Suchergebnisse

In addition to confiscation of proceeds of crime in the criminal or its associate procedure, as exists in national law, the author suggests the existence of other models in the seizure of property whose legal origin is suspected, represented in foreign legal systems. Recognizing this fact, the central part of his work is about the civil law confiscation or seizure of proceeds of crime in the administrative proceedings and taxing criminal profit, as alternative or corrective forms of action present in comparative legal systems. Briefly has been given an overview of basic principles on which they are based, and pointed out the problems faced by entities engaged in the field of their practical application. After a brief presentation and analysis of these systems the author raises a rhetorical question: whether the use of civil law or administrative proceedings legitimate tool in the fight against crime or a shortcut that states use to mitigate the lack of efficiency of the instruments used in crime fighting? In doing so, he reminds that confiscation and forfeiture and the criminal or its associated procedure is exactly the kind of civil law Institute (prohibiting unjust) used in the realization of the goals of the criminal law. Essentially, it is a desirable tool, which can help to achieve (partial) restorative justice. However, putting discussed aspects of confiscation in the view of the domestic law, the author concludes that the decision which has been opted by domestic legislator is currently the best way for the practical implementation of the principle of prohibition of unlawful enrichment. ; Pored oduzimanja imovine stečene kriminalom u krivičnom ili u njemu pridruženom (adhezionom) postupku, kakav egzistira u domaćem pravu, postoje i drugi modeli oduzimanja imovine u čije se legalno poreklo sumnja, zastupljeni u inostranim pravnim sistemima. Autor je zbog toga centralni deo rada posvetio građanskopravnom oduzimanju imovine, odnosno oduzimanju imovine stečene kriminalom u upravnom postupku i oporezivanju kriminalne dobiti, kao alternativnim ili korektivnim vidovima delovanja prisutnim u uporedno-pravnim sistemima. Ukratko je dat prikaz osnovnih principa na kojima se oni baziraju i ukazano je na probleme s kojima se suočavaju subjekti angažovani na polju praktične primene. Stavljajući ove vidove oduzimanja imovine u ravan domaćeg prava, autor zaključuje da je rešenje za koje se opredelio domaći zakonodavac trenutno najbolji način za praktičnu realizaciju principa o zabrani neosnovanog bogaćenja.

Confiscation has existed in the domestic legal system for more than half a century. Considering limitations in practical implementation of this principle, espe­cially in the context of fighting against organized crime, the domestic legislator has recently offered new solutions for 'criminal property' confiscation in the form of criminal property confiscation procedure regulated by a special law. In this sense, this paper ana­lyzes the specific characteristics of organized crime phenomena, which require a different approach compared to the standard solutions in this area, criticizing such solutions, as well as the state of the local law and practice that preceded the adoption of the above mentioned regulation. The author concludes that criminal property confiscation may be considered as a desirable instrument in the fight against organized crime, whereby we should be careful in creating the related normative and legal framework, thus avoiding numerous negative effects that may challenge its creators. He also points out the international element that has significant influence in the design and practical implementation of the national models. ; Oduzimanje imovinske koristi postoji već više od pola veka u domaćem pravnom sistemu. S obzirom na ograničene domete u praktičnoj primeni ovog instituta, a naročito u kontekstu borbe protiv organizovanog kriminala, domaći zakonodavac je nedavno ponudio nova rešenja za oduzimanje 'kriminalne imovine', u vidu instituta oduzimanja imovine stečene kriminalom, uređenog posebnim zakonom. U tom smislu, u radu se analiziraju specifičnosti pojave organizovanog kriminala koje zahtevaju drugačiji pristup u odnosu na standardna rešenja u ovoj oblasti, a zatim iznose kritike u vezi s takvim rešenjem, kao i stanje u domaćem pravu i praksi koje je prethodilo donošenju pomenutog propisa. Autor zaključuje da se oduzimanje kriminalne dobiti može smatrati poželjnim instrumentom u borbi protiv organizovanog kriminala, pri čemu treba biti pažljiv u stvaranju pripadajućeg normativno-pravnog okvira, kako bi se izbegle brojne negativnosti kojima mogu podleći njegovi kreatori. Takođe, ukazuje na međunarodni element koji ostvaruje značajan uticaj u kreiranju i praktičnoj primeni nacionalnih modela.

