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The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."

Summary: The article shows ethnographic findings on gold fever and the incorporation of Croatian pirates and chippings in the immediate vicinity of the Baquedano de Porvenir cordon, Tierra del Fuego, Chile. They were two stages of golden fetichism developed between the decades 1883-1909 and 1930-1990. The first began with the discovery of the ore through European dispatches that plagued on beaches on foot-patagonic beaches; the territories were then exploited by Julio Popper, who formed the Anónima de Laveros de Oro del Sud, bringing the gold route from Cape Virgin to Punta Arenas, Isla Navarino, Cape Hornos, Bahía Aguirre, Sloggett, Nueva, Picton and Lennox, with the Páramo in San Sebastian being its main hub. The second was developed through the organisation of communities of Croatian pirates and chippings, who continued to farm on a artisanal basis in the fields of the Fueguina mountain range. Gold fever contributed to the foundation of Porvenir, highlighting investments in general, hotel and leisure sectors as part of peripheral economies, as well as the growing industry that continued as a lasting economy. ; Resumen: El artículo muestra hallazgos etnográficos sobre la fiebre del oro e incorporación de pirquineros croatas y chilotes en las inmediaciones del cordón Baquedano de Porvenir, Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Fueron dos etapas de fetichismo aurífero desarrolladas entre las décadas de 1883-1909 y 1930-1990. La primera se inició con el descubrimiento del mineral a través de expediciones europeas que encallaron en playas fuego-patagónicas; después los territorios fueron explotados por Julio Popper, quien formó la Compañía Anónima de Lavaderos de Oro del Sud trazando la ruta del oro desde Cabo Vírgenes hasta Punta Arenas, Isla Navarino, cabo de Hornos, Bahía Aguirre, Sloggett, Nueva, Picton y Lennox, siendo el Páramo en San Sebastián, su principal centro de operaciones. La segunda se desarrolló a través de la organización de comunidades de pirquineros croatas y chilotes, quienes continuaron con la explotación ...

For centuries the term 'chichimeca' has been used by Mexico as a synonym for 'barbaro' or 'wild'. However, in recent decades, a deepening of the knowledge of Chichimeca groups — which has been a political revalorisation of the regions in Mexico — has led to a further rebuilding of the memory of Spanish conquest, which, in part, offers a different view of these human groups. To an unanticipated degree, social anthropology — and in particular the 'Permanent Seminar of Studies of Great Chichimeca' (SPECH), in which different academic disciplines engage in dialogue on the same topic and territory — is contributing to the same review, with the convergent result of removing Chichimeca peoples from the ostracism to which official history in Mexico had confined them, while, among other inhabitants of that part of the country, a certain pride of being from the same place as them is generated. ; Peer reviewed ; For centuries the term 'chichimeca' has been used by Mexico as a synonym for 'barbaro' or 'wild'. However, in recent decades, a deepening of the knowledge of Chichimeca groups — which has been a political revalorisation of the regions in Mexico — has led to a further rebuilding of the memory of Spanish conquest, which, in part, offers a different view of these human groups. To an unanticipated degree, social anthropology — and in particular the 'Permanent Seminar of Studies of Great Chichimeca' (SPECH), in which different academic disciplines engage in dialogue on the same topic and territory — is contributing to the same review, with the convergent result of removing Chichimeca peoples from the ostracism to which official history in Mexico had confined them, while, among other inhabitants of that part of the country, a certain pride of being from the same place as them is generated. ; Durante siglos el término "chichimeca" ha sido utilizado por los mexicanos como sinónimo de "bárbaro" o "salvaje". Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas una profundización en el conocimiento de los grupos chichimecas —a la que no ha ...

This ethnography analyzes the ways in which organization and sociability in the Partido Justicialista (Peronism) in the Province of Misiones, Argentina, take place. The research concentrates on the participation of a Peronist leader in the political networks of Posadas city during a local electoral campaign. The paper analyses personal relations within these political networks, reciprocal obligations and material and symbolical exchanges between people with equal and different political, social, economic and cultural capital. The conformation of these political networks can be compared to other phenomena as patronage and clientelism, largely studied by Anthropology ; Esta etnografía analiza formas de organización y sociabilidad en el Partido Justicialista o peronista en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Analiza la participación de una dirigente peronista en redes políticas de la ciudad de Posadas en las elecciones municipales. El trabajo propone un análisis de relaciones personalizadas en esas redes, la producción de obligaciones recíprocas, intercambios materiales y simbólicos entre individuos de igual y diferente capital político, social, económico y cultural. La configuración de esas redes es similar a fenómenos que la literatura antropológica ha definido como patronazgo y el clientelismo. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Drawing on an ethnography of life in a Ghanaian weaving workshop, this article traces the intersections between young rural weavers' affective labour, hope and their experiences of immobility. Hope is explored as an ambivalent resource which shapes the shared, social materiality of their craftwork, the spiritual beliefs which give meaningful shape to the challenges of craft livelihoods and the imaginaries and lived experiences which compose young weavers' sense of migration and mobility. Entangled in the precarious logics of late capitalism, these hopes simultaneously offer young craftsmen a sense of existential mobility, whilst curtailing and circumscribing possibilities for sustained and systemic change. In this, the 'not-yet' hopefulness of immobility is examined as a complex affective and political field, shot through with tense anticipation, longing and disappointment.

