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In this paper we show that economies that adopted the inflation targeting (IT) regime have been able to "disinflate" less costly. The effect of IT on the sacrifice ratio is not only statistically significant, but also economically very important. This result is all the more interesting given the lack of robust empirical evidence in favor of IT. By significantly reducing the short-run costs of disinflation, IT may render the attainability of lower inflation levels politically more feasible. ; Neste artigo mostramos que os países que adotaram o regime de Metas de Inflação (IT) lograram desinflar suas economias com menores custso. O efeito da dummy IT é estatística e economicamente bem significativo. Ao reduzir significativamente os custos das desinflações, este sistema pode tornar níveis mais baixos de inflação politicamente mais factíveis.

This article has two aims: the first one is to present a formal model of the monetary policy identified generally as "inflation targeting policy", an instrument of intervention of the central bank, through the short run nominal interest rate. The second aim is to discuss and criticize the theoretical assumptions of the model specially the concepts of "natural rate of interest" and of potential product presented by the "augmented Philips curve"; and to present a more realistic control of inflation targeting which does not assume the hypotheses above, and in which inflation targeting is based on the control of real rate of interest. (Rev Econ Polit/GIGA)

Social policy: Targeting or Universalism? Public debate on social policies in Brazil has focused on the choice between targeted and universal programs. The article argues that the choice is unclear and misleading unless a previous decision is taken concerning principles of social justice. After distinguishing three different connotations of targeting - as residualism, conditionality or retification - and noting that universal programs may be compatible with minimalist social policy, the article goes on to make explicit a number of neglected options. (Rev Econ Polít/GIGA)

Purpose: This study demonstrates that sales force management capability (SFMC) is a driver to financial performance when influenced by marketing orientation. Wherefore, the researchers explore how each SFMC ́s dimension (salesforce structuring, talent management, and customer targeting) contributes on the relation between MO and financial performance. Methodology: A survey (n=223) was applied in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) companies in Brazil. Structural equation modeling allowed us to understand how the sales management forces capability ́s dimensions influence the relation between market orientation and financial performance intensity. Findings: It is demonstrated that MO influences the three SFMC capability dimensions (salesforce structuring, talent management, and customer targeting), mainly customer targeting and talent management. Furthermore, it is shown that the relation between MO and financial performance is mediated by SFMC capability. Theoretical contributions: This study contributes to the marketing literature by showing that MO may be applied jointly to SFMC in order to improve performance. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that SFMC to enhance financial performance. Consequently, this study promotes a better understanding of the process in which MO may be related to SFMC, and how each specific dimension of SFMC influences financial performance. Practical contributions: Marketing managers and sales managers should sharing information about the market to achieve better financial results and competitive advantage. Also, practitioners should use market information strategically to segmenting and positioning sales force. In addition to customers, competitors, and environmental forces, petitioners should make an effort to manage their organizational resources better. Firms should use market information to improve performance and engage marketing managers to support sales investment.

Central Bank transparency: an analysis of the Brazilian case. Nowadays there is a tendency among central banks of increasing transparency in the conduction of the monetary policy. After the adoption of inflation targeting in Brazil there was an increase in the communication of the Central Bank of Brazil with the public. This paper makes a brief review of the recent theoretical and empirical literature concerning this subject. Furthermore, an analysis due to the transparency in the conduction of Brazilian monetary policy on important macroeconomic variables is made. The findings denote that an increase in transparency improves the behavior of several macroeconomic variables. (Rev Econ Polit/GIGA)

Interest rate, exchange rate and the system of inflation target in Brazil. In the consensus view of the Brazilian system of inflation targeting, the core of inflation is due to demand shocks; the rate of interest is set to control demand; and some variation in the exchange rate happens as "collateral damage". In this note the author argues that in reality core inflation comes from cost push; the interest rate affects the exchange rate; changes in the exchange rate affect costs and prices; it is the effect of interest rates on demand that is the "collateral damage" and that the long run anchor of the system is low average real wage rigidity. (Rev Econ Polit/GIGA)