The overall progress of society, as well as socially damaging phenomena which society confronts in an institutional manner, is increasing and complicating the police apparatus. However, in the context of dealing with activities aimed at gathering information and evidence related to criminal offenses, including offenses in the sphere of organized crime and corruption, and research trends of property acquired with those works, takes special attention to the role of the Criminal Investigation Department, or its organizational units specialized in the fight against organized crime, or other specialized bodies. The interactions of various factors within the police service and outside, which find the origin of activity in the same mission, are a potential source of disagreement, and it emphasizes the characteristics of the police profession, and the associated subculture. This paper analyzes the general characteristics of the police profession that can have repercussions on the efficiency of financial investigations and the necessary conditions that favor their success, and processes in which police officers involved in financial investigations are exposed to, in order to improve efficiency. Also, the paper identifies other circumstances, at the strategic and operational level, which can significantly affect the results achieved in the investigation process. Good cooperation among the subjects of criminal and financial investigations, starting financial investigations immediately after getting information about the crime and the assets obtained, and specialization of investigative subjects are only basic elements needed for success in financial investigations. Besides these, it is possible to identify a number of objective or subjective factors, which may affect the success of the implementation of financial investigations, which are mentioned in the paper. Special attention, especially in the context of societies with underdeveloped institutions and the questionable rule of law, deserves the will factor. Aforementioned factor emerges as a key element that can significantly affect the success of the research team, and indeed the expected results. It is therefore desirable that the general interest, presented in the normative framework, is consistent with the prevailing beliefs of research subjects, i.e. it is essential that these entities have a high degree of belief in the purpose and validity of what they do. Otherwise, the results will be absent, and the regulatory framework will appear as an empty form, without meaning and content. ; Sa opštim napretkom društva, kao i društveno štetnih pojava kojima se društvo suprotstavlja na institucionalan način, uvećava se i usložnjava i policijski aparat. Međutim, u kontekstu bavljenja delatnostima usmerenim na prikupljanje informacija i dokaznog materijala vezanog za krivična dela, uključujući i krivična dela iz sfere organizovanog kriminala i korupcije, kao i istraživanje tokova imovine stečene tim delima, posebnu pažnju zauzima uloga kriminalističke policije, odnosno njenih organizacionih jedinica koje su specijalizovane za borbu protiv organizovanog kriminala, odnosno drugih specijalizovanih tela (najčešće agencija ili posebnih istražnih subjekata). Interakcije različitih činilaca, u okviru policijske službe ili šire, čije delatnosti pronalaze ishodište u istoj misiji, potencijalni su izvor nesuglasica, što u prvi plan stavlja karakteristike policijske profesije, odnosno pripadajuće supkulture. U radu su analizirane opšte karakteristike pripadnika policijske profesije koje mogu imati reperkusije na uspešnost u finansijskim istragama kao i neophodne pretpostavke koje idu u prilog njihove uspešnosti, odnosno procesi kojima su izloženi policajci angažovani u finansijskim istragama, u cilju poboljšanja efikasnosti. Takođe, identifikovani su i druge okolnosti, na strategijskom i operativnom nivou, čije ostvarenje može znatno uticati na ostvarene rezultate u istraživačkom procesu.

The overall progress of society, as well as socially damaging phenomena which society confronts in an institutional manner, is increasing and complicating the police apparatus. However, in the context of dealing with activities aimed at gathering information and evidence related to criminal offenses, including offenses in the sphere of organized crime and corruption, and research trends of property acquired with those works, takes special attention to the role of the Criminal Investigation Department, or its organizational units specialized in the fight against organized crime, or other specialized bodies. The interactions of various factors within the police service and outside, which find the origin of activity in the same mission, are a potential source of disagreement, and it emphasizes the characteristics of the police profession, and the associated subculture. This paper analyzes the general characteristics of the police profession that can have repercussions on the efficiency of financial investigations and the necessary conditions that favor their success, and processes in which police officers involved in financial investigations are exposed to, in order to improve efficiency. Also, the paper identifies other circumstances, at the strategic and operational level, which can significantly affect the results achieved in the investigation process. Good cooperation among the subjects of criminal and financial investigations, starting financial investigations immediately after getting information about the crime and the assets obtained, and specialization of investigative subjects are only basic elements needed for success in financial investigations. Besides these, it is possible to identify a number of objective or subjective factors, which may affect the success of the implementation of financial investigations, which are mentioned in the paper. Special attention, especially in the context of societies with underdeveloped institutions and the questionable rule of law, deserves the will factor. Aforementioned factor emerges as a key element that can significantly affect the success of the research team, and indeed the expected results. It is therefore desirable that the general interest, presented in the normative framework, is consistent with the prevailing beliefs of research subjects, i.e. it is essential that these entities have a high degree of belief in the purpose and validity of what they do. Otherwise, the results will be absent, and the regulatory framework will appear as an empty form, without meaning and content.

