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The crisis of practical international law has forced the science of international law to take stock of its most fundamental notions. Discussion is in full sway about the essence of international law, about its adequacy and its development, and about the factors conditioning its growth and effectiveness. Together with this survey of the entire phenomenon of positive international law, attempts are being made to revise the theoretical construction, the philosophy of, and the method of approach to, international law. The most persistent trend in this discussion seems to be toward a functional conception of international law. As yet there is no agreement as to the exact meaning of functionalism. Perhaps it is not even desirable to define this meaning too rigidly during this early phase of the discussion.

Africa's Reduced International Status, by Zaki Laïdi
Africa's relationship with the outside world is volatile. Ten years ago the interest shown by the superpowers seemed to offer Africa significant partici- pation in world affairs. But today the situation has altered. Africa is dogged by widespread economic crisis which has reduced its international status. Polices of structural readjustment have placed African economies since 1980 under outside tutelage without managing to extricate them from their rut. An African conversion to liberalism is not for tomorrow.

Der Autor untersucht Rolle und Inhalt der Dekolonisierungsdebatte in der Kommunistischen Internationale mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung des kapitalistischen Systems in Britisch-Indien, der Frage der Unterstützung der nationalen Bourgeoisie durch die Kommunisten in den Kolonien, der Widersprüche im Indischen Nationalkongreß, des Konfliktes zwischen der kolonialen und "imperialistischen" Bourgeoisie, der Entfaltung nationaler Befreiungsbewegungen in Asien, Afrika und Lateinamerika u.a. (DÜI-Sen)

Cover -- Endrosements Page -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- 1 The Problem of Orientation in Critical International Theory -- Introduction -- Orientation, Grand Narratives, and Critical International Theory -- The Eurocentric Critique of World Politics -- The Possibility of a Historical-Sociological Approach to Grand Narratives -- 2 A Philosophical-Transcendental Grand Narrative -- Introduction -- A Theory of Moral and Social Evolution -- Universal Communication Community -- The Cosmopolitan Constitutionalisation of World Politics -- Orientation in History -- 3 The Materialist-Emergentist Conception of History -- Introduction -- Humans in Nature -- Objective Ethics -- A General Theory of Human Development -- Orientation and Emancipation -- 4 Class Struggles and Utopian Limitations -- Introduction -- The Critique of Capitalism -- The Interweaving of Multiple Forms of Class Struggle -- Utopianism and Social Monopolies -- 5 Towards a Reconstruction of Historical-Sociological Grand Narratives -- Introduction -- Process Sociology and Critical Theory -- Symbol Emancipation and the Triad of Controls -- On the Concept of Civilisation -- Civilising Processes as Grand Narrative -- 6 Critical Orientation in World Politics -- Introduction -- From the Triad to the Tetrad of Controls -- Class Struggles in Inter-Societal Relations -- Socialisation and Planned Interdependence -- Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography -- Index.

Die globale Expansion der Demokratie als Staats- und Herrschaftsform gilt nicht nur als Friedens-, sondern auch in zunehmendem Maße als Entwicklungsstrategie. Der Beitrag diskutiert die Frage, ob die internationalen Beziehungen im Zeichen der Trias von Demokratie, Entwicklung und Frieden stehen. Die Ausführungen zeigen, dass die gegenwärtige "Demokratisierungswelle" eine politische Hochkonjunktur ohne strukturelle Voraussetzungen für Beständigkeit bzw. Nachhaltigkeit ist. Rückfälle in verschiedene Varianten des Prätorianismus sind deshalb absehbar. Dies darf nicht dazu führen, der Demokratisierung in den Ländern der Dritten Welt den Rücken zu kehren und sie als mehr oder weniger unmöglich anzusehen. Es geht vielmehr darum, allzu hohe Erwartungen hinsichtlich der Demokratisierung von Entwicklungsländern und ihres Transformationspotenzials auf ein realistisches Maß zurückzuschrauben. (ICA)