Digital technology, as well as serving as a research tool, is also a subject of study. Many disciplines have found new elements such as internet law, virtual ethnography or data mining in social networking, especially on the internet. This is also the case in culture and education. In short, more and more researchers and research work, in addition to studying digitalised culture, analyse digital culture and, on the other hand, there are lines of research which, in addition to viewing the internet as educational material, see the online environment as a new social and cultural condition for learning within and outside school. In other words, for culture and education, current technology does not go unnoticed. Both disciplines are currently rebuilding their developments and creating other narratives, anew to understand, value and develop their frameworks and practices in a new ecosystem, the digital ecosystem. ; La tecnología digital, además de servir como herramienta de investigación, también es un objeto de estudio. Muchas disciplinas han encontrado en el quehacer social en red, especialmente en internet, nuevos elementos para analizar, como el derecho de internet, la etnografía virtual o la minería de datos, por poner algunos ejemplos. Esto también sucede en la cultura y la educación. En pocas palabras, existen cada vez más investigadores y trabajos de investigación que, además de estudiar la cultura digitalizada, analizan la cultura digital y, por otra parte, existen líneas de investigación que además de ver internet como material educativo, ven el entorno online como una nueva condición social y cultural de aprendizaje dentro y fuera de la escuela. Esto es, para la cultura y la educación la tecnología actual no pasa desapercibida. En la actualidad ambas disciplinas están retomando sus desarrollos y creando otras narrativas, ávidas por entender, valorar y desarrollar sus encuadres y prácticas en un nuevo ecosistema, el digital.

This book has been the result of research undertaken by the author since the 2000s. His thesis of ethnology, supported in 2007 at the Laval University (Quebec), focuses on the political uses of tourism and heritage, and how they are drivers of change in Tunisian society. Questioning how the tourism/heritage pair affects local reality, the question goes back to independence and continues until after the turn recorded from 2011 onwards. The first chapter clearly announces the gap between independence and the Revolution (pp. 35-53), similar moments in the eyes of the author. (.) ; International audience ; This book has been the result of research undertaken by the author since the 2000s. His thesis of ethnology, supported in 2007 at the Laval University (Quebec), focuses on the political uses of tourism and heritage, and how they are drivers of change in Tunisian society. Questioning how the tourism/heritage pair affects local reality, the question goes back to independence and continues until after the turn recorded from 2011 onwards. The first chapter clearly announces the gap between independence and the Revolution (pp. 35-53), similar moments in the eyes of the author. (.) ; Cet ouvrage est le fruit de recherches engagées par l'auteur depuis les années 2000. Sa thèse en ethnologie, soutenue en 2007 à l'Université Laval (Québec), est centrée sur les usages politiques du tourisme et du patrimoine, et la façon dont ils constituent des moteurs de changement dans la société tunisienne. Interrogeant la manière dont le binôme tourisme/patrimoine impacte la réalité locale, le questionnement remonte jusqu'à l'indépendance et se prolonge jusqu'après le virage enregistré à partir de 2011. Le premier chapitre annonce clairement le va-et-vient entre l'indépendance et la Révolution (pp. 35-53), moments comparables aux yeux de l'auteur. (.)

International audience Drawing upon a study carried out at a funeral home, a hospital, and a police station, this article explores the sociological study of emotions at work and their political dimension. First, it emphasizes the methodological contributions of comparative ethnography, arguing in favor of this combined methodology by seeking to highlight its refined use of observation and interviews by mobilizing various professional circles. Second, the article aims to understand the political handling of emotions in the workplace (especially what we term "emotional risk"). Emotional risk is often an invisible risk because it is normalized. It is an important issue for working conditions and their negotiation, but it is difficult to bring to the fore. It is often explained and legitimized by professional culture, more or less ignored by management, and relatively forgotten by trade union action. As a result, it rarely or never detaches itself from the local sphere and therefore does not acquire a broader political dimension, although public policies are showing a growing interest in matters of well-being at work. ; En s'appuyant sur une enquête menée dans les pompes funèbres, à l'hôpital et dans la police, l'article propose de traiter de l'étude sociologique des émotions au travail et de leur dimension politique. D'un côté, il souligne donc les apports méthodologiques de l'ethnographie comparée. L'article plaide en faveur de cette méthodologie combinée en cherchant à montrer la finesse qu'elle permet par l'usage de l'observation et des entretiens en mobilisant divers milieux professionnels. D'un autre côté, l'article vise à comprendre comment les émotions au travail (surtout ce que nous avons appelé le « risque émotionnel ») sont traitées politiquement. Le risque émotionnel peut apparaître souvent comme un risque invisibilisé, car normalisé. Il constitue un enjeu important pour les conditions de travail et leur négociation, mais il est délicat à mettre en avant. Il est souvent expliqué et légitimé par la ...