The confiscation of crime-acquired assets, as an anti-crime measure has found full recognition in the legislations of most developed European countries in the last decade of the 20th century, as an effective way of battling organized crime. In Serbian practice, this institute is relatively new; it has been recently introduced, by the relevant normative-legal framework which was adopted more than three years ago. The mentioned framework set up a special investigating entity, the Financial Investigation Unit (FIU), as the organizational unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which, under the formal command of the public prosecutor, is taking a wide range of measures and actions aimed at establishing the existence of 'criminal assets'. Within the powers available to the FIU, one can find mostly traditional, already known police powers along with somewhat adapted ones specific to financial investigation and designed to gather evidence or take actions that have only informal importance. The subject of exploration here are adapted measures, including primarily background checks, comprising of a complex set of actions which confirm (or deny) the initial findings of the existence of property derived from crime. The author has analyzed the initial sources of findings about the criminal origin of property and then tried to point to the specifics of these checks in financial investigations, both in the form and contents, as well as in terms of standards that are established in this area and have marked the previous work of this investigation subject (FIU). ; U Srbiji je primena instituta oduzimanja imovine stečene kriminalom tekovina novijeg datuma, za razliku od većine razvijenih evropskih, gde je ovaj institut pronašao punu afirmaciju još tokom poslednje decenije 20. veka i gde je posmatran uglavnom kao efikasan vid borbe protiv organizovanog kriminala. Pravni okvir kojim je u Srbiji omogućeno efikasnije istraživanje dobiti stečene kriminalom, a koji se primenjuje nešto više od tri godine, predvideo je i osnivanje posebnog istražnog subjekta, Jedinice za finansijske istrage (JFI), organizacione jedinice zemalja Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova, koja pod rukovodećom ulogom javnog tužioca preduzima širok dijapazon mera i radnji usmerenih ka utvrđivanju postojanja 'kriminalne imovine'. U okviru ovlašćenja kojima raspolaže JFI pronalaze se mahom od ranije već poznata klasična policijska ovlašćenja, unekoliko prilagođena specifičnostima finansijskih istraživanja, namenjena prikupljanju dokaznog materijala ili preduzimanju radnji koje imaju isključivo kriminalistički značaj. Predmet interesovanja autora su drugonavedene radnje, a među njima prvenstveno kriminalističke provere, kao kompleksan skup radnji kojima se početna saznanja o postojanju imovine stečene kriminalom potvrđuju ili opovrgavaju. Autor analizira početne izvore saznanja o kriminalnom poreklu imovine koji su najzastupljeniji u praksi, a zatim ukazuje na specifičnosti koje navedeni vid provera poprima tokom finansijskih istraga, kako u pogledu forme i sadržine, tako i u pogledu standarda koji su na ovom planu uspostavljeni i koji su obeležili dosadašnji rad ovog istražnog subjekta.

The author presents investigation as provided for in the criminal procedure legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Beside a number of theoretical issues related to the concept and aim of investigation, there is a brief account on the roles of prosecutor and judge in the preliminary inquiry (i.e. preliminary hearing). The central part of the paper focuses on the police as an active subject in charge of investigation, the powers and position of the police as compared to other participants at this stage of the preliminary inquiry. Finally, the closing part deals with legal provisions related to suspension and termination of the investigation. ; Autor u radu daje prikaz istrage u krivično-procesnom zakonodavstvu Bosne i Hercegovine. Osim nekoliko teorijskih pitanja koja se odnose na pojam i cilj istrage, u kratkim crtama je prikazan položaj i uloga tužioca i sudije za prethodni postupak (tj. sudije za prethodno saslušanje) u istrazi, dok je centralni deo rada posvećen policiji, kao aktivnom subjektu sprovođenja radnji u istrazi, njenim ovlašćenjima i položaja spram drugih subjekata koji učestvuju u ovoj fazi prethodnog postupka. Na kraju, prikazane su zakonske odredbe koje se odnose na obustavu i okončanje istrage.