This text discusses the Bolsa Família Program, its institutional design, implementation issues, its impacts and possibilities for future evolution. We discuss the institutional division of responsibilities, benefits, conditionalities and federative arrangements. With regards to implementation issues, we discuss the vitally important Single Registry of Beneficiaries, targeting, coverage and the discussion about exit strategies for beneficiary families. We also briefly review the literature on Bolsa Família`s impacts upon inequality, poverty, nutrition, labor supply, and political participation. We conclude that at present Bolsa Família is neither entirely a social protection program nor a program for the generation of opportunities. In the near future, a definition will be necessary because the two objectives are incompatible in a single program.

This paper analyzes the proposals under discussion in the Brazilian Congress concerning the direct elections for Mercosur Parliament (Parlasur), originally planned to be held on 2014. The proposed rules are investigated in order to find out which changes may impact the profile of the new representation to be elected and the consequences by either strengthening or weakening the institutional role of Brazilian representation in Parlasur. Pending electoral legislation for Parlasur may represent the most important experiment in political reform in the country in recent years - changing the open list of candidates to the closed list (with strict party nomination), prohibiting party coalitions, establishing exclusive public financing of campaigns, besides rules targeting gender equality. Notwithstanding, if members of congress do not strengthen reform to provide a more robust institutional framework, Brazilian representation in Parlasur will be weakened rather than strengthened.

In the last years several Western corporations from the financial sector, including banks, insurance companies, & rating agencies, begun to offer on the market financial products in conformity with the prescriptions of Islamic Shari'a. At the beginning, the targets were only the Arab & the Islamic markets mainly in the Middle East. More recently, this trend also extended to the Western market, targeting both the liquidity of Arab investors & the Muslim populations of Europe & North America with "ethical" products. Thus, the main objective of this paper is discussing, in a broad way, what is at stake with the expansion of the Islamic finance to the Western societies. The analysis will connect this business trend with other general developments, particularly with Islamism (political Islam), & the Western relativism & multiculturalism. The final purpose is to make an assessment of the possible consequences for the democratic & secular societies of the West. Adapted from the source document.

Inflation targets and exchange rate in Brazil: an analysis of the effect of market and administered prices. After surpassed more than a half decade since the adoption of inflation targeting in Brazil, it can be seen that maintaining a high interest rate is inherent to the strategy for the conduction of the monetary policy. The objective of this paper is to show that the present policy for defining the basic interest rate of the economy, based on the response to inflation considering both market prices and administered prices, is onerous for the Brazilian society. Based on findings from empirical evidence in the period 1999-2004, the adoption of a core inflation, a change in the time horizon for definition of targets, and, in common agreement between Banco Central do Brasil and National Treasury a definition of these inflation targets, as a framework to increase efficiency of the monetary regime creating possibilities for reducing the Selic rate is proposed. (Rev Econ Polít/GIGA)