Menschliche Entwicklung und nachhaltige Entwicklung (human and ecological sustainability) sind seit dem Brundtlandbericht 1987 weithin bekannte Begriffe. Die hier vorgelegte Einführung in Theorie und Praxis der nachhaltigen Entwicklung bezieht die Frage nach den Wirkungen auf die internationale Politik ein. Der Beitrag ist inhaltlich folgendermaßen gegliedert: Einführung; die verhängnisvollen globalen Auswirkungen der überkommenen Wachstumsorientierung; die Theorie der nachhaltigen Entwicklung; nachhaltige Entwicklung und Industrieländer; nachhaltige Entwicklung und Entwicklungsländer; nachhaltige Entwicklung und Vereinte Nationen; nachhaltige Entwicklung und Europäische Union; Lageinterpretation und Ausblick. (LI) (LSW)

İnsan güvenliği kavramı, uluslararası ilişkilerde yirmi yılı aşkın süredir önemli derecede ilgi görmektedir. Akademik ve siyasi dünya içerisindeki ilgili veya değişen konularla bağlantılı olsun veya olmasın, bu ilgi dikkate değerdir fakat henüz insani güvensizliğe sürdürülebilir bir yanıt vermekte başarısızdır. İnsan Güvenliği ve Uluslararası Hukuk tezi bu düşünceye yönelik bir katkıdır. Çalışma, literatürde insan güvenliğinin net bir teorik çerçevesinin bulunmadığının gözlemlenmesiyle başlar ki bu durum, uluslararası toplum üyesi olan insan için müteakip müdahalelerin temeli olabilecektir. Böyle bir durumun kaçınılmaz olarak uluslararası hukuku da ilgilendirecek olması; insan güvenliği hakkındaki teorik çerçevenin yokluğunun, insan güvenliği ile uluslararası hukuk arasındaki gerçek ilişki üzerine ilave düşünme ihtiyacı doğuracağının açık bir kanıtıdır. Bu anlamda, böyle bir ilişkinin ontolojik olduğu; yani insan güvenliğinin uluslararası hukukun (doğal) kanunu olduğu, dolayısıyla ulusal hukukun (doğal) kanunu olduğu hipotezini geliştirdik. Bu hipotezin doğrulanması, insan güvenliğinin teorik çerçevesini belirlememizi ayrıca ulusal ve uluslararası hukukun kapsamında uygulanmasını kabul görmesini sağlayacaktır. Bu çaba, kurallarına (teori) değinerek, doğal hukuk ifadesinden (özcü felsefe, siyaset) uygulanmasına (tarih, sosyoloji) kadar, hukuk merkezli disiplinler arası yaklaşımın bir parçasıdır. --- The concept of human security has been subject to an important attention in international affairs for more than two decades. This interest, in connection or not with related or shifted issues, within the academia and political worlds, is considerable and yet, fails to lead to a sustainable answer to human insecurity. The thesis on Human Security and International Law is a contribution to this reflection. It starts from the observation of the non-existence, within the literature, of a clear theoretical framework of human security, which can be the basis of consequent interventions for the benefit of the human person, member of the international community. Since such a statute inevitably involves international law, this absence of a theoretical framework of human security was clear evidence of the need for additional reflection on the real relationship between human security and international law. In this sense, we have advanced the hypothesis that such a relation is ontological, that is to say, human security stands as the (natural) law of international law, as a consequence of that it stands as the (natural) law of national law. The verification of this hypothesis enables us to give an account of the theoretical framework of human security and to confirm its application in the trajectories of national and international Law. This endeavor is part of an interdisciplinary approach centered on law, from its natural expression (essentialist philosophy, politics) to its implementation (history, sociology), passing by its rules (theory).