Modern society is affected by the problem of drug addiction and drug crime on a global and national level, and the damaging consequences of drug abuse are extremely serious and widespread. The fact that minors are more often than before in the role of perpetrators of criminal acts related to narcotic drugs contributes to the additional seriousness of the overall situation. As the trend of drug crime among young people in the last few years indicates growing of this phenomenon in our society, the focus of our work will be determining the importance of certain factors on the perception of young people about drug crime. In order to achieve this task, we conducted a survey among high school students whose goal was to examine the influence of family environment and school environment factors, and also influence of certain media content on their perception of drug crime. A hundred students participated in this research. The research results show that the socio-demographic characteristics of young people do not have a significant impact on their perception of drug crime. The school environment, on the other hand, has a more dominant influence, due to the existence of convenient places for buying and selling drugs in close proximity to school, as well as the presence of people who "deal" drugs. In addition, minors are strongly influenced by their peers who previously had some experiences with the abuse of narcotic drugs. The research results indicate a high level of liking media content about drug crime among young people, but also an insufficiently developed awareness among them about the impact that such content has on them.

The topic of this article is a critical analysis of professional issues in the investigation of the concept of reform of the criminal procedure legislation in Serbia which is still ongoing. Underlying issues have been analyzed from three aspects. First, general comments about the investigation and its relevance to criminal proceedings are provided and within those the issues for a long period of criminal procedure discussed in theory and practice are specifically emphasized. For example, there is a case to investigate the relationship between the concept and its effectiveness and thus the efficiency of the process as a whole. The second aspect of analyzed issues consist of questions related to the concept of prosecutorial investigation as an essential feature of the process of reform of the criminal procedure legislation in Serbia, where arguments of prosecutorial justification of the concept of judicial investigation have primarily been analyzed along with the principles by which a legislator should be guided in the standardization of the prosecutorial concept of investigation. Finally, the third - and the key aspect consists of the issues related to review of normative elaboration of the concept of prosecutorial investigation into the new RS CPC and the draft Law on Amendments to the legal text available to Serbian expert public, and not just Serbian. The main conclusion of expert critical analysis of this group of questions that are still in the draft of the Law on Amendments to the CPC concept of prosecutorial investigation in Serbia develops in a way that is consistent with the efforts of the majority of experts in Serbia and not only Serbia. ; Predmet analize u radu je stručno-kritička analiza pitanja koncepta istrage u procesu reforme krivičnog procesnog zakonodavstva Srbije koja je još uvek u toku. Predmetna pitanja analizirana su sa tri aspekta. Prvo su date opšte napomene o istrazi i njenom značaju za krivični postupak i u okviru istih su posebno apostrofirana pitanja koja su već duži period predmet rasprave kako krivičnoprocesne teorije tako i prakse. Slučaj npr. sa pitanjem odnosa koncepta istrage i njene efikasnosti a time i efikasnosti krivičnog postupka kao celine. Drugi aspekt analizirane problematike čine pitanja tužilačkog koncepta istrage kao bitnog obeležja procesa reforme krivičnog procesnog zakonodavstva Srbije, i u istom su pre svega analizirani argumenti opravdanosti tužilačkog nad sudskim konceptom istrage i načela kojima treba da se rukovodi zakonodavac u normiranju tužilačkog koncepta istrage. Na kraju, treći - ključni aspekt čine pitanja prikaza normativne razrade tužilačkog koncepta istrage u novom ZKP RS i u Radnoj verziji Zakona o izmenama i dopunama ovog zakonskog teksta dostupnoj stručnoj javnosti Srbije i ne samo Srbije. Osnovni zaključak stručno-kritičke analize ove grupe pitanja je da se tek u Radnoj verziji Zakona o izmenama i dopunama ZKP tužilački koncept istrage u Srbiji razrađuje na način koji je u skladu sa većinskim zalaganjima stručne javnosti Srbije i ne samo Srbije.

