Suchergebnisse

Статья посвящена проблеме национальной идентичности. Автором выбран исторический период Нового времени, поскольку тогда и на Западе и на Востоке были разработаны представления о «нации» и «национализме». В статье исследуется появление этих идей в трёх крупнейших странах Востока: Японии, Китае, Индии. Автор обращает внимание на то, что их появление в этих странах было обусловлено различными обстоятельствами, что наложило отпечаток на их происхождение и толкование. Японскими мыслителями самостоятельно, независимо от европейского влияния были созданы представления о японском народе, о значении императора как объединяющем начале. В Китае и Индии осмысление понятий «нация», «национализм» происходило в результате европейского влияния. В Китае Лян Цичао разработал учение о «новом народе», способном создать современное процветающее и независимое государство. Мыслители Индии обратили внимание на то, что в Европе «национализм» и «нация» понимались только в политическом аспекте. В мире эти идеи породили экспансионизм, агрессию и колониализм. Некоторые индийские мыслители причины появления «национализма» увидели в господстве интеллектуально-рассудочного начала, утвердившегося в Европе со времён Просвещения. Этому пониманию они противопоставили представления о совершенной, внутренне свободной, нравственной личности (абхай, кямиль), действующей во имя всеобщего блага. Автор отмечает, что осмысление опыта Европы мыслителями Азии происходило в рамках своих религиозно-философских традиций. ; The paper addresses the problems of national identity. The historical period is Modern Age, because during this period the ideas of "nation" and "nationalism" were created. The author researches the appearance of these ideas in three big Oriental countries: Japan, China and India. The author pays attention to the different circumstances of the appearances of these ideas because they influenced their interpretations. The Japanese thinkers created the notions of the Japanese people and the Japanese emperor as sacral united symbol independently from European thinkers. The Chinese thinker Lyang Cichao created the doctrine of "the new people" because the threat to China's independence. Upon his mind "the new people" must be able to create a strong and rich state. The Indian thinkers attracted attention to the political aspects of the European ideas of "nation" and "nationalism". They considered that the European understanding these ideas gave rise to expansionism, aggression and colonialism. Some of the Indian thinkers considered, that the reasons of rise of "nationalism" were caused by domination of intellectual, rational principals in the European consciousness. They opposed to the ideas of perfect and moral personality working at national welfare. The author highlights that perception of the European experience by Oriental thinkers was with regars to their native religious and philosophical traditions.

AbstractThis is a complement to Anne Haila's critique of institutionalism in Chinese urbanism. This is understood as an extension of Ronald Coase's transaction cost economics in urban space. The focus is well‐defined property rights which, extended to both urban land and intellectual property, allow monopoly competition and internalise public goods — whether social or environmental — into the logic of the neoliberal commoditized transaction. This ('Washington‐Consensus') notion of rights is contrasted to the blurred ('Beijing‐Consensus') property rights arrangements of today's China. Here property is a 'bundle of rights', in which different legal persons have rights in the same unit of urban space. In this property is not well defined but instead a 'boundary object'. I draw on Francois Jullien to describe such relational property, which is coloured, less by individualism, than by Taoist‐like relations. These comprise a long‐time horizon, an ongoing never completed, never actualized character of transacting or exchange. They comprise rights‐sharing, obligation‐sharing and risk‐sharing. Parallels are drawn with, not Roman and Continental a priorist, but with English a posteriorist notions of property.Résumé À l'appui de la critique d'Anne Haila sur l'institutionnalisme dans l'urbanisme chinois, ce texte l'appréhende comme une extension, à l'espace urbain, de l'économie des coûts de transaction selon Ronald Coase. Le propos s'attache aux droits de propriété bien définis qui, étendus aux terrains urbains et à la propriété intellectuelle, permettent une concurrence monopolistique et une internalisation des biens publics, qu'ils soient sociaux ou environnementaux, dans la logique de la transaction néolibérale banalisée. Cette notion des droits (dans l'axe du Consensus de Washington) est opposée aux dispositifs flous (au sens d'un 'Consensus de Beijing') propres aux droits de propriété dans la Chine d'aujourd'hui. La propriété y est constituée d'un 'lot de droits', par lequel plusieurs personnes morales ont des droits dans la même unité d'espace urbain; la propriété n'y est pas définie avec précision, constituant plutôt un 'objet‐frontière'. François Jullien éclaire la description de cette propriétérelationnelle, moins empreinte d'individualisme que de rapports d'inspiration taoïste; ceux‐ci correspondent à un type de transaction ou d'échange suivi, à longue échéance, jamais terminé, jamais actualisé– tout en englobant le partage des droits, des obligations et des risques. Par comparaison, cette conception de la propriété se rapproche, non pas des a priori de la notion romaine ou continentale, mais de l'a posteriori de la notion anglaise.