"Seit den neunziger Jahren stellt sich im sozialpolitischen Diskurs die Frage nachgeeigneten Maßnahmen gegen die negativen Konsequenzen der 'Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses'. Dabei ist das Konzept der 'Flexicurity' zu einem normativen Orientierungspunkt von arbeits- und sozialrechtlichen Reformbemühungen avanciert, verspricht es doch gleichermaßen die Forderung von Unternehmen nach flexiblen Arbeitsverhältnissen als auch das Bedürfnis von Beschäftigten nach sozialer Sicherheit zu realisieren. Betrachtet man die arbeitsmarkt- und sozialpolitischen Beiträge der letzten Jahre, werden vornehmlich die Niederlande, wo das Konzept zum ersten Mal erwähnt wurde und in die Politik einfloß, sowie Dänemark als Beispiele für 'goodpractice' erwähnt (vgl. Klammer und Tillmann 2001). Geht man indes davon aus, dass sich die Realisierung der Forderung nach Flexicurity nicht nur anhand von Fallstudien, sondern auch anhand von Indikatoren für die sozialstaatliche Performanz und das Ausmaß an sozialer Exklusion messen lässt, drängen sich zwei Fragen auf: Zum einen, ob es neben den Niederlanden und Dänemark weitere Länder gibt, die den Anspruch des Flexicurity-Konzepts zumindest ansatzweise realisieren. Zum andern, ob und inwiefern es Ländern mit hohen Niveaus an Flexicurity gelingt, die sozialen Exklusionsrisiken atypischer Arbeitsverhältnisse zu begrenzen. In den folgenden Abschnitten wird vorab die erste Frage auf der Basis von komparativen Indikatoren bzw. unterschiedlichen Datenquellen zu beantworten versucht. Eine ergänzende Clusteranalyse wird Auskunft geben, ob und inwiefern die beiden Musterländer tatsächlich ähnliche Profile aufweisen. Die Frage nach den Auswirkungen einer hohen Flexicurity-Realisierung auf das Ausmaß an sozialer Exklusion, gemessen an der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und der Einkommensungleichheit, steht im abschließenden Abschnitt im Vordergrund." (Textauszug)

ABSTRACT
Since the birth of the Journal of International Economic Law (JIEL) in 1998, the foundations of international economic law have undergone multidimensional changes. Emerging political and economic challenges have shaped international economic law into becoming inherently dynamic; not only have new frameworks developed for analyses of international economic relations, but novel social and environmental aspects of government policy now also fall within the field's ambit. These challenges have shaken the normative foundations of international economic law and new paradigms in this field of law have emerged. Recent developments addressing matters ranging from the climate crisis to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic signify a turn in the WTO from negotiating trade rules to addressing pressing concerns facing humankind. When JIEL was first established, civil society renewed its calls for the inclusion of social and environmental concerns in so-called 'trade and …' policies. Today, the interlinkages between trade and other issues form an integral part of the international trading system. These new challenges and shifts in economic policy bring (some) traditional understandings of international economic law into question, and challenge the various normative underpinnings of international economic law in three ways: first, in the rise of novel approaches to international economic norm creation; second, in the expansion of subject areas covered by international economic rules; and third, in the steady disintegration of the traditional binaries, such as those between hard and soft law, between public and private actors, and between human rights and investment. These three changes have further provoked the development of analytical frameworks to study these norms. The eclectic and wide-ranging contributions in this special issue offer insightful critiques and provocative challenges to the community of international economic law actors facing unprecedented problems as the Journal celebrates its twenty-fifth anniversary.

"This completely revised and updated textbook explores the moral, economic, political, and cultural dimensions of the movement of people across international borders. In style and substance, this book is designed to spark thoughtful discussions and to challenge students to draw their own conclusions to questions such as: How should democracies balance the rights of immigrants with those of citizens? What exactly constitutes persecution and how should we define a refugee? How should democracies allocate citizenship? Can and should a distinction between voluntary and forced migration be made, and does one group of migrants deserve admission more than the other? What does a reasonable border policy look like? The rise of populism, the vote for Brexit, and the unprecedented flow of refugees around the world are all evidence that these questions remain highly salient, controversial, and unresolved. Intended as the main text for undergraduate classes on international migration the book will also appeal to broad survey courses on world politics, comparative politics, international relations, world history and more specialized courses on human rights and nationalism"--