This paper presents comparative analysis of the provisions which provide criminal legal protection of motor vehicles in several European and ex-Yugoslavian legislations. Furthermore, the authors give short historical overview and current situation related to this issue in legislation of the Republic of Serbia. Also, they highlight several contested issues related to the practical enforcement of those provisions specifically in the work of the police and prosecution office. They point out to the unfortunate police practice in which the vehicle theft has almost without exception been qualified as unauthorized use of another's vehicle in the absence of evidence about the offender's intent. Accordingly, it has been asserted that those circumstances are particularly favourable to the offenders having considered the difference between sentences prescribed for this crime and that of serious theft and the real intent of the offenders which is usually focused on acquiring unlawful material gain. It has been emphasized that those offences are usually committed by organized criminal groups which have been specialized for this type of crime. Authors further explore the potential reasons for this kind of police conduct and point out to the necessity for re-defining of police and prosecutorial practice in this segment of their actions. The final part of the article offers a short overview of contemporary tendencies in criminal activities related to the vehicle thefts and new course of police practice focused on their detection and providing evidence. ; U radu je iznet uporednopravni prikaz odredaba kojim se u nekoliko evropskih zakonodavstava, kao i zakonodavstvima bivših jugoslovenskih republika, daje krivičnopravna zaštita motornih vozila. Autori, zatim, iznose kratak istorijat i aktuelno stanje vezano za ovu problematiku u zakonodavstvu Republike Srbije, a zatim ukazuju na nekoliko spornih pitanja koja se odnose na njihovu praktičnu primenu, pre svega od strane policije i tužilaštva. Oni ukazuju na činjenicu da policijsko postupanje u kojem se nestanak vozila kvalifikuje skoro bez izuzetaka kao neovlašćeno korišćenje vozila, u odsustvu informacije o stvarnoj nameri učinioca, nažalost, predstavlja standard. Zbog toga smatraju da se radi o okolnosti koja ide na ruku učiniocima, ako se ima u vidu razlika između zaprećene kazne za ovo delo i krivično delo teške krađe, kao i stvarna namera učinilaca koja je obično usmerena u pravcu sticanja imovinske koristi. Pri tome apostrofiraju da se ova dela uglavnom vrše od strane kriminalnih grupa koji se na organizovan način bave tim poslom. Autori istražuju moguće uzroke ovakvog policijskog postupanja i ukazuju na potrebu redefinisanja policijske i tužilačke prakse u ovom segmentu delovanja. U završnom delu rada dat je kratak prikaz savremenih tendencija kriminalnog delovanja koje se odnose na krađe vozila i novijih pravaca policijskog postupanja usmerenih na njihovo rasvetljavanje i obezbeđivanje dokaza.

This paper presents comparative analysis of the provisions which provide criminal legal protection of motor vehicles in several European and ex-Yugoslavian legislations. Furthermore, the authors give short historical overview and current situation related to this issue in legislation of the Republic of Serbia. Also, they highlight several contested issues related to the practical enforcement of those provisions specifically in the work of the police and prosecution office. They point out to the unfortunate police practice in which the vehicle theft has almost without exception been qualified as unauthorized use of another's vehicle in the absence of evidence about the offender's intent. Accordingly, it has been asserted that those circumstances are particularly favourable to the offenders having considered the difference between sentences prescribed for this crime and that of serious theft and the real intent of the offenders which is usually focused on acquiring unlawful material gain. It has been emphasized that those offences are usually committed by organized criminal groups which have been specialized for this type of crime. Authors further explore the potential reasons for this kind of police conduct and point out to the necessity for re-defining of police and prosecutorial practice in this segment of their actions. The final part of the article offers a short overview of contemporary tendencies in criminal activities related to the vehicle thefts and new course of police practice focused on their detection and providing evidence. ; U radu je iznet uporednopravni prikaz odredaba kojim se u nekoliko evropskih zakonodavstava, kao i zakonodavstvima bivših jugoslovenskih republika, daje krivičnopravna zaštita motornih vozila. Autori, zatim, iznose kratak istorijat i aktuelno stanje vezano za ovu problematiku u zakonodavstvu Republike Srbije, a zatim ukazuju na nekoliko spornih pitanja koja se odnose na njihovu praktičnu primenu, pre svega od strane policije i tužilaštva. Oni ukazuju na činjenicu da policijsko postupanje u kojem se nestanak vozila kvalifikuje skoro bez izuzetaka kao neovlašćeno korišćenje vozila, u odsustvu informacije o stvarnoj nameri učinioca, nažalost, predstavlja standard. Zbog toga smatraju da se radi o okolnosti koja ide na ruku učiniocima, ako se ima u vidu razlika između zaprećene kazne za ovo delo i krivično delo teške krađe, kao i stvarna namera učinilaca koja je obično usmerena u pravcu sticanja imovinske koristi. Pri tome apostrofiraju da se ova dela uglavnom vrše od strane kriminalnih grupa koji se na organizovan način bave tim poslom. Autori istražuju moguće uzroke ovakvog policijskog postupanja i ukazuju na potrebu redefinisanja policijske i tužilačke prakse u ovom segmentu delovanja. U završnom delu rada dat je kratak prikaz savremenih tendencija kriminalnog delovanja koje se odnose na krađe vozila i novijih pravaca policijskog postupanja usmerenih na njihovo rasvetljavanje i obezbeđivanje dokaza.