Resumo: Neste artigo são analisadas as políticas públicas de saúde voltadas à população LGBT (lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais) no Brasil, a partir de entrevistas com gestoras governamentais e com integrantes da sociedade civil organizada, além da análise crítica de planos, programas e outros documentos de referência. Destacamos ações no âmbito do Poder Executivo Federal, concebidas e executadas por parcerias intragovernamentais e com a sociedade civil, tendo LGBT como público-alvo. Identificamos, por fim, que tais ações, quando comparadas às de outras áreas, caracterizam-se como mais consolidadas, transversalizadas, intersetorializadas e pioneiras, embora ainda não plenamente estruturadas segundo os princípios de universalidade, integralidade e equidade.Palavras-chave: políticas públicas; saúde; sexualidade; gênero; LGBTPolíticas de salud para lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, travestis y transexuales en el Brasil: en busca de la universalidad, integralidad y equidadResumen. En este artículo se analizan políticas públicas de salud dirigidas a la población LGBT (lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, travestis y transexuales) en el Brasil, a partir de entrevistas con gestoras gubernamentales e integrantes de la sociedad civil organizada, y de una crítica de planes, programas y otros documentos de referencia. Se destacan acciones orientadas al público LGBT desde el ámbito del Poder Ejecutivo nacional, concebidas y ejecutadas por instancias gubernamentales así como otras realizadas conjuntamente con la sociedad civil. Por último, se plantea que tales acciones, en comparación a las de otras áreas, pueden caracterizarse como más consolidadas, transversalizadas, intersectorializadas y pioneras, aunque no plenamente estructuradas todavía según los principios de universalidad, integralidad y equidad.Palabras clave: políticas públicas; salud; sexualidad; género; LGBT; BrasilHealth policies for lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transsexuals and travestis in Brazil: the pursuit of universality, integrality and equity Abstract. In this article we analyze health policies targeting the Brazilian LGBT population (lesbian, gay, bisexual, travesti, and transexual), based on interviews with government civil society actors, and a critical reading of programmatic documents and other sources. We highlight courses of action by the Federal Executive branch of government, conceived and carried out by means on intra-governmental and civil society partnership. In conclusion, we find that, when compared with with actions in other areas, LGBT health policies seem more consolidated, transversalized, intersectorialized, therefore pioneering, although not yet fully structured on the principles of universality, integrality and equity.Keywords: public policy; health; sexuality; gender; LGBT; Brazil

The objective of this paper is to understand the normative protection of the right to basic education in Paraguay. For this, a bibliographical and documentary research with a qualitative approach was carried out. The documentary source was constituted by the following documents: Current Constitution of Paraguay and Educational Legislation (Law of Guidelines and Bases and / or equivalent legislation). The analysis of the categories referring to the compulsory nature, free of charge, financing and organization of teaching systems was contemplated in these documents. Compulsory and free schooling in Paraguay totals nine years (6 to 14 years) and is restricted to basic school education. With regard to financing, Paraguay delimits the targeting of expenditures and also provides, legally, for tax exemption for private institutions. The education system is structured in initial education (0 to 5 years); basic school education (6 to 14 years) and secondary education (14 to 17 years). ; El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo comprender la protección normativa del derecho a la educación básica en Paraguay. Para ello, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica y documental con enfoque cualitativo. La fuente documental fue constituida por los siguientes documentos: Constitución vigente del Paraguay y Legislación educativa (Ley de Directrices y Bases y / o legislación equivalente). Se contemplaron en estos documentos el análisis de las categorías referentes a la obligatoriedad, gratuidad, financiamiento y organización de los sistemas de enseñanza. La escolarización obligatoria y gratuita en Paraguay totaliza nueve años de duración (6 a 14 años) y está restringida a la educación básica escolar. En lo que concierne al financiamiento, Paraguay delimita la focalización de gastos y también prevé, legalmente, la exención de impuestos para las instituciones privadas. El sistema de enseñanza está estructurado en educación inicial (0 a 5 años); educación básica escolar (6 a 14 años) y Educación Media (14 a 17 años). ; O presente trabalho objetiva compreender a proteção normativa do direito à educação básica no Paraguai. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental com enfoque qualitativo. A fonte documental foi constituída pelos seguintes documentos: Constituição vigente do Paraguai e Legislação educacional (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases e/ou legislação equivalente). Foram contempladas nesses documentos a análise das categorias referentes à obrigatoriedade, gratuidade, financiamento e organização dos sistemas de ensino. A escolarização obrigatória e gratuita no Paraguai totaliza nove anos de duração (6 aos 14 anos) e está restrita à educação básica escolar. No que concerne ao financiamento, o Paraguai delimita a focalização de gastos e também prevê, legalmente, a isenção de impostos para as instituições privadas. Já o sistema de ensino está estruturado em educação inicial (0 à 5 anos); educação básica escolar (6 à 14 anos) e Educação Média (14 à 17 anos).

