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ABSTRACTA number of international conservation donors support efforts to encourage conservation indirectly by subsidizing commercial activities. Such plans beg two questions. First, if commercial ventures are expected to be profitable, why is external financing necessary for their initiation? Second, if commercial ventures are not expected to be profitable, could not greater incentives for conservation be generated by making direct payments? We examine these questions in detail. While we find that the practical impediments to instituting a direct payment programme may be substantial, the practical impediments to instituting any effective conservation programme may be substantial. On balance, there is a strong case to be made for greater experimentation with direct payment schemes than heretofore.

Also by Mark Everard -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Of This Earth -- Microbial Planet -- Human Planet -- Realising Our Indivisibility Within Nature -- Notes -- Chapter 3: Breakthroughs in the Ascent of Humanity -- The Human Evolutionary Journey -- Humans and Fire -- Material Revolutions -- Technological Revolutions -- The Ascent of Humanity -- Notes -- Chapter 4: Chance or Choice? -- Natural Selection -- Selection in Human Endeavour -- Our Chosen Future? -- Principal Vectors of a Directed Revolution -- Writing Tomorrow's History -- Notes

Mediterranean Soil Ecosystems: Publication of the Soil Science Society of Turkey -- International Advisory Board -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Soil Carbon Impacts on Functionality and Environmental Sustainability -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Soil Functionality -- 1.3 Indicators of Soil Functionality -- 1.4 Management of Soil Functionality -- 1.5 Soil Functionality and Environmental Sustainability -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- 2 New World Atlas of Desertification and Issues of Carbon Sequestration, Organic Carbon Stocks, Nutrient Depletion and Implications for Food Security -- Abstract -- 2.1 Overview of the World Atlas of Desertification -- 2.2 Importance of Soils for Carbon Sequestration -- 2.3 Soil Organic Matter and Soil Quality -- 2.4 Land-Use/Cover Change and the Impact on SOC Stocks -- 2.5 Global SOC Estimates -- 2.6 Soil Nutrient Mining -- 2.7 Sustainable Land Management Is the Answer for Carbon Sequestration and Food Security -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Dynamics as Influenced by Land Use and Climate -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Factors Affecting the Global Carbon Cycle -- 3.3 Land Use and Management -- 3.4 Soil as a Carbon Sink or Source -- 3.4.1 Agricultural Ecosystems -- 3.4.2 Urban Ecosystems -- 3.4.3 Grasslands -- 3.5 Climate Change -- 3.6 Mitigating the Atmospheric CO2 Increase -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- 4 EU Emissions Trading Scheme Application in Bulgaria, Greece and Romania from 2008 to 2012 -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 ETS Sectors' Allowances and Emissions During Phase II (2008-2012) -- 4.3 Country Surpluses and Installation Deficits -- 4.4 Use of International Credits -- 4.5 'Market Activity' at the Installation Level -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Indigenous Egyptian Nubians and Climate Change Mitigation -- Abstract

Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Evolution of the Baltic Sea -- 1.1 Development of the Baltic Sea After the Last Ice Age -- 1.2 Formation of Biota in the Baltic Sea -- References -- Chapter 2: Abiotic Conditions in the Contemporary Baltic Sea -- 2.1 Water Balance -- 2.2 Water Salinity -- 2.2.1 The Role of Currents -- 2.2.2 Vertical Mixing of Water Layers -- 2.3 Water Temperature -- 2.4 Oxygen Conditions -- 2.5 Light Conditions -- 2.6 Natural Regional System of the Baltic Sea -- 2.6.1 Macro-regions -- 2.6.2 Regions and Subregions -- References -- Chapter 3: Life in the Baltic Sea -- 3.1 Salinity-Induced Ecophysiological Problems of Organisms in the Baltic Sea -- 3.2 Multitude of Ecosystems -- 3.3 Living Organisms -- 3.4 Vegetation and Primary Production -- 3.5 Bottom Vegetation -- 3.6 Heterotrophic Microorganisms -- 3.7 Zooplankton -- 3.8 Zoobenthos -- 3.9 Fish -- 3.9.1 Marine Pelagic Fish -- 3.9.1.1 Baltic Herring Clupea harengus membras L. -- 3.9.1.2 Spring Spawning Herring Clupea harengus membras L. -- 3.9.1.3 Autumn Spawning Herring Clupea harengus membras L. -- 3.9.1.4 Baltic Sprat Sprattus sprattus balticus (Schn.) -- 3.9.2 Marine Demersal Fish -- 3.9.2.1 Baltic Cod Gadus morhua callarias (L.) -- 3.9.2.2 Flounder Platichthys flesus trachurus (Duncker) -- 3.9.2.3 Plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. -- 3.9.2.4 Dab Limanda limanda (L.) -- 3.9.2.5 Turbot Psetta maxima (L.) -- 3.9.3 Diadromous Fish -- 3.9.3.1 Salmon Salmo salar L. -- 3.9.3.2 Sea Trout Salmo trutta L. -- 3.9.3.3 European Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) s. l. -- 3.9.3.4 Vendace Coregonus albula (L.) -- 3.9.3.5 Eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) -- 3.9.3.6 Garfish Belone belone (L.) -- 3.9.3.7 River Lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (L.) -- 3.9.4 Freshwater Fish -- 3.9.4.1 Perch Perca fluviatilis L. -- 3.9.4.2 Pikeperch Sander lucioperca (L) -- 3.9.4.3 Pike Esox lucius L

