat mendisain dan melaksanakan pembelajaran, misalnya dalam menentukan paradigma pembelajaran, tujuan, metode, media dan alat, serta sumber belajar. Dengan pembelajaran bernilai entrepreneurship, peserta didik akan kaya dengan wawasan dan perspektif dalam memecahkan persoalan. Kesimpulan, nilai-nilai entrepreneurship bisa diintegrasikan sebagai landasan pembelajaran sehingga peserta didik menjadi academic entrepreneur yang berkarakter, yang siap menghadapi tantangan kehidupan dengan tampil sebagai problem solver. Kata kunci: nilai-nilai entrepreneurship, proses pembelajaran, academic entrepreneur.  Abstract Basicly the entrepreneurship consist of three aspect; person, task, and organizational context. Those aspect move in a dynamic environment that well known as "konsep tiga kakiâ€. That environment is bussiness, government, social, education, etc. In the entrepreneurship there are values like chase an opportunity, inovation, taking risk, brave to be different, attractive, and pro growth. Those values is important to include in the learning process with a purposes to make student become a logic person, creative, spontanous and distinct, future perspective and result-oriented person. Those concept can be done by the teacher when they design and do the learning, for example to design the ...