OBJETIVO: Descrever estudo de caso de intervenção de base comunitária, desenvolvido na perspectiva construcionista-emancipatória, para o controle das DST/Aids. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo desenvolvido no município de Manacapuru, Amazonas, de 1997-2004, sobre a utilização de procedimentos desenhados em colaboração com agentes governamentais, profissionais de saúde e comunidade. Foram levantados dados sobre a dinâmica da prostituição e a venda de preservativos na cidade, características comportamentais, avaliação do processo e da assistência às DST/Aids. Sincronicamente, estabeleceram-se ações de prevenção e assistência na rede pública de saúde às DST, centro de testagem, sistema de vigilância epidemiológica, e capacitação de trabalhadoras do sexo. RESULTADOS: Observou-se o fortalecimento das trabalhadoras do sexo como multiplicadoras e sua legitimação como cidadãs e agentes de saúde em projetos com travestis, homossexuais e escolares. Houve incremento da venda de preservativos na cidade, da utilização de preservativos entre trabalhadoras do sexo, redução das DST bacterianas e estabilização da ocorrência de infecção pelo HIV/Aids e sífilis congênita. A sustentabilidade do programa de intervenção estudado, organizado no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saude, foi estimulada pela pactuação política garantindo sede e orçamento regulamentado em lei municipal, e pelo debate permanente dos resultados do processo e programa. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo fortaleceu a noção de que o controle efetivo das DST/Aids depende de uma abordagem sinérgica que combine intervenções no plano individual (biológica-comportamental), sociocultural e programático. ; OBJECTIVE: To describe a case study of community-based intervention, developed in a constructionist-emancipatory framework to control STD/AIDS. METHODS: Descriptive study developed in the town of Manacapuru, in the state of Amazonas, from 1997 to 2004, focusing on procedures designed in collaboration with government agents, health professionals and the community. Data on the dynamics of prostitution and condom sales in this town, preventive practices and STD/AIDS care and process assessment were collected. Actions targeting STD prevention and care in the public healthcare system, a testing center, an epidemiological surveillance system and sex workers' qualification were established concomitantly. RESULTS: It was observed the strengthening of sex workers as peer educators and their legitimization as citizens and health agents in projects involving transvestites, homosexuals and students. There was an increase in condom sales in town, as well as in condom use among sex workers; reduction in bacterial STD; and stabilization of the incidence of HIV/AIDS infections and congenital syphilis. The sustainability of the intervention program studied, organized within the sphere of action of the Sistema Único de Saúde (National Health System), was promoted by a political pact, which guaranteed headquarters and municipal law-regulated budget, as well as by the constant debate over the process and program results. CONCLUSIONS: The study strengthened the notion that effective control of STD/AIDS depends on a synergic approach that combines interventions on individual (biological-behavioral), sociocultural and programmatic levels.

