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The Australian Graves Detachment, a unit over 11 hundred men, was formed in March 1919 on the Western Front. Its mission was to exhume and re-bury the war dead in a small area of Northern France where the Australian Imperial Force had fought. While war memorialization and grief are significant fields of research in First World War studies, much remains to be written with regard to the processes of burying the millions of dead. Little, for example, has been written about the men who undertook the daunting tasks of exhuming and burying. This article seeks to contribute to this emerging area of inquiry by exploring how discipline was enforced at the Australian Graves Detachment through a range of strategies such as negotiation and care for both the men's physical and mental wellbeing. It argues that at a time where inflexible military discipline and justice were difficult to enforce, such non-coercive forms of control proved more effective for disciplining the men than formal military sanctions. This article first examines the nature of the work undertaken by the Australian Graves Detachment. Second, it turns to the disciplinary issues which arose from the ranks. Third, the article analyses the strategies put in place by the Commanding Officer of the Detachment to maintain discipline within the unit. In particular, the article highlights how entertainment played a key role in maintaining discipline and morale within the detachment, providing the men with a wide variety of amusing activities that kept them under their officers' watch and control. Sports, games, theatre, movies, the camera club, afternoon teas and other forms of entertainment insured that men had as little idle time as possible. Entertainment became the cornerstone of the Commanding Officer's attempts to limit misconduct, and to ensure that the unit would complete its mission.

The article on the system level analyzes the development of the approach of the domestic legislator to the standardization of the issue about the scope, conditions and procedure of providing information about the joint-stock company to shareholders. Stressing the non-property nature of the right to information and the importance of its proper implementation (including the standpoint of protecting the interests of participants and effectively exercising other corporate rights), the author identifies and reveals the key stages in the evolution of normative and judicial positions on this issue, revealing a clear tendency to narrow information opportunities of shareholders. In the current state of affairs, special attention is paid to differences in the regulation of the shareholders right to information depending on the type of society (public or non-public) and difficulties in interpreting the term business purpose. The author considers in detail the topical issues about the correlation of confidential information and information constituting a commercial secret, the extent to which the right to information is exercised (presence of the shareholder status, specificity of the requirement to provide information, etc.). ; В статье в системном ключе анализируется развитие подхода отечественного законодателя к нормированию вопроса об объеме, условиях и порядке предоставления акционерам информации об акционерном обществе. Подчеркивая неимущественную природу права на информацию и важное значение его надлежащей реализации (в том числе с позиции охраны интересов участников и эффективного осуществления ими иных корпоративных прав), автор выделяет и раскрывает ключевые этапы эволюции нормативных и судебных позиций по указанной проблематике, выявляя четкую тенденцию к сужению информационных возможностей акционеров. Применительно к текущему состоянию дел особое внимание уделяется различиям в регламентации права акционера на информацию в зависимости от типа общества (публичное или непубличное) и сложностям при интерпретации термина деловая цель. Детальному изучению подвергаются актуальные вопросы о соотношении конфиденциальных сведений и сведений, составляющих коммерческую тайну; о пределах осуществления права на информацию (наличие статуса акционера, конкретизированность требования о предоставлении информации и пр.).

The article deals with the political and legal aspects of ensuring the legitimacy and legality of public power in its constitutional parameters. The analysis of the relationship between the characteristics of legitimacy and legality of public power is given, the conclusion is made about the self-interested use of the legally uncertain concept of legitimacy in political practice in relation to Russia. The institution of elections is characterized as a tool to increase the legitimacy of power in the state, the relative nature of their influence on the degree of legitimacy of power due to the existing practice of manipulation in the conduct of elections. Attention is drawn to the fact that elections to the authorities may be a formal measure of the legitimacy of the government, but this does not mean that the government has real (actual) legitimacy. First of all, the elections should ensure the legality of power as the basis for the formation of the trust of people, which is transformed into the legitimacy of public power as a whole. ; В статье рассматриваются политико-правовые аспекты обеспечения легитимности и легальности публичной власти в ее конституционных параметрах. Дается анализ соотношения характеристик легитимности и легальности публичной власти, делается вывод о корыстно заинтересованном использовании юридически неопределенного понятия легитимности в политической практике применительно к России. Институт выборов характеризуется как инструмент повышения легитимности власти в государстве, отмечается относительный характер их влияния на степень легитимности власти в силу существующей практики манипуляций в проведении выборов. Обращается внимание на то, что выборы в органы власти могут быть формальным измерителем легитимности власти, но это не означает, что власть обладает реальной (фактической) легитимностью. В первую очередь в выборах должна обеспечиваться легальность власти как основа формирования доверия народа, трансформирующегося в легитимность публичной власти в целом.

Environmental concerns have led to internal and international responses to address the excesses of pollution caused by productive, industrial and economic systems and by man's livelihoods, which have caused environmental damage, many of them with an irreversible character. Faced with this situation has emerged the conviction of the need to protect nature, States and International Organizations have become aware of the convenience of adopting Conventions, Agreements, International Treaties, to cooperate in it safeguarding and to adapt their legislation to effectively protect the natural environment. This article analyzes the legal protection of the environment from a global perspective, valuing the national and international implications. Particular attention is paid to crimes against the environment as defined in the Spanish Penal Code and some problematic aspects are exposed when penalizing such conducts. ; La preocupación medioambiental ha provocado que se den respuestas internas e internacionales para hacer frente a los excesos contaminantes causados por los sistemas productivos, industriales y económicos, y por los modos de vida del hombre, que han originado daños al medio ambiente, en muchas ocasiones de carácter irreversible. Frente a esta situación ha surgido la convicción de la necesidad de proteger la naturaleza, con lo que los Estados y las Organizaciones Internacionales han tomado conciencia de la conveniencia de adoptar Convenios, Acuerdos, Tratados Internacionales, de cooperar en su salvaguarda y de adecuar sus legislaciones para proteger de una forma efectiva el entorno natural. En este trabajo se analiza la protección jurídica del medio ambiente desde una perspectiva global, valorando las implicaciones nacionales e internacionales. Se presta una atención especial a los delitos contra el medio ambiente tipificados en el Código Penal español y se exponen algunos aspectos problemáticos a la hora de enjuiciar tales conductas.

International audience ; If museums adapt their exhibitions to school audiences by designing guided or interactive tours, as well as organising creation and expression workshops, welcoming families, in the context of a normal visit, still raises many questions, as very few studies focus on the expectations of families with children aged 8 to 12 when visiting a museum. Research carried out at the Musée de la Bande Dessinée in Angoulême allowed us to discover the contrast between school visits, often very popular, compared to family visits, often tedious and disappointing, which is damaging for the image of the museum on the Internet. Our reflection of what's on offer at the Musée de la BD led to the creation of a social and semiotic theoretical framework combining different forms of mediation — through the museum, the parents and technology — in order to suggest a joint museum experience between parents and children that would strengthen family ties. ; Si les musées adaptent leur offre aux publics scolaires en concevant des visites gui-dées ou interactives, des ateliers de création et d'expression, la politique d'accueil des familles dans le cadre d'une visite libre soulève encore de nombreuses interrogations car peu d'études s'intéressent aux attentes des familles avec enfants de 8 à 12 ans qui effectuent une visite libre d'un musée. Une recherche menée au sein du Musée de la Bande Dessinée d'Angoulême, nous a permis de découvrir la situation contrastée des visites scolaires, très appréciées, par rapport aux visites familiales libres, cruel-lement décevantes et dommageables pour l'image du musée sur Internet. La réflexion sur l'offre du musée de la BD a conduit à l'élaboration d'un cadre théorique de nature sociosémiotique, enchâssant différentes formes de médiation — muséale, paren-tale et technologique — pour étayer une expérience muséale conjointe entre parents et enfants qui renforce les liens familiaux.

According to Martinez. AC, Seco. Calvo. J, & Turmari. J.A, 2010, to prevent the stress provoked during the competition season, and control the recovery periods, it is useful to monitor cortisol, stosterone, and the level of training. In popularity and benefits sports overcome regional, cultural, cast, creed, socio-economic and political boundaries and can be invoked with success in any community virtually all over the world. Sport is a timeless activity which human beings have been enjoying since ancient times, as exemplified by the Greek Olympic Games. Its popularity is steadily increasing better more than the cultural growth and civilization advancement. So, physical education profession is entering in to one of the most exciting and dynamic eras in its history (pubmed, 2016). The fitness, movement and increase in leisure time have created a market for physical education and sports programs to serve individuals in every walk of their life. Now a days society has given paramount emphasis on achieving and maintaining optimal health and wellbeing to its members. For the above purpose, Sports which consist of training, exercises and performance to improve physical abilities to helps in acquiring the skills connected with the technique of the sports through systematic performance. In the testing of physical abilities, visual evaluation leaves a gap between exercise and the effects of its systematic repetition. Our general understanding of training is that it significantly improves exercise-induced changes in the organism and each change is specifically dependent on the nature of exercise, intensity and its duration. Thus, each training exercise results in specific changes in the organism that is necessary to obtain the goal of the training. "Cortisol is a major hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, which is the primary lucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal gland in response to ACTH stimulation or stress". (McGraw Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 2002) Cortisol is a stress hormone which is produced ...

The second article of the preliminary draft law on Belgian obligations is devoted to the natural obligation. The proposed definition of the natural obligation is problematic. In reality, the purely natural obligation is a duty of justice, which positive law does not recognise in absolute terms, but leaves it open to the natural debtor to recognise it for himself on the basis of his individual consciousness. As regards the scheme, the preliminary draft proposes codifying the mechanism which is the specific nature of Belgian law among the duties currently in force: recognition. The use of the concept in this area is extremely sensible, but Belgian law would benefit from an even greater emphasis on it. The mechanism of non-restitution of the natural obligation voluntarily paid can also be explained by the concept of recognition. This is an old idea that can be found in history. Therefore, a new wording of the article on the natural obligation is proposed. ; International audience The second article of the preliminary draft of Belgian law of obligations deals with natural obligations. Its definition of natural obligations is problematic. In reality, purely natural obligations are obligations of justice, that positive law doesn't recognize in the absolute, but provides the natural debtor the faculty of acknowledging it from his individual conscience. Besides, the preliminary draft further proposes to codify the mechanism that is the specificity of Belgian law: the acknowledgment of a natural obligation. The use of this concept is extremely judicious, but Belgian law would benefit from giving it an even more important place. Indeed, the classical mechanism of non-restitution in case of voluntary payment of a natural obligation is attributable to the concept of acknowledgment. It is an old idea that is accounted for throughout history. A new wording of the article dealing with natural obligations is therefore proposed. ; The second article of the preliminary draft law on Belgian obligations is devoted to the natural ...

Se analizan los contenidos de los preámbulos de las Constituciones Políticas de los Estados latinoamericanos, con el de fin de comprenderlos, clasificarlos, exponerlos de manera comparada. Con base en ello, se establece su relación con el actual modelo de Estado de derecho y su papel como insumos ideológicos tanto para la producción de normas jurídicas, como para la respectiva hermenéutica constitucional, específicamente, en los juicios de control o de defensa constitucional. Se describe, además, la evolución de su concepto y significado, sus contenidos, funciones y fines, a partir del examen de las proclamas asumidas como metarrelatos que compendian afirmaciones políticas cohesivas de diferente naturaleza (axiológica, filosófica, mítica, histórica y cultural) y que tienen la pretensión de legitimar un nuevo proyecto de orden sociopolítico o de relegitimar uno existente. Estas son tomadas de los textos de las Cartas Políticas de los Estados latinoamericanos mediante una metodología de análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. ; The contents of the preambles of the political constitutions of the Latin American States are analyzed, in order to understand them, to classify them, and to expose them in a comparative way. From this, we can establish the relationship between those preambles and the current model of Rule of Law and their role as ideological items for producing both legal norms and the respective constitutional hermeneutics, specifically, in the control trials or constitutional defense. Then we describe this concept's evolution, meaning, contents, functions, and purposes, by examining proclamations assumed as metanarratives that summarize cohesive political affirmations, from different nature (axiological, philosophical, mythical, historical and cultural), and pretend to legitimize a new sociopolitical project or an existing one. Those proclamations are taken from the Political Letters of the Latin American States, through a methodology of quantitative and qualitative analysis.

In recent decades, public-private partnerships has converted in an alternative way of providing transport infrastructures that has been traditional delivered by public sector. Between 1990 and 2017, governments all over the world have awarded more than 1600 PPPs transport infrastructure. However, there are some aspects that affect public-private partnerships that has not been analyzed and which could facilitate the study of their economic impact. This Thesis analyses public-private partnerships in road infrastructures. The context for the analysis is Spain, both because of its pioneering nature in the extension of such public-private partnerships and because of the undisputed weight of the road infrastructure industry in the international context. The thesis is structured in five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction and examines the role of PPPs in road infrastructures and the road PPPs in Spain's toll motorways. The second chapter is divided into two sections. The first part of the chapter analyze whether the allocation of risks that has been carried out in Spain and other countries complies with the predictions of contract theory. To this end, the framework of institutional and economic relations between the state and private concessionaires is reviewed in detail. The purpose of this case analysis is to identify the main limitations of these models and to delineate those aspects that have a significant influence on the incentives of the different parties, the efficiency of the contract, the financial evolution of the concession and its impact on public finances, taxpayers and users. Additionally, good regulatory practices are suggested in the concession business, which make it possible to take advantage of the benefits that private participation in road infrastructure projects can bring. The second part of the chapter examines whether the financial downturn experienced by most concessions awarded at the beginning of the new millennium can be attributed to Spain's particular model of risk sharing and ...

The effect of the LnOx support has been studied for Ni‐based CO2 methanation catalysts. 10 wt. % nickel catalysts with LaOx, CeO2 and PrOx supports have been prepared, characterized by N2 adsorption, XRD, XRF, TG‐MS (N2‐TPD and H2‐TPR) and XPS, and have been tested for CO2 methanation. The catalytic activity follows the trend Ni/CeO2 > Ni/PrOx » Ni/LaOx, all catalysts being very selective towards CH4 formation. The activity depends both on the nature of the catalytic active sites and on the stability of the surface CO2 and H2O species. Ni/CeO2 is the most active catalyst because (i) the Ni2+‐ceria interaction leads to the formation of the highest population of active sites for CO2 dissociation, (ii) the reduced Ni0 sites where H2 dissociation takes place are the most electronegative and active, and (iii) the stability of surface CO2 and H2O species is lowest. Ni/LaOx achieves lower activity because of the strong chemisorption of H2O and CO2, which poison the catalyst surface, and because this support is not able to promote the formation of highly active sites for CO2 and H2 dissociation. The behavior of Ni/PrOx is intermediate, being slightly lower to that of Ni/CeO2 because the formation of active sites is not so efficient and because the stability of chemisorbed CO2 is slightly higher. ; The authors thank the financial support of Basque Government (Consolidated Group IT657-13), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Projects CTQ2015-67597-C2-1-R and CTQ2015-67597-C2-2-R), and the EU (FEDER funding). ADQ thanks the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (grant FPU14/01178) and AQ the University of the Basque Country (grant PIF15/351).

Abstract, Communication orale ; International audience ; A signed graph is considered structurally balanced [1] if it can be partitioned into a number of clusters, such that positive (negative) links are located inside (in-between) the clusters. Due to the imbalanced nature of real-world networks, various measures have been dened to quantify the amount of imbalance, the simplest consisting in counting the numbers of misplaced links [1]. Such measures are expressed relatively to a graph partition, so processing the graph balance amounts to identifying the partition corresponding to the lowest imbalance measure. Our goal is to use this paradigm to study the roll-call voting activity of the Members of the European Parliament (MEPs). We want not only to detect groups of MEPs which would be cohesive in terms of votes (i.e groups of antagonistic voters), but also to identify the characteristic ways in which the MEP set is partitioned by these votes. The standard approach to study this type of system is to extract a mean vote similarity network (e.g. [2]). However, this approach suers from several limitations. The two main ones are that 1) they rely on some temporal integration of the raw data, which causes some information loss; and/or 2) they identify groups of antagonistic voters, but not the context associated to their occurrence. In this work, we propose a novel method taking advantage of multiplex signed graphs to solve both these issues. It consists in rst partitioning separately each layer which models a single roll-call as a signed unweighted graph, before grouping these partitions by similarity. We show the interest of our approach by applying it to a European Parliament dataset and by comparing the results with those obtained through a standard approach in our previous work [3].

L'interesse finanziario ha assunto un ruolo centrale per l'ordinamento eurounitario e nell'ordinamento eurounitario. Tale affermazione riceve il suo pieno significato dall'analisi delle fonti dell'Unione europea e dall'analisi della giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia, ora confermata dall'emanata direttiva PIF del 2017. L'Unione europea e gli Stati membri condividono la tutela dell'interesse finanziario e la conseguente lotta ai fenomeni fraudolenti che ne alterano la consistenza. Ciò si evince già a partire dalla disciplina del bilancio dell'Unione europea; trova conferma in quella del mercato e, infine, nell'analisi sistematica dei principi di neutralità, cooperazione tra amministrazioni, ne bis in in idem e legalità. L'analisi che è stata condotta, infatti, ha sempre tenuto paritariamente in considerazione sia il settore fiscale, sia quello penale, cui la Corte di Giustizia, valorizzandone l'effetto dissuasivo, ha conferito il principale compito di tutela. ; The protection of financial interests plays a fundamental role within the European legal system and for the European legal system. The claim is justified by a thorough analysis of both European sources of law and case-law of the Court of Justice, as recently also confirmed by the 2017 PIF Directive. The EU and the Member States share the burden of the protection of EU's financial interests and the prevention of potentially fraudulent behaviors harming its integrity. The above appears reasonably clear particularly in light of both the budgetary discipline of the European Union and of the single market, as also confirmed by an orderly analysis of the fundamental principles of EU law: tax neutrality; mutual assistance and cooperation between administrations; ne bis in idem and legality. Indeed, the tax and the criminal field have been granted equal consideration throughout the analysis laid down herein, although the latter, due to its prominent deterrent nature, has been regarded by the European Court of Justice as the main instrument for the protection of financial interests.

The development of hospitality services is growing rapidly, along with the marry role of investor in the development of the service is no exception to the government, the mechanism of the implementation of hotel financial management in addition managed by the private sector is also managed by the public or government sectors, but the nature and characteristics are different. The purpose of public sector organizations is motivated nonprofit while the private sector is profitable. Sources of public sector financing are derived from taxes, corporate profits of SOEs / SOEs, etc. while private sector financing comes from owner's capital, retained earnings, bank loans, and so on. The pattern of public sector responsibility to the public and the parliament while the private sector is accountable to shareholders, owners and creditors. The organizational structure of the public sector is bureaucratic, rigid and hierarchical while the private sector is flexible. Characteristics of the public sector budget are open to the public while the private sector is closed to the public. Accounting system used public sector cash accounting while private sector accrual accounting. Based on the above, the purpose of this study is to find out how: (1) implementation of public sector accounting role in Enhaii Hotel; (2) implementation of revenue and cost management effectiveness at Enhaii Hotel; and (3) role of public sector accounting on effectiveness Revenue management and fees at Enhaii Hotel. The research methodology applied is qualitative research method with case study at Enhaii Hotel Bandung, data collecting technique is done by observation, interview, document and bibliography, while the model of analysis used is Miles and Huberman model that is data reduction, data display, and data verification. The results of the discussion show that the role of public sector accounting on the effectiveness of revenue and cost management is still less than optimal, this is because it is limited by binding rules, the arrangement of types and ...

International audience ; 142-RELIGIONS TRAVERSÉES par les identités politiques : un pèlerinage, et surtout la visite d'lieu sacré révélé, est autant une expérience religieuse et spi-rituelle qu'un déploiement de politiques symboliques et une expression identitaire. Le Mont de la Croix pose la question d'une économie du sacré propre au loci sanctae établi par révélation, ou des lieux d'apparitions. Dû à leur nature, de tels lieux subissent la pression en faveur de l'acceptation du contenu révélé par tous, ce qui peut placer le seuil de tolérance générale assez haut. De même, l'attente eschatologique y est plus pressante qu'ailleurs. D'un autre côté cependant, l'expérience du pèle-rinage dans les lieux révélés s'inscrit dans la recherche d'un religieux "hors église", d'un contact sans intermédiaires avec la présence divine qui caractérise le religieux contemporain. C'est leur caractère ouvert et inclusif qui rend possible le par-tage confessionnel du site. Enfin, notre exemple pose la question du partage en termes de caractéristiques sociales et relatives au genre entre ceux des acteurs qui privilégient la tolérance, le vivre ensemble -et ceux qui, au contraire, s'appliquent à tracer des bornes, à inculquer le sens des limites à ne pas franchir. La tentation est grande de dire que les femmes en général sont du côté des premiers, les hommes et le clergé en particulier-du côté des seconds. Pourtant les spécialistes religieux venus au bas clergé peuvent oeuvrer aussi bien dans un sens que dans l'autre : c'est à ce niveau qu'on saisit toute la diversité des enjeux sociopolitiques locaux. Acteurs ayant un rôle clé, les visionnaires brouillent encore davantage les schémas faci-les : détenteurs d'une parole donnée comme divine, ils peu-vent tout aussi bien assumer un démarche d'ouverture et d'innovation que se prêter au jeu du pouvoir religieux, ou du pouvoir tout court.

Summary: The text of the French Constitution of 1958 and the texts to which it refers do not expressly mention a right to housing. However, this was not an obstacle for the constitutional judge to enshrine an objective of constitutional value: the possibility for everyone to have decent housing. This mechanism, which is specific to French law, is sui generis integrated into the rules and principles of reference for review of constitutionality — the so-called constitutional-block. This text questions the nature and scope of this constitutional objective. As a first step, its establishment is analysed. Secondly, we concentrate on its primary purpose: frame the legislation. Finally, the main contentious consequences have been studied. It is true that the predator finds this constitutional objective anchored in paragraphs 10 and 11 of the Preamble of 1946 and the principle of the dignity of the person. In turn, the objective of constitutional value operates teleologically, for the future, leading to limited progressivity and a possible sanction for unconstitutional omission. Their implementation implies certain tensions with the right to property and other rights and freedoms. ; Resumen: El texto de la Constitución francesa de 1958 y los textos a los que ella envía no mencionan expresamente un derecho a la vivienda. Sin embargo, ello no fue obstáculo para que el juez constitucional consagre un objetivo de valor constitucional: la posibilidad de toda persona de disponer de una vivienda digna. Este mecanismo, propio al derecho galo, se integra de manera sui generis a las reglas y principios de referencia del control de constitucionalidad -el llamado bloque de constitucionalidad-. El presente texto se interroga sobre la naturaleza y alcances de dicho objetivo constitucional. En un primer momento, es analizada la consagración del mismo. En segundo término, nos concentramos sobre su vocación primera: encuadrar la legislación. Finalmente, son estudiadas sus principales consecuencias contenciosas. Ciertamente, el pretor ...