In today's world, the main subject of globalization are large transnational corporations (TNCs), which have a significant impact on the world economy development. The study of TNC investment processes plays an important role for economics. The purpose of the paper is to highlighte the current trends of TNCs international investment activities. In 2018, the value of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) increased by 18 % due to the large size of transactions, especially in the chemical industry and services. The cost of the announced greenfield projects increased by 41%, an increase mainly was in mining, processing and construction. Regarding the manufacturing sector, the net M&A sales at the global level remained close to the 2017 level. Deal making in the pharmaceutical industry declined for the third successive year. M&A sales have more than doubled in chemical industry. In services, net M&A sales increased by over one third. The article highlights that there must be a stable political situation and an effective system of business regulation that provide the investor, ie TNCs, a guarantee of rights and protection of interests for the successful operation of TNCs in the host country. High level of corruption and misuse of funds, the complexity of doing business, the unstable political and economic situation in the country are the factors that negatively affect on the investment activities of TNCs. One of the promising areas of TNC investment activity is fintech – the newest and fastest growing sector of the global economy. Advanced achievements of scientific and technological progress, financial innovations, achievements and advantages of information, digital, network and intellectual components are concentrated in fintech today. ASEAN TNCs often merge fintech-start-ups and initiate fintech-departments to expand services and integrate financial technology into traditional businesses. Thus, the Malaysian bank CIMB Group in 2017 established a separate fintech-division in order to find innovative banking solutions. The construction of a mobile banking platform in Vietnam and the Philippines, a mobile payment wallet developed with the participation of Chinese and Thai companies are the examples of such projects. ; В статті досліджено сучасні тенденції розвитку міжнародної інвестиційної діяльності ТНК. Визначено, що для успішного функціонування ТНК в приймаючій країні повинна бути стабільна політична ситуація і ефективна система регулювання бізнесу, що забезпечують інвестору, тобто ТНК, гарантію прав і захист інтересів. Серед чинників, що негативно впливають на інвестиційну діяльність ТНК є високий рівень корупції і нецільового використання коштів, складність ведення бізнесу, нестабліьна політична й економічна ситуація в країні. Окреслено однин із перспективних напрямів iнвестицiйної діяльності ТНК – fintech –новітня і стрімко зростаюча галузь глобальної економіки.

Between 1920 and 1935, researchers at Stanford University administered thousands of eugenic tests of intelligence and personality traits to Chinese-American and Japanese-American children in California's public schools. The researchers and their funders, a diverse coalition of white supremacists and immigrant advocacy organizations, sought to use these tests to gauge the assimilative possibility and racial worth of Asian immigrants, and to intervene in local, national, and transpacific policy debates over Asian immigration and education. By examining the Stanford testing projects, and exploring the curious partnerships that coalesced around them, this study seeks to expand our understanding of the intersection between race science and politics in early twentieth-century California. Racial psychometric testing was a key technology of the Progressive-era eugenics movement, and Stanford's testing projects reflected the assumptions of this movement. Like scores of other race-based testing projects during the era, they adhered to careful, premeditated formulae predicated upon the dual-hinged fallacy that race and intelligence were fixed and quantifiable categories. Despite the hereditarian and racial essentialist foundations of the tests, however, the researchers and funding institutions affiliated with the Stanford projects approached their work from a wide array of political positions. Lewis Terman, who directed the balance of the testing, was a prominent eugenicist, and he used his cache as a faculty member at Stanford and President of the American Psychological Association to advance eugenic causes, including race-based immigration restriction. By contrast, Terman's largest funder, the Japanese Association of America, three of his students, Kwok Tsuen Yeung, Hisakichi Misaki, Reginald Bell, and one of his colleagues, Edward Kellogg Strong, attempted to use testing to augment the social status of Asian immigrants and their children, end racial segregation in the public schools, and stem the tide of California's nativist movements. By highlighting the contributions that individuals and organizations affiliated with Stanford University made to eugenic testing during the 1920s and 1930s, this study complicates our understanding of the eugenics movement, and renews our sense of the movement's broad and lasting influence over American institutions. Many of the Stanford testers had an agenda that was progressive compared to that of Terman's, but they never escaped the constraints of the eugenic testing paradigm. In part because their tests drew upon and helped to reify false notions of intelligence and racial hierarchies, their projects ultimately failed to change anti-Asian sentiment or public policy. The participation of Asians, Asian Americans, and pro-immigrant progressives in the testing projects, however, reminds us that eugenic technologies were once so pervasive that they compelled the intellectual and material investment of those they were designed to marginalize.

Can we talk about cham anism e in Méso-Americas Bienne or m êm e in today's indigenous meso- America? The problem arises with regard to the current intellectual procedure a ten d a d d'd d d d d d d d'performances e objects, c m e d'manifestations d e es e e e s chamanistic, e d to consider people in power (for example, rois m ayas) com m e of cham years. A few examples of misinterpretations in a successful book. M a ya Cosmos. Three Thousand Years on the Shamant's Path (1993), King m ay has become the great cham in a g of freedom of interpretation by epigraphists and iconographs, who lom and b e u u u o o p d e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e f e d'développement fantaisistic, n e w a g e aid. A tom be d e C opân (cited as 'm ay a classic de Honduras') fa the tower of m n d under the name 'tom be du cham an', p a r e q u e e q e e q e e q e e q e e e q e e q e e e q e e e e e C opân bore the funeral furniture com bore small stones e d'c ra p a c s d'turtle. The example of divination among the Chinese had to be at the origin of this interpretation. In fact, it can be shown that the objects associated with the skeleton are the remains of a ritual creation to ensure the survival of the deceased. In a recent article, an archaeologist who made his entire vie-a com serious about the graffitis d e Tikal on the drawings of alienates or made under the influence of drugs, and found affinities between the two series. The hypothesis p ro p sé e is q. These graffitis were executed under the influence of hallucinogenic substances. The drawings used for the design are evidem the simplest: spirals, broken lines, etc. Hybrid creatures, semi-animal men, comm m of manifestations of nagualism tend to be interpreted (c a p a d'd be transformed into another creature). However, the vast majority of the supernatural creatures in Méso-America are represented in hybrid form: combination d e several animals or hybrid hom e-anim al a v e c head 'grotesque' e t body anthropom orph. There is no reason to interpret, COM m is increasingly doing, c ...

Untersucht werden Ursachen, Entstehungsfaktoren und Rahmenbedingungen der Beijinger Tiananmen-Protestbewegungen vom Frühjahr 1989. Die Studie widmet sich zunächst den an der Protestbewegung beteiligten sozialen Gruppen: den Studenten und Intellektuellen als Hauptakteure, sowie den Arbeitern und Angestellten. Sodann wird darauf verwiesen, daß die Entwicklung von einer vom Umfang her begrenzten Protest- zu einer Massenbewegung durch die im Zuge der Reformpolitik erfolgte Liberalisierung der über die Bevölkerung ausgeübten politischen Kontrolle begünstigt bzw. überhaupt erst ermöglicht worden ist. Erheblich beschleunigt wurde dieser Prozeß des weiteren durch die KP-Führungskrise, die eine entschlossene Reaktion der kommunistischen Führungsspitze des Regimes auf die Protestbewegung zu einem Zeitpunkt, als sich diese noch in ihrem Anfangsstadium befand, verhindert hat. (BIOst-Klk)

This paper documents the strong growth in tools used by firms to protect their intellectual property (IP), develop their know-how, and build and maintain their reputation globally. We focus on three tools that have become increasingly important in the last several decades: patents, trademarks, and industrial designs. We find that, although most IP applications come from a few countries (the United States, the European Union, Japan, China, and South Korea), most growth in IP activity has come from middle-income countries, especially in Asia. We observe important differences in the origins of this growth. For example, while in India most applicants were foreign firms, in China most were local. However, most Indian innovations were also applied overseas, while Chinese innovations rarely made it out of China. Interestingly, growth in applications varies by IP tool, with industrial designs experiencing the most growth. These trends in applications are less evident when we study which applications are actually granted. For example, the shift in IP activity toward middle-income countries and Asia is less pronounced, and the most developed countries still lead globally. Moreover, there seems to be an important difference in the quality of patent applications and grants across countries, with very few patents granted to Chinese applicants overseas. Although globalization and IP tools give firms an opportunity to leverage their know-how and reputation across countries to create value, it remains challenging to capture that value. For example, IP protection remains fragmented and it is very costly to develop a comprehensive IP footprint worldwide. Furthermore, larger numbers of applications are causing backlogs and delays in numerous Patent and Trademarks Offices; as a consequence, weaker patents and industrial designs are granted. Litigation over the validity and violation of IP rights has also become expensive, and its outcome uncertain. Suits and counter-suits among different players in the value chain across countries are more common due to weaker patents, a hyper-fragmented IP space, and the costs of patenting globally. For trademarks and industrial designs, globalization has created more potential infringers and an increase in piracy, as evidenced by a significant increase in customs seizures. The problems with IP even go beyond individual firms, as when governments use IP policies to favor local firms and thereby change which firms get to manufacture and capture value from IP (as in the case of wind turbines in China). Our second section describes these challenges in more detail. Our third section confronts the fact that, although changes in the global IP system are desirable, they are unlikely to happen in the near future due to the complexity of crafting new treaties across countries. We discuss how multinational firms are dealing with the challenges of capturing value from their know-how and reputation in the existing global IP system, and review mechanisms, both market and non-market, that have been leveraged successfully. Different mechanisms are not equally effective across industries and regions. Under strong IP regimes, firms can use monopoly rights to sell their products exclusively, or license or trade their IP. However, even under these regimes firms must resort to secrecy, superior lead times, complexity, or complementary assets to maximize value capture from their IP. In fact, many of today's multinationals rely on a combination of these mechanisms, depending on their regions of operation. Some firms seeking to improve their relative positioning in the value-capture game even resort to collective action, using patent pools or standards-setting organizations, increasing surveillance, and collaborating with governments on seizures. The overall picture that emerges—a growing number of applications and grants, fragmented rights, and patents of questionable quality—leaves plenty to be desired. What is clear is that the challenges to capturing value from know-how and reputation using an array of IP tools will be an increasingly important matter of strategy for organizations that depend on global IP. This has important implications for management practice in this area, as we discuss in our concluding section. Global companies will need to organize cross-functional value capture teams focused on appropriating value from their know-how and reputation by combining different institutional, market, and non-market tools, depending on the institutional and business environment in a particular region.

This is the first and most concise biography of a Russian émigré gay poet, Valerii Pereleshin (1913-1992). The biographer, Olga Bakich, takes on the self-described role of an "accompanist" (xiv) to this prolific, yet understudied poet by painstakingly illuminating the joys and sorrows of his spiritual journey over eight decades. This work causes the reader to reconsider how a biography could be written. The key historical events surrounding his personal life are mentioned but not discussed in the context of historiographical theory. To do so would only distract the reader from the humble existence of Pereleshin as a biographical figure. His unique talent, personality, and literary footprint span vast distances from China's northeast to Brazil. This rather atypical biography consists primarily of the artist's aesthetically subjective testimony- his own poetry.As a former resident and survivor of war-time Harbin, Bakich herself is well aware of the backdrop of turbulent historical events in the 20th century Far East: Imperial Russia's eastward expansion, the forced and voluntary settlement of migrants from Eastern Europe, the Korean peninsula and Japanese archipelago, Qing China's semi-colonization and its subsequent collapse, the encroachment of Western and Japanese imperialism, the establishment of Japan's puppet state of Manchukuo, World War II and the USSR's advance into the region followed by civil war and the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The poet is a witness, survivor, and victim of these events.Bakich lets Pereleshin speak through letters, poems and photographs, a testimony of White Russians fleeing from the Eurasian Continent. Part One of Life of a Silkworm covers the period 1920 – 1952 in China, following Pereleshin's intellectual development from childhood to young adulthood. Each of the six chapters in this part is divided into multiple subtopics, covering periods of four to five years: the noble roots of the Salatko-Petrishche family, its relocation to Siberia amidst the chaos of revolution and horrors of civil war, education under the tsarist Russian system in Harbin, and most importantly his growing love for poetry and philosophy.The personal events of Pereleshin's early years document the still understudied but rich history of Russian Orthodox Ecclesiastical Mission in the Far East. Pereleshin, being sensitive and deeply religious, enrolled in the Mission's Theological Faculty in 1937, was ordained a Monk Herman(in honour of St. Herman of Kazan' and Sviiaga) in 1938, and a Priest-Monk Herman in 1941.Harbin émigré literary circle "Churaevka" and the lively interaction among its intellectuals also add new cultural dimensions to the study of Russian émigré society in Asia.Pereleshin began publishing his books of poetry in 1937.The poet, however, was rather a dissonance in his own conservative community. For example, as a monk, his participation in public poetic activities was limited. Moreover, he was inclined toward Catholicism and admired St. Francis of Assisi and St. Thérèse of Lisieux- a liberal expression of his spiritual interest. He began to travel and preach in Chinese cities with foreign concessions such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin with a determination to live his life to the fullest by serving God. But Pereleshin had difficulty finding inner peace with his vow of celibacy. While his poetry is infused with divine inspiration, passion and kindness, he was often tormented by the social stigma of his sexuality.In addition, the volatile political situation in the Far East made Pereleshin mistaken at times for a Japanese spy, a Fascist spy, a Soviet spy, and a Communist. Adversity, however, ignited his poetic creativity, especially after his departure to a third home, Brazil.Part Two consists of seven chapters covering 39 years of Pereleshin's life in Brazil during the period 1953-1992. The main focus shifts towards his growth as a poet. As a polyglot, he engaged in translations of poetry to and from Russian, Chinese and Portuguese languages. He also wrote some pieces in an avant-garde style, the so-called futurism, as well as preserving his lyrical poetic style. There were some bright moments: émigré scholars and critics in the US, such as Alexis Rannitand Simon Karlinsky recognized Pereleshin as an authentic Russian poet, and offered praise and support. It is an important gesture by Bakich to highlight this aspect of Pereleshin's life. Otherwise, his portrayal as a "tasteless" émigré poet from the east who lacked "Parisian culture" (171), according to one US literary professor, G. Struve, might be accorded more weight than it should. Pereleshin's animosity toward I. Brodsky is also interesting from the perspective of literary history. Whether the result of his jealousy toward this Nobel Prize winner or his anti-Semitic sentiment is unclear; yet in any case, a careful reading of the text reveals that the core issue originated in the poetic language itself, not ethno-religious identity. Even the last country he could have called home offered no respite. Pereleshin faced many financial difficulties and the pain of unrequited love. In the end,he had three homelands, and experienced three exiles. Yet, before his departure for Brazil, he had already sensed that for him, Kitai (China in Russian) should be his place to die, because of his fascination with the vivacious and affectionate people who "understood [him] and reciprocated [his] love." (139)The title of this work is drawn from Pereleshin's own words: "A tender, sticky web, /a fine material, /is produced by a silkworm/ twisting like an invisible snake/from its own self/ (There is nothing else)." (Silkworm, 29.12.1967, xiii) Pereleshin spun more than two thousand poems in his life. Bakich has re-entered his world and has woven a veritable tapestry of his life and art, using the poet's creative work as the warp, and personal events as the weft. The author's effort to present this complex poet in an approachable way using short chronological intervals may, to a certain extent, sacrifice the attractive depth of thematic components expressed in his poetry, namely, Russian émigré identity, religion, philosophy, homosexuality, and poetic inspiration. These topics would be worth pursuing more intensively in Pereleshin's anthology in the near future. For the present, it is the author's willingness to embrace the poet's extremes that is most impressive here. Bakich causes the reader to consider a life lived at the margins of ethnicity, citizenship, spirituality and sexuality – all prominent themes today as we seek to build an inclusive society. For Pereleshin, who was not a social activist, poetry was his only means of self-advocacy. Thankfully, Bakich's work introduces it to us: gentle, lonely, yet so brilliantly strong.

Abstract The image of a hero reflects the desires, ideals and dreams of the people of a given time. ¡°It is in times of emergency that heroes are looked for, and found,¡± as Lucy Huges-Hallett pointed out. In times of war or social disorder, people look for someone who can save them from chaos. That is why these intellectuals of the colonial period gathered to find heroes from the past. If the environment is what creates necessity for a hero, what does the type of heroic figures tell us about the past or present? The role of heroes in premodern Korean literature is similar to what Ruhlmann depicts. They ¡°embody current values and ideals¡± which can be understood in part as Confucianism, and they also ¡°convey a powerful image of the conflicting forces at work in the society of their time.¡± Furthermore, if, as Frederic Jameson argued in The Political Unconscious, narratives are ¡°socially symbolic acts,¡± then works of popular fiction may be seen as texts representing an ¡°individual parole or utterance¡± of ¡°collective and class discourses,¡± since such works simultaneously represent perspectives of writers and readers, the literati and commoners in the Chosŏn period (1392-1897). By investigating heroes in premodern literature, we can find an answer to the question of ¡®who created which heroes for whom?¡¯ Furthermore, it is also important to look at any differences of heroic images within the same period to see how they may vary depending on social class, gender, and region. The answer to these questions tells us about current values and ideas, in addition to class/gender conflicts of the time. This dissertation will specifically focus on Korean hero fiction (yŏng¡¯ung sosŏl; Ó¢ÐÛСÕf) in the late Chosŏn period, a genre considered to be most ¡°influenced¡± by Chinese works. Hero fiction was the most popular literary genre in premodern Korea. For that reason, we can consider writing/reading/circulating hero fiction as a reflection of contemporary popular culture. John Storey defines popular culture in five different ways. First, ¡°popular culture is simply culture that is widely favored or well liked by many people.¡± Second, ¡°it is the culture that is left over after we have decided what is high culture.¡± Third, popular culture is ¡°a mass culture.¡± In this case its focus is on commercial culture. Fourth, ¡°popular culture is the culture that originates from the people.¡± Lastly, it is ¡°a site of struggle between the ¡®resistance¡¯ of subordinate groups and forces of ¡®incorporation¡¯ operating in the interests of dominant groups.¡±Using Storey¡¯s five definitions of popular culture, I will examine four major works of hero fiction: A Dreams of Nine Clouds (Kuun mong) Record of Black Dragon Year (Imjin rok) and Tale of Hong Kyewŏl (Hong Kyewŏl chŏn). By examining these three hero fictions, we will be able to see how popular culture functions against dominant elite culture in the late Chosŏn period. This kind of study will be a foundation for examining the cultural, social and literary characteristics of that time.

Globalization and the Po st-Creole Imagination: Notes on Fleeing the Plantation,by Michaeline A. Crichlow with Patricia Northover (reviewed by Raquel Romberg)Afro-Caribbean Religions: An Introduction to their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions, by Nathaniel Samuel Murrell (reviewed by James Houk) Africas of the Americas: Beyond the Search for Origins in the Study of Afro-Atlantic Religions, edited by Stephan Palmié (reviewed by Aisha Khan) Òrìṣà Devotion as World Religion: The Globalization of Yorùbá Religious Culture, edited by Jacob K. Olupona & Terry Rey (reviewed by Brian Brazeal) Sacred Spaces and Religious Traditions in Oriente Cuba, by Jualynne E. Dodson (reviewed by Kristina Wirtz) The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves of Cuba, by Lisa Yun (reviewed by W. Look Lai) Cuba and Western Intellectuals since 1959, by Kepa Artaraz (reviewed by Anthony P. Maingot) Inside El Barrio: A Bottom-Up View of Neighborhood Life in Castro's Cuba, by Henry Louis Taylor, Jr. (reviewed by Mona Rosendahl) On Location in Cuba: Street Filmmaking During Times of Transition, by Ann Marie Stock (reviewed by Cristina Venegas) Cuba in The Special Period: Culture and Ideology in the 1990s, edited by Ariana Hernandez-Reguant (reviewed by Myrna García-Calderón) The Cubans of Union City: Immigrants and Exiles in a New Jersey Community. Yolanda Prieto (reviewed by Jorge Duany) Target Culebra: How 743 Islanders Took On the Entire U.S. Navy and Won, by Richard D. Copaken (reviewed by Jorge Rodríguez Beruff) The World of the Haitian Revolution, edited by David Patrick Geggus & Norman Fiering (reviewed by Yvonne Fabella) Bon Papa: Haiti's Golden Years, by Bernard Diederich (reviewed by Robert Fatton, Jr.) 1959: The Year that Inflamed the Caribbean, by Bernard Diederich (reviewed by Landon Yarrington) Dominican Cultures: The Making of a Caribbean Society, edited by Bernardo Vega (reviewed by Anthony R. Stevens-Acevedo) Chanting Down the New Jerusalem: Calypso, Christianity, and Capitalism in the Caribbean, by Francio Guadeloupe (reviewed by Catherine Benoît) Once Jews: Stories of Caribbean Sephardim, by Josette Capriles Goldish (reviewed by Aviva Ben-Ur) Black and White Sands: A Bohemian Life in the Colonial Caribbean, by Elma Napier (reviewed by Peter Hulme) West Indian Slavery and British Abolition, 1783-1807, by David Beck Ryden (reviewed by Justin Roberts) The Children of Africa in the Colonies: Free People of Color in Barbados in the Age of Emancipation, by Melanie J. Newton (reviewed by Olwyn M. Blouet) Friends and Enemies: The Scribal Politics of Post/Colonial Literature, by Chris Bongie (reviewed by Jacqueline Couti) Nationalism and the Formation of Caribbean Literature, by Leah Reade Rosenberg (reviewed by Bénédicte Ledent) Signs of Dissent: Maryse Condé and Postcolonial Criticism, by Dawn Fulton (reviewed by Florence Ramond Jurney) The Archaeology of the Caribbean, by Samuel M. Wilson (reviewed by Frederick H. Smith) Crossing the Borders: New Methods and Techniques in the Study of Archaeological Materials from the Caribbean, edited by Corinne L. Hofman, Menno L.P. Hoogland & Annelou L. van Gijn (reviewed by Mark Kostro)

"A memorial volume for the late Professor Keith Thurley, dedicated to Mrs. Elizabeth Thurley."--P. facing t.p ; Includes bibliographical references and index ; This is a memorial volume which pays tribute to the late Professor Keith Thurley. It collects a number of critical and insightful essays which discuss some of the key issues affecting corporate management, human resource development and the workplace in the current context of East Asian societies, to which Professor Thurley was closely linked in his scholarly career at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). The perspectives which are canvassed in these writings are diverse but well integrated, introducing the readers to how work and society in this dynamic part of the world can be viewed from a mix of academic disciplines including management and organizational studies, sociology, psychology, political economy, international studies, history, industrial relations and labour law ; This book is an important piece of benchmark reference for academics, students, managers and other practising specialists who wish to update their understanding and knowledge about people in work and business in East Asia today ; published_or_final_version ; Contributors ; Foreword ; Prologue ; Appendix p325 ; Index p327 ; Memorial Essay: Professor Keith Thurley and an Intellectual Appreciation / David E. Guest p1 ; Ch. 1 Introduction The Editors p11 ; Ch. 2 Enterprise, Its Management and Culture: A Comparative Reflection in a Transnational Context The Editors / Terry W. Casey p21 ; Ch. 3 Adaptation Issues in the Internationalization of Business: The Experience of Japanese Managers Overseas / K. John Fukuda p41 ; Ch. 4 Directors and Boards: The East Asian Experience / R. I. Tricker p55 ; Ch. 5 Corporate Information Strategy: Some Key Issues in the Hong Kong Context / Ivy Hsu-hwa Tao p77 ; Ch. 6 Three Chinese Sages and Modern Theories of Human Resource Management / Sally Stewart p87 ; Ch. 7 Work Values and Organizations: A Glimpse of the Asian Syndrome / Ng Sek-hong p101 ; Ch. 8 Capitalism and Civil Society in China, and the Role of Hong Kong / S. Gordon Redding p119 ; Ch. 9 The Hong Kong Work Ethic / David A. Levin p135 ; Ch. 10 Management Education in Hong Kong: Issues and Strategies / Ng Sek-hong p155 ; Ch. 11 The Role of the State and Labour's Response to Industrial Development: An Asian 'Drama' of Three New Industrial Economies / Masahiro Maeda p167 ; Ch. 12 Quality of Working Life and Employee Participation in Singapore / Cheng Soo-may p199 ; Ch. 13 The Japanese Labour Movement Under Rengo Leadership / Solomon B. Levine p221 ; Ch. 14 Japanese Industrial Practices and the Employment Contract / Joju Akita p241 ; Ch. 15 Legal Problems With Multiple Labour Unions in a Japanese Company / Kozo Kagawa p253 ; Ch. 16 Industrial Harmony, the Trade Union Movement and Labour Administration in Hong Kong The Editors The Labour Department of the Hong Kong Government / Tam Yiu- chung p271 ; Ch. 17 The Development of Labour Relations in Hong Kong and Some Implications for the Future / Ng Sek-hong p289 ; Ch. 18 Recent Developments in Australian Industrial Relations: Their Relevance to the Asian Region / Russell D. Lansbury p301 ; Epilogue: Hong Kong and Asia at the Crossroads: A Note on Remembrance for Keith Thurley / Ian Nish p317

Book reviewed in this article:ESSAYS IN THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AUSTRALIAN CAPITALISM. Edited by E.L. Wheelwright and Ken Buckley.PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND SOCIAL POLICY IN AUSTRALIA. Edited by R.B. Scotton and Helen FerberSIR ROBERT MENZIES. By Paul Hasluck.INTEREST GROUPS AND PUBLIC POLICY: Case Studies from the Australian States. Edited by Roger Scott.THE AUSTRALIAN ENVIRONMENT: 12 Controversial Issues. By Alan Gilpin.THE GOVERNMENT OF QUEENSLAND. By Colin A. Hughes.AUSTRALIA AND THE INDONESIAN REVOLUTION. By Margaret George.WELFARE POLITICS IN AUSTRALIA: A Study in Policy Analysis. By Adam Graycar.LAND OF A THOUSAND SORROWS: The Australian Prison Journal, 1840–1842, of the Exiled Canadian Patriote, Francois‐Maurice Lepailleur. Translated and edited by F. Murray Greenwood.AUSTRALIA: The Asia Connection. By Jim Hyde.MIRROR OF FTHE NATION's MIND: Australia's Electoral Experiments. By J.F.H. Wright.A SHORT HISTORY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS IN WESTERN EUROPE. By Andrew McLaren Carstairs.A MODERN LEGAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND AND WALES 1750–1950. By A. H. Manchester.A SOURCE BOOK OF AUSTRALIAN LEGAL HISTORY: Source Materials from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. Edited by J. M. Bennett and Alex C. Castles.AUSTRALIANS AND EGYPT 1914–1919. By Suzanne Brugger.A SETTLEMENT AMPLY SUPPLIED:Food Technology in Nineteenth Century Australia. By K.T.H. Farrer.PROVINCIAL PERSPECTIVES: Essays in Honour of W.J. Gardener. Edited by Len Richerdson and W. David McIntyre.THE JOURNAL OF HENRY SEWELL 1853–7. (Vol. 1: February 1853–May 1854; Vol. II: May 1854–May 1857). Edited by W. David McIntyre.PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Early Lessons from Chimbu. By Bill Standish.DAY OF SHINING RED: An Essay on Understanding Ritual. By Gilbert Lewis.THE BLOOD OF THE PEOPLE: Revolution and the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra. By Anthony Reid.THE SHAPING OF CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY. By Greg O'Leary.THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMIES: THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOVIET AND CHINESE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMIES. By Jonathan R. AdelmanDECOLONISATION AND AFTER: The British and French Experience. Edited by W. H. Morris‐Jones and Georges Fisher.THE FRENCH ENCOUNTER WITH AFRICANS: White Response to Blacks, 1530–1880. By William B. Cohen.THE TRANSFER OF POWER, 1942–7. Vol. IX, THE FIXING OF A TIME LIMIT. Edited by Nicholas Monsergh and Penderel Moon.PUBLIC SECTOR BARGAINING: A study of Relative Gain. By A.W.J. Thomson and P.B. Beaumont.THE VICTORIAN CONSTITUTION: Conventions, Usages and Contingencies. By G.H.L. Le MayBRITAIN'S FIRST SOCIALISTS: The Levellers, Agitators and Diggers of the English Revolution. By Fenner Brockway.DAS DEUTSCHE REICH UND DER ZWEITE WELTKRIEG. Band 2: Die Errichtung der Hegemonie auf dem europaischen Knontinent. Von Klaus A. Marier, Horst Rohde, Bernd Stegemann und Hans Umbriet.BULOWS WELTMACHTKONZEPT: Untersuchungen zur fruhphase seiner Aussenpolitik 1897–1901. By Peter WinzenADMINSISTERED POLITICS: Elite Political Culture in Sweden. By Thomas J. Anton.SOCIALIST POPULATION POLITICS: The political Implications of Demographic Trends in theUSSR and Eastern Europe. By John F. Besemeres.SOVIET POLITICS, Political Science and Reform. By Ronald J. Hill.THE HISTORY OF POLAND SINCE 1863. Edited by R.F. Leslie.THE POST‐DARWINIAN CONTROVERSIES: A Study of the protestant struggle to come to terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America 1870–1900. By James R. Moore.MY APPRENTICESHIP. By Beatrice Webb.INTELLECTUALS AND REVOLUTION: Socialism and the Experience of 1848. Edited by Eugene Kamenka and F. B. Smith.JUSTICE. Edited by Eugene Kamenka and Alice Erh‐Soon Tay.BUREAUCRACY: The Career of a Concept. Edited by Eugene Kamenka and Martin Krygier.THE INTELLECTUALS ON THE ROAD TO CLASS POWER. A Socialogical Study of the Role of the Intelligentsia in Socialism. By George Konrad and Ivan Szelenyi.POLITICAL OBLIGATION IN ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT: Essays in Poliitical Theory. By John Dunn.A DISCOURSE ON PROPERTY: John Locke and his Adversaries. By James Tully.NATURAL RIGHTS THEORIES: Their Origin and Development. By Richard Tuck.MARXISM AND INDIVIDUALISM. By D.F.B. Tucker.POWER POLITICS. By Martin Wight. Edited by Hedley Bull and Carsten Holbraad.THE GROWTH OF CRIME The International Experience. By Leon Radzinowicz and Joan King.MARXIAN ECONOMICS. By Meghnad Desai.MARX UND MOSES: Karl Marx zur 'Judenfrage' und zu Juden. By Helmut Hirsch.REFORM AND RESISTANCE IN THE INTERNATIONAL ORDER. By Ian Clark.THE GOLDEN PENINSULA: Culture and Adaptation in Mninland Soathenst Asia. By Charles F. Keyes.MELANESUN CARGO CULTS: New Salvation Movements in the South Pacific. By Friedrich Steinbauer.ALGERIA 1968. By Pierre Bourdieu.MENDE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS UNDER COLONIAL RULE: A Historical Study of Political Change in Sierra Leone 1890–1937. By Arthur Abraham.GERTRUDE BELL. By H.V.F. Winstone.THE IRISH CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. By Brendan Bradshaw.STATES AND SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. By Theda Skocpol.THE KINGDOM OF VALENCIA IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. By James Casey.DANIELE MANIN AND THE VENETIAN REVOLUTION OF 1848–49. By Paul Ginsborg.AMERICA AND WESTERN EUROPE: Probkms a d Prospects. Edited by Karl Kaiser and Hans‐Peter Schwarz.A SOCIOECONOMIC HISTORY OF ARGENTINA, 1776–1860. By Jonathan C. Brown.PUBLIC AND PRIVATE MORALITY Edited by Stuart Hampshire.

The glitter of techtransfer agreements often tends to be a camouflage and the number of trainees is no substitute for genuine techtransfer: the self‐sustained duplication of foreign technology. We study techtransfer in Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore to develop the ethos of successful IT techtransfer. (1) Taiwan: In 1976 a US technology company, RCA, transferred CMOS technology which is foundational to semiconductors, not to a private company in Taiwan, but a public government agency. RCA could not trust Taiwan to honor Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) because of its piracy image. At home, RCA was accustomed to America's respect of its public institutions to do the honorable thing. So, RCA opted for a private‐to‐public techtransfer. Even after 16 years, another private company would not trust Taiwan private sector; General Physics of Columbia, Maryland, would transfer nuclear reactor simulation technology not to a private company, but to a government support organization, Institute for Information Industry. (2) South Korea: In the mid‐60s, US firms (Motorola, Signetics, Fairchild