Este artigo aborda o tema da formação docente, especialmente a formação continuada e sua relação com a baixa qualidade dos sistemas públicos de ensino; e apresenta análises de pesquisa sobre os principais programas educacionais implementados pelo governo do estado de São Paulo entre os anos 1982 e 1994. Além da análise documental, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa empírica que incluiu um estudo de caso de um dos projetos de formação continuada idealizados à época da implementação da Escola Padrão (1991-1994). As análises da literatura educacional e dos programas educacionais indicam que a formação continuada de professores foi encarada como elemento estratégico para forjar a competência do professor. O texto segue registrando a presença de um discurso que tem sustentado a crescente importância atribuída à formação continuada de professores, projetos e ações que visam à melhoria da qualidade dos sistemas de ensino. Trata-se do argumento da incompetência que é então descrito e problematizado. São apresentadas as várias versões que tal argumento assume, de acordo com o contexto no qual comparece, bem como as diferentes apropriações feitas pelos vários atores envolvidos nas políticas de formação continuada, desde os idealizadores dos programas até os professores participantes. Advoga-se que o argumento da incompetência tem fundamentado concepções e práticas reducionistas e homogeneizantes da formação continuada. Reitera-se a importância de se considerar, nas políticas de formação continuada, a heterogeneidade que caracteriza o corpo docente e as escolas e de se desenvolverem políticas educacionais mais abrangentes que visem melhorar de fato a qualidade dos serviços educacionais e não apenas a competência de seus professores. ; This article deals with the theme of teacher education, especially with continued education and its relation with the low quality of public school systems. It presents analyses from a research on the main educational programs implemented by the government of the State of São Paulo in the 1982-1994 period. Together with the documental analysis, an empirical research was carried out including a case study of one the continued education programs envisaged at the time of the implementation of the Standard School Program (1991-1994). The analyses made of the educational literature and of the educational programs reveal that teacher continued education was seen as a strategic element to build up teacher competence. The text moves on to register the presence of a discourse that has given support to the growing importance attributed to teacher continued education, projects and actions aiming at improving the quality of education systems. The discourse of incompetence is then described and problematized. The different forms assumed by this discourse are presented, according to the context in which it appears, and also the various appropriations made by the several agents involved in the teacher continued education policies, from the architects of the programs to the participating teachers. It is proposed that the argument of incompetence has founded reductionist and homogenizing practices of continued education. The importance is highlighted of taking into account, when conceiving continued education policies, the heterogeneity that characterizes the teaching staff and schools, and also of developing broader educational policies targeting the actual improvement of the educational services and not just the competence of their teachers.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the actions of social movements, particularly the Brazilian black movement, and Afro-Peruvian social movements in Peru targeting anti-racist education. Attention is drawn to the contemporary discussion about race and anti-racism in the production of knowledge and in the public educational policies in Brazil and in Peru. In addition to an approach to the use of ethnic-racial categories in census contexts in both countries. A comprehensive way of addressing the issue starts with thinking about the dimensions involved in the phenomenon subject to measurement and how they are operationalized by the State and by society. This work is based on the theoretical perspective of contemporary authors covering ethnic-racial relations and educational inequalities. In methodological terms, Teun Van Dijk´s critical analysis of discourse is utilized. The first part presents a discussion about the social construction of race under the standards of domination and power. The second part proposes a discussion about ethnic-racial categories in the census contexts of the Brazilian and the Peruvian societies. It is understood that such categories may be culturally and politically elaborated drawing from complex historical processes. The third part addresses reflections on the emergence of some anti-racist education in the contemporary societies with an emphasis on Brazil and Peru. The article concludes with the idea that it is essential to dialogue with alternatives that have been formulated by the black social movements, especially in the Brazilian and Peruvian societies, which raise questions regarding the production and dissemination of the Eurocentric knowledge, unveiling racism and taking power relations, especially those occurring in the educational realm, into consideration. ; Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir ações de movimentos sociais, em particular do movimento negro brasileiro, e movimentos sociais afroperuanos no Peru visando uma educação antirracista. Procura-se chamar a atenção sobre a discussão contemporânea que aborda raça e antirracismo na produção de conhecimento e nas políticas públicas educacionais no Brasil e Peru, além de uma aproximação do uso de categorias étnico-raciais em contextos censitários destes países. Um modo abrangente de abordar a questão inicia-se por pensar quais as dimensões implicadas no fenômeno sujeito a mensuração, e como as mesmas seriam operacionalizadas pelo Estado e sociedade. Este trabalho fundamenta-se na perspectiva teórica de autores contemporâneos sobre relações étnico-raciais e desigualdades educacionais. No campo metodológico utiliza-se a proposta da análise crítica do discurso, de Teun Van Dijk. A primeira parte apresenta uma discussão sobre a construção social da raça nos padrões de dominação e poder. Na segunda parte propõe-se uma discussão sobre categorias étnico-raciais nos contextos censitários da sociedade brasileira e peruana. Apreende-se que tais categorias podem ser cultural e politicamente elaboradas a partir de processos históricos complexos. A terceira parte aborda reflexões sobre a emergência de uma educação antirracista nas sociedades contemporâneas com ênfase para o Brasil e Peru. Conclui-se que é fundamental dialogar com alternativas que têm sido formuladas pelos movimentos sociais negros, em particular nas sociedades brasileira e peruana, que questionam a produção e disseminação do conhecimento eurocêntrico, desvelando o racismo, e considerando as relações de poder, em especial no âmbito educacional.