during the xixe siecle, science is progressing in the knowledge of Colonese regions and the peoples living there. This 'ethnography' will spread the ideality, on the one hand, that not all 'breeds' are equal and, on the other hand, that that of Europeans is superior to others. During this period, the savers classify live especes from inferiors to the superiors and, within human espece, manage individuals according to their 'breed' on the basis of priority on the colour of their skin. in the years 1860-1880, history as a scientific discipline will, at least initially, strengthen this inegalitarian view of 'breeds'. By using the comparative analysis between the monkeys and the current Hommes, and, subsequently, fossil, anthropologists build on the presuppose of the existence of superior and inferious 'breeds'. In addition, the evolution of crops is breakthrough as a single and gradual transformation: from the primitive rescue industry (represented by the PreHistories and the 'Sauvages') to civilisation. These biological and cultural developments will lead to the development of ideologies with dramatic consequences for certain humans. ; Au cours du xixe siecle, la science progresse dans la connaissance des regions colonisees et des peuples qui y vivent. Cette « ethnographie » va propager l'idee, d'une part, que toutes les « races » ne sont pas egales et, d'autre part, que celle des Europeens est superieure aux autres. Durant cette periode, les savants classent les especes vivantes des inferieures aux superieures et, au sein de l'espece humaine, ils hierarchisent les individus en fonction de leur « race » en se fondant en priorite sur la couleur de leur peau. La reconnaissance, dans les annees 1860-1880, de la prehistoire en tant que discipline scientifique va, dans un premier temps au moins, conforter cette vision inegalitaire des « races ». En utilisant l'analyse comparative entre les singes et les Hommes actuels et, desormais, fossiles, les anthropologues affermissent le presuppose de l'existence de « races » ...

International audience Employing a sociological actor-centred approach, this article explores the interrelations between individual and organisational dynamics by investigating how national civil society organisations' (CSOs) leaders, board and rank-and-file members' views of Europe(s) contribute to the CSOs' process of reaching consensus about going European. Bottom-up Europeanization and social movement studies are employed to analyse the case of a French CSO joining a European network of national CSOs in order to defend the rights of binational couples. These couples, composed of a European and an extra-European citizen, have been particularly affected since mid-1990 by restrictive policies that the EU has attempted to harmonise, but that remain nationally rooted. Thanks to an in-depth ethnography and drawing on the 'usages of Europe' and the 'Europeanness' literature, three views of Europe, arguments to use or not to use Europe in CSOs, have been identified. These views, defined as instrumental, pro-European and Euro-sceptical, depend on individuals' generation and education, as well as on their motives for engagement and their roles in the CSO. The national CSO leadership and board have to negotiate with this plurality of views before defining activities. In so doing, they have to consider economic and human resource shortages. Thus, beyond divergent positions towards Europe, consensus is reached on the possibility of using Europe as an instrument for national policy changes and CSO visibility. Such dynamics, employed to harmonise disparate views of Europe, are reproduced once national CSOs are acting in the European network and tend to create a weak experience of Europeanization, mainly based on the transnationalisation of the CSO's activities.

International audience Above and beyond a legitimate concern with preserving intangible cultural " treasures " and " masterpieces, " what are the extra-heritage issues that tend to slip beneath UNESCO'S applications for recognition and listing? Through an examination of recent projects presented by Iran, I propose to carry out a modest ethnography that addresses the meaning of these applications, ethnography being in the words of Clifford Geertz (Geertz 1983: 152), " an enterprise (…) whose aim is to render obscure matters intelligible by providing them with an informing context. ; Au-dessus et au-delà du souci légitime de sauvegarder les « trésors » et les « chefs-d'oeuvre » culturels immatériels, qu'en est-il des autres questions patrimoniales qui tendent à échapper aux candidatures présentées à l'UNESCO pour obtenir reconnaissance et inscription sur les listes ? En examinant de récents projets présentés par l'Iran, l'auteur se propose d'entreprendre une modeste ethnographie portant sur la signification de ces candidatures, l'ethnographie étant, comme le dit Clifford Geertz (Geertz 1983 : 152) « une entreprise […] visant à rendre intelligibles des phénomènes obscures en procurant des informations sur leur contexte ».

