Suchergebnisse

Investment in European electricity transmission requires facilitation at the European level. The rate at which renewable energy is integrated into the power sector over the next decade will necessitate significant transmission infrastructure expansion and upgrades, with clear pan-European objectives. Historically, grid planning was primarily carried out at the national level with limited arrangements to share investment costs and assign benefits with a clear and agreed-upon methodology. Now, however, engagement and cooperation at the regional and European level is increasingly important. The Infrastructure Package, a regulation proposed 19 October 2011 by the European Commission (EC) which brings together national and European infrastructure financing, planning, and development. Because of the importance of electricity infrastructure to Europe's energy and climate objectives, CPI Berlin and the Florence School for Regulation hosted an informal workshop, supported by the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER), which brought together perspectives on EU grid infrastructure from regulators, national and EU policy makers, transmission system operators (TSOs), generation companies and academics. This Workshop Report provides a summary of the ideas that emerged from the discussions.

The purpose of this paper is to study the reliability of a harmonization model of industrial relations at the tobacco warehouse in KabupatenJember. By employing a scoring technique, cross-tabulation, and focus group discussion (FGD), it is found that the model still needs revision in the form of: (1) improving some protection attributes such as increasing routine wages, the establishment of cooperation to replace the function of cooperation, the formation of labor insurance programsto substitute JAMSOSTEK (Labor Social Security System), increasing labor knowledge about SPSI (Indonesian WorkersUnion),improving relationship between labor - SPSI and between labor-company; (2) involvingthe Indonesian Tobacco Association (ITA) to accompany government to control and facilitate industrial relations at tobacco warehouse; (3) replacing the role of supervisors to communicate the relationship between labor and companyby supervisors which hasa more strategic position because of their position in the board of SPSI. The simulated model just could increase the score of protection and statisfiction, but had not made industrial relations in harmony yet. The harmonious industrial relations are only found at PT Perkebunan Nusantara(PTPN X) before and after the application of the model.

This working paper argues on European Defense issues, considering a triple perspective: Past Legacy, Present Changes and Future Challenges. The first part looks at European defense from an historical perspective; from its European integration origins to the foundation of a European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP), reviewing its decade in existence. The second part analyzes the changes brought about by the Lisbon Treaty, as well as the most significant developments of a Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP): solidarity clauses, mission enlargement, European Defense Agency (EDA), news forms of cooperation, CSDP democratic control. Thirdly, this paper considers future challenges and concludes the need for new developments: at the institutional level, the strengthening of European defense parliamentary control through the creation of a CSDP inter parliamentary assembly and the EU´s external action inter and cross pillar coordination; at the capability level, the need to strengthen EDA and implement new cooperation mechanisms foreseen in the Lisbon Treaty; at the strategic level, the drive to clarify the EU´s international identity and define a new international strategy enabling the EU as a global security producer.

The paper examines the capacities for research on Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe (CEE/SEE) at the EUI. It consists of two layers of inquiry. The first part presents the subject-field analysis of research related to the CEE/SEE that is currently undertaken at the EUI; the second part investigates the geographical coverage of the region at the EUI both in terms of researchers' origin and geographical focus of their research. The paper concludes by offering recommendations on how to enhance the research on CEE/SEE using the existing potentials. ; --Executive Summary 1 --Introduction 2 --Goals and Method 4 --Subject-Matter (Substantive) Analysis 5 --Department of Law (LAW) 5 --Department of Economics (ECO) 6 --Department of Political and Social Sciences (SPS) 6 --Department of History and Civilization (HEC) 8 --Possibilities for Inter-Departmental Cooperation 9 --Potentials for Cooperation within the 'Core Group' of Researchers 11 --Geographical Analysis 13 --Geographical Analysis According to Origin 13 --Geographical Analysis According to the Focus of Research 21 --Conclusions and Recommendations 27

Данная статья посвящена взаимодействию и сотрудничеству между ЮНЕСКО и Россией, что благоприятно сказывается на международном имидже России, вносит неоспоримый вклад в укрепление компонентов «мягкой» силы в ее внешней политике и международных отношениях в целом. В статье делается вывод о необходимости дальнейшего развития отечественной публичной дипломатии, связанной с активным сотрудничеством с ЮНЕСКО и его использованием для решения важных российских внутриполитических задач утверждения демократии, формирования правового государства, профилактики этнических и социальных конфликтов. ; The article deals with UNESCO and Russia interacting. It is shown that the cooperation with UNESCO is favorably affecting an international image of Russia, and the fact contributes to strengthening conclusively the components of the Russia's soft power. The author also concludes that it is necessary to go on with the formation of a national public diplomacy. An active cooperation with UNESCO certainly helps with achievement of the goal. It can be more actively used to solve important domestic political tasks as well: the establishment of democracy, the formation of the rule of law, the prophilaxis of ethnic and social conflicts.