Ecosystem management has gained widespread visibility as an approach to the management of land to achieve sustainable natural resource use. Despite widespread interest in this emerging management paradigm, Ecosystems: Balancing Science with Management is the first book to directly propose approaches for implementing ecosystem management, give examples of viable tools, and discuss the potential implications of implementing an ecosystem approach. These ideas are framed in a historical context that examines the disjunction between ecological theory, environmental legislation and natural resources management

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Preliminaries -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Large Marine Ecosystems -- 1.3 Life in the Ocean -- 1.4 Basics of Marine Ecology -- 1.4.1 Types of Marine Life Forms -- 1.4.2 Controls of the Marine Food Web -- 1.4.3 Spatial and Temporal Scales -- 1.5 Light, Nutrients and Oxygen in the Sea -- 1.5.1 Photosynthesis -- 1.5.2 Light -- 1.5.3 Oxygen -- 1.5.4 Nutrients -- 1.5.5 Nutrient Limitation -- 1.5.6 Mechanisms Limiting Phytoplankton Blooms -- 1.5.7 Nutrient Regeneration -- 1.6 The Carbon Cycle and Oceanic Carbon Pumps -- 1.6.1 Overview -- 1.6.2 The Role of Upwelling in the Carbon Cycle -- 1.7 Early Scientific Expeditions -- 1.8 Long-Term Scientific Monitoring Programs -- 1.9 Summary -- References -- 2 The Functioning of Coastal Upwelling Systems -- Abstract -- 2.1 The Physics of Coastal Upwelling -- 2.1.1 Description of the Upwelling Process -- 2.1.2 Wind Stress and Ekman Transport -- 2.1.3 The Upwelling Index -- 2.1.4 Physical Timescales of the Upwelling Process -- 2.1.5 Significance of Upwelling Jets -- 2.1.6 Coastal Upwelling Regimes -- 2.1.7 Indicators of Upwelling -- 2.1.8 Other Upwelling Mechanisms -- 2.1.9 Location of Significant Upwelling Regions -- 2.2 The Biogeochemistry of Coastal Upwelling Systems -- 2.2.1 General Description -- 2.2.2 Nitrogen Production by Anaerobic Oxidation of Ammonia -- 2.2.3 The Role of Silica -- 2.2.4 Upwelling and Carbon Fluxes -- 2.3 The Ecology of Coastal Upwelling Systems -- 2.3.1 Biological Response to Coastal Upwelling Events -- 2.3.2 The Significance of Upwelling Shadows -- 2.3.3 Timing and Duration of Phytoplankton Blooms -- 2.4 Theories on High Fish Production -- 2.4.1 Bakun's Triad -- 2.4.2 The "Optimal Environmental Window" Hypothesis -- 2.4.3 Lasker's Hypothesis of a "Calm Ocean" -- 2.4.4 Cushing's "Match/Mismatch" Hypothesis.

This book provides an up-to-date coverage of green (vegetated) roof research, design, and management from an ecosystem perspective. It reviews, explains, and poses questions about monitoring, substrate, living components and the abiotic, biotic and cultural aspects connecting green roofs to the fields of community, landscape and urban ecology. The work contains examples of green roof venues that demonstrate the focus, level of detail, and techniques needed to understand the structure, function, and impact of these novel ecosystems. Representing a seminal compilation of research and technical knowledge about green roof ecology and how functional attributes can be enhanced, it delves to explore the next wave of evolution in green technology and defines potential paths for technological advancement and research.

Mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and coral reefs are circumtropical ecosystems that are highly productive, and provide many important biological functions and economic services. These ecosystems cover large surface areas in the shallow tropical coastal seascape but have suffered from serious human degradation, especially in the last few decades. Part of their diversity, productivity, and functioning seems to be based on their juxtaposition. Especially in the last decade significant advances have been made on new insights into their ecological connectivity. This authoritative book provides a first-time comprehensive review of the major ecological interactions across tropical marine ecosystems that result from the mutual exchange of nutrients, organic matter, fish, and crustaceans. A group of leading authors from around the world reviews the patterns and underlying mechanisms of important biogeochemical and biological linkages among tropical coastal ecosystems in 15 chapters. Included are chapters that review cutting-edge tools to study and quantify these linkages, the importance of such linkages for fisheries, and how tropical ecosystems should be conserved and managed for sustainable use by future generations. The book uses examples from all over the world and provides an up-to-date review of the latest published literature. This book is a 'must read' for professionals working on the conservation, management, and ecology of mangrove, seagrass and coral reef ecosystems.