Kazakh ethnology is experiencing a deep crisis. Subject to politics since its inception, it has served first the administrative and expansionist projects of the Russian Empire and then the USSR's collectivisation-sedentarisation and folklorisation objectives. Field studies in the kolkhoze were organised and monitored by the scientific institution since the 30s and led to descriptive work on material culture and 'survivors'. Only historians have emerged from intense theoretical anthropological debates on the nature of Kazakh nomadism, but their diachronic analyses were not related to the present data. Kazakhstan's independence has not really allowed ethnology to renew its themes and to reform its methods. Affected by the dessertion of researchers and the disappearance of masters, discipline is causing a deterioration in the level of demands and a scarcity of work. The themes addressed are characterised by a desire to promote a lost tradition, with the tacit encouragement of a nationalist climate. This is irreconcilable with an assessment of the impact of the Soviet experience on Kazakh society. There is little work on recent fundamental changes in Kazakh society (pastoralism, lignager system). ; International audience Kazakh ethnology is experiencing a profound crisis. Subject to political control ever since its emergence, it first served the administrative and expansionist projects of the Russian Empire, then the aims of collectivisation-settling and " folklorisation " of the USSR. From the 1930s. field studies in the kolkhoz were organised and controlled by the scientific establishment and resulted in descriptive works on material culture and " survivals ". Only historians engaged in lively anthropological debates of a theoretical nature on the question of Kazakh nomadism, but their diachronic analyses were not related to contemporary data. The independence of Kazakhstan has not really enabled ethnology to renew its themes or to reform its methods. Deserted by researchers and also affected by the loss of older ...

Summary (analytical) On 18 October 2019, thousands of Chilean young people went to the streets to demand a fairer society, starting a process of constitutional change and citizenship. This article analyses this process by focusing on disruptive strategies by young people to challenge public spaces in the first months of protest. To this end, an ethnography was carried out over ten weeks — October to December 2019 — in the cities of Santiago and Valparaíso. The results show that these young people are identified as part of a multitude of people who have experienced citizens, demanding greater social participation. It is concluded that this awakening reflects the social trends of young people in other parts of the world, which also challenge and demand social transformations in liberal democracies. ; Resumen (analítico) El 18 de octubre de 2019, miles de jóvenes chilenos salieron a las calles para exigir una sociedad más justa, iniciando un proceso de cambio constitucional y de ciudadanía. Este artículo analiza ese proceso centrándose en las estrategias disruptivas de los y las jóvenes para impugnar los espacios públicos en los primeros meses de protesta. Con esta finalidad, se realizó una etnografía durante diez semanas -octubre a diciembre del 2019--, en las ciudades de Santiago y Valparaíso. Los resultados muestran que estos jóvenes se identifican como parte de una multitud que ha experimentado un despertar ciudadano, exigiendo mayor participación social. Se concluye que este despertar refleja las tendencias sociales de las juventudes de otras partes del mundo, que igualmente disputan y exigen transformaciones sociales en las democracias liberales.

All the challenge of this survey is to describe the change in collective experiences and institutional environments based on the emergence of Islam in Paris. How does the trajectory of a mosque, its weekly footprint on the streets set a horizon of commitments, concerns, sensitisation and mobilisations to the Goutte d'Or? What institutional, legal and political arrangements may make it possible to find a solution to the ritual occupation of public space and to manage the equally public problem of establishing a place of worship? From prayer to the project of the Institut des Culture de l'Islam (ICI), this research aims to make an ethnography of the Muslim fact in the Goutte d'Or, making it possible to understand from the logic of proximity a process of stabilising and naturalising Islam in metropolitan France. ; Tout l'enjeu de cette enquête est de décrire la mutation d'expériences collectives et d'environnements institutionnels à partir de l'émergence de l'islam à Paris. Comment la trajectoire d'une mosquée, de son emprise hebdomadaire sur la rue ordonne-t-elle un horizon d'engagements, de concernement, de sensibilisations et de mobilisations à la Goutte d'Or ? Quels montages institutionnels, juridiques et politiques vont éventuellement permettre de trouver une solution à l'occupation rituelle de l'espace public et de gérer le problème tout aussi public de l'implantation d'un lieu de culte ? De la prière dans la rue au projet del'Institut des Culture de l'Islam (ICI), cette recherche se propose de faire une ethnographie du fait musulman à la Goutte d'Or, en faisant le pari de comprendre à partir des logiques de proximité un processus de stabilisation et de naturalisation de l'islam dans la métropole.