Breit angelegte Ranglisten zur internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Volkswirtschaften kommen teilweise zu deutlich unterschiedlichen Einschätzungen. Auf Basis einer vereinheitlichten Gruppe von 21 Industrieländern rangiert Deutschland bei den meisten Rankings im unteren Mittelfeld. Bei einem Vergleich von sieben Rankings variiert die Position Deutschlands allerdings um immerhin elf Rangplätze – von Rang 5 beim Global Competitiveness Index des World Economic Forum bis Rang 16 beim Aktivitätsindex der Bertelsmann-Stiftung. Für fünf andere Länder ergeben sich sogar maximale Abweichungen von 14 bis zu 16 Rangplätzen. Dies wird zum Anlass genommen, die Zielsetzung und Methoden bekannter Rankings näher zu erläutern und auf wesentliche Ursachen für die unterschiedliche Platzierung Deutschlands hinzuweisen. Dabei ergeben sich die wichtigsten Divergenzen durch Unterschiede bei der Einbeziehung von Indikatoren oder Indikatorengruppen, etwa der Wirtschaftsperformance, Unternehmenseffizienz, Infrastruktur, Unternehmensregulierung, Fiskalpolitik oder der Direktinvestitionen. Wegen der grundsätzlichen Probleme beim Erstellen von Rankings dürfen zumindest marginale Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Rangplätze einzelner Länder nicht überinterpretiert werden.

For half a century, the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials and national prosecutions of World War II cases remained the major instances of criminal prosecution of offenders against fundamental norms of international humanitarian law. The heinous activities of the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia and the use of poison gas by Iraq against its Kurdish population are among the many atrocities left unpunished by either international or national courts. Some treaties were adopted that provide for national prosecution of offenses of international concern and, in many cases, for universal jurisdiction; but, with a few exceptions, these treaties were not observed. Notwithstanding the absence of significant prosecutions, an international consensus on the legitimacy of the Nuremberg Principles, the applicability of universal jurisdiction to international crimes, and the need to punish those responsible for egregious violations of international humanitarian law slowly solidified. The International Law Commission, veterans of the Nuremberg and Tokyo proceedings, individuals such as Rafael Lemkin (who advocated the adoption of the Genocide Convention) and a handful of academics (most notably M. Cherif Bassiouni), among others, helped keep alive the heritage of Nuremberg and the promise of future prosecutions of serious violators of international humanitarian law.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- LATEST DEVELOPMENTS -- CASE LIST -- 1 Transnational Fugitive Offenders in Context -- Introduction -- The Problem -- Policy -- Problems of Circumscription and Definition -- History of Extradition -- Recent Events -- Plan and Structure -- PART I - EXTRADITION AND TRANSNATIONAL FUGITIVE OFFENDERS -- 2 Mechanisms for International Extradition -- Introduction -- Forms of Arrangement -- Multilateral Arrangements -- Simplified Schemes -- Extradition without a General Arrangement -- Transfer to International Criminal Tribunals -- The Effects of War and State Succession -- 3 Procedural Aspects of Extradition Law -- Introduction -- Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters -- Comparative Overview -- Pre-hearing Detention -- The Roles of the Judiciary and the Executive -- Extradition Crimes, Jurisdiction and Double Criminality -- Extradition Crimes -- Jurisdiction -- Double Criminality -- Double Criminality and Jurisdiction -- Fiscal Offences -- The Requirement of a Prima Facie Case -- Evidence and Extradition Hearings -- Form -- Admissibility -- Trial in the Requested State -- Conclusion -- Res Judicata and Appeals -- Convicted Fugitives -- Conclusion -- 4 Extradition and Human Rights -- Introduction -- Human Rights Provisions Applicable to Extradition -- Rule 36 Procedure -- Substantive Human Rights Limitations on Extradition -- Right to life and physical integrity -- Right to a fair trial and other fundamental freedoms -- Right to family life -- Article 6 and the Extradition Hearing -- Conclusion -- 5 Restrictions on Return -- Introduction -- The Extradition of Nationals -- Military Offences -- Triviality, Passage of Time and Bad Faith -- Triviality -- Passage of Time -- Bad Faith -- Plea Bargaining -- Specialty -- Diplomatic Immunity.