"The frontier between the south of Spain and Portugal is established by the river Guadiana. Next to the sea, the cities of Ayamonte (Spain) and Vila Real de Santo António (Portugal) are facing each other on opposite banks of the river. The research on which this chapter is based focuses on these two cities. The authors study specifically personal and social relationships and processes of the identity building of experts on cross-border cooperation in the southern European cross-border area of Spain and Portugal. Are the experts who are frequently involved in cross-border experiences, as a result of their personal and professional lives, experiencing or having transnational lives and transnational flows? To answer this question the authors analysed the biographies of a wide range of people with different life experiences regarding cross-border cooperation in both countries. The interviews were open-ended and included a structured module for analysing the social networks of the respondents. The results suggest that there are no traces of a significant transnational character in the relationships established in this particular cross-border area." (author's abstract)

Раздел "Международные отношения и внешняя политика" ; В статье раскрываются особенности взаимодействия между Республикой Беларусь и США на политическом уровне за период с конца 1991-го до начала 1994 г. Отмечено, что в рассматриваемый период белорусско-американское взаимодействие в политической сфере отличалось достаточно высокой динамикой и было подкреплено установлением дипломатических отношений, открытием полноценных дипломатических представительств, организацией визитов высших государственных руководителей, налаживанием взаимодействия по линии внешнеполитических и оборонных ведомств. Вместе с тем двусторонний политический диалог осуществлялся преимущественно по вопросам ликвидации ядерного оружия на территории Беларуси. = The article describes the peculiarities of the cooperation between Belarus and the USA at the political level during the period between the end of 1991 — beginning of 1994. It is mentioned that the Belarusian-American interaction in the political sphere had relatively high dynamics during this period and was strengthened by the establishment of diplomatic relations, opening of a full diplomatic representation, organization of visits of senior government officials, promoting of cooperation between the ministries of foreign affairs and defense. However, a bilateral political dialogue was conducted mostly on the issues of elimination of nuclear weapons on the territory of Belarus.

According to the survey by the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) in collaboration with the Brazilian Agency for Cooperation (ABC), Brazil contributed during the period of 2005-2009, with funds for International Development in the order of R $ 3.2 billion. Of the total budget for Brazilian Cooperation for International Development (COBRADI), R $ 929.7 million, almost 30%, corresponded to contributions to multilateral development funds such as the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank, the Fund for Special Operations (FSO) of the Inter-American Development Bank and the African Development Fund (ADF) of the African Development Bank. This paper seeks to describe the role of these institutions, their priorities, funding conditions and the Brazilian contribution throughout their participation as shareholders. Likewise, it seeks to launch for discussion a few elements present in the current debate on the quality of aid offered by those institutions that provide resources for the development of the poorest countries in the world, within highly concessional terms and to which Brazil has allocated a significant portion of their contributions during the period.

Outstanding Thesis ; While war in the Arctic appears unlikely at present, this thesis analyzes why an escalation of territorial and resource disputes in the Arctic up to and including the use of force cannot and should not be ruled out. This thesis examines the political, economic, and military interests of the main Arctic powers: Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States to set the scene for an assessment of the factors that could make for cooperation or conflict. Advocates of a Pax Arctica involving regional cooperation underrate the more pragmatic and competitive factors underlying international relations and the actual limits of international institutions and economic interdependence in restraining behavior in an anarchic system. The potential for U.S.-Russian maritime conflict in the region is genuine. Based on the methodology established for this analysis, it can be reasonably assessed that conflict in the Arctic is likely. No time horizon can be determined, however, because much depends on decisions made (or not made) by these same Arctic powers in the coming decades. ; http://archive.org/details/breakingicepoten1094527780 ; Outstanding Thesis ; Lieutenant, United States Navy ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The Partnership for Peace (PfP) is a NATO-led program of practical bilateral cooperation between NATO and individual Partner countries. It allows Partner countries to build an individual relationship with NATO, choosing their own priorities for cooperation. Based on a commitment to the democratic principles that underpin NATO, the purpose of the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program is to increase stability, diminish threats to peace, and build strengthened security relationships between individual Partner countries and NATO, as well as among Partner countries. The PfP program was launched in 1994 at the Brussels Summit as a "stepping stone" to NATO membership for the former republics of the Soviet Union in central, eastern, and southeastern Europe. Since it was established, 12 former PfP member countries have become full NATO members: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. During the NATO summit in Riga on November 29, 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia were invited to join PfP after which they joined PfP on December 14, 2006. Presently, there are 22 PfP countries.

Global environmental governance is growing increasingly complex and recent scholarship and practice raise a number of questions about the continued feasibility of negotiating and implementing an ever-larger set of global environmental agreements. In the search for alternative conceptual models and normative orders, regional environmental governance (REG) is (re)emerging as a significant phenomenon in theory and practice. Although environmental cooperation has historically been more prevalent at the regional than at the global level, and has informed much of what we know today about international environmental cooperation, REG has been a neglected topic in the scholarly literature on international relations and international environmental politics. This introduction to the special issue situates theoretical arguments linked to REG in the broader literature, including the nature of regions, the location of regions in multilevel governance, and the normative arguments advanced for and against regional orders. It provides an overview of empirical work; offers quantitative evidence of REG's global distribution; advances a typology of REG for future research; and introduces the collection of research articles and commentaries through the lens of three themes: form and function, multilevel governance, and participation.

В последние два десятилетия мировая космическая деятельность расширилась и претерпела значительные изменения. Современный процесс международного освоения и использования ближнего космоса характеризуется целым рядом особенностей, таких как милитаризация и коммерциализация космической деятельности, несоответствие нормативно-правовой базы сотрудничества в космической области современным реалиям, наличием глобальной проблемы техногенного засорения космического пространства. Перед мировым сообществом стоит задача нахождения кооперационной модели освоения космического пространства и использования его ресурсов на благо всего человечества. ; Within the two latest decades the world space activity has greatly expanded and undergone some considerable changes as well. The modern process of international mastering and employment of near-earth space has got a number of special features, such as follows, militarization and commercialization of space activity, the discrepancy between law-based norms of space cooperation and the real state of things, the existence of the global problem of space technogenic littering, etc. At present the world community is facing the problem of searching for and finding a new cooperation model of space exploration and using its resources for the benefit of the whole mankind.

В статье рассматривается развитие торговых отношений между Финнмарком (Северной Норвегией) и Кольским Заполярьем (Россией) сквозь призму историко-политического подхода на примере взаимодействия двух стран в баренц-поморской торговле: отношений в древний период, период Холодной войны и становлении Баренцева сотрудничества. Автор приходит к выводу, что приграничные регионы представляют собой суть одно целое, а граница является соединяющим фактором. Автор представляет перспективы развития российско-норвежских торговых отношений в свете упрощения визового режима и развития Баренцева сотрудничества в XXI веке. ; The article deals with the development of trade relations between Finnmark (Northern Norway) and the Kola North (Russia) in the focus of historical and political approach on the example of the two countries in the Barents Pomor Trade, relations during the ancient period, period Cold War and the establishment of the Barents cooperation. The author comes to the conclusion that the border regions are the essence of a whole, and the border is a connecting factor. The author presents the prospects for Russian-Norwegian trade relations in the case of the visa-free regime and development of the Barents cooperation in the XXI century.

Оценивая современное состояние Российско-индийских отношений, складывается впечатление, что впервые за много лет мы вновь видим настоящий государственный подход в вопросах двустороннего культурного сотрудничества. С этой целью весной 2006 года Фондом эффективной политики по заказу Центра Стратегических разработок было проведено исследование текущего состояния и перспектив Российско-индийского сотрудничества. Результаты опроса 44 экспертов, как с российской, так и с индийской стороны, оказались для Правительства России холодным душем. Стало очевидно, какой для себя выгодный рынок мы упускаем, и что далее терпеть такое положение вещей более недопустимо. ; Assessing the current state of Russian-Indian relations, it seems that for the first time we see the real state approach to the issues of bilateral cultural cooperation. For this purpose in the spring of 2006 the Effective Policy Foundation commissioned the Center for Strategic Research to conduct a study of the current state and prospects of Russian-Indian cooperation. The results refuted 44 experts, both Russian and the Indian side, the Russian Government were to do a cold-shower. It became obvious what a favourable market we are missing, and that such things are not allowed anymore.

Article 3(2) TFEU stipulates: 'The Union shall offer its citizens an area of freedom, security and justice […]'. Such an Area sounds like a present anyone would want to receive. However, what precisely is the meaning of these promising terms? How much 'freedom', 'se-curity', and 'justice' does the Union want to offer? What are the inherent limitations? What are the constitutional, political, and practical obstacles to establishing the Area in the way the Union envisage it? The establishment of the area of freedom, security and justice poses huge challenges for the Union and its Member States. The identification of joint objectives is difficult and might disenchant those who were inspired by the promising terminology, but even greater constitutional, political and practical difficulties arise when European law is incorporated into national law, when specific and effective cooperation arrangements are set up (including those re-quiring exchange of information), when flexible and differentiated integration compartmentalises the Area to a patchwork, in the ex-ercise of parliamentary control, in the treatment of third country nationals, and in the control of minimum standards at all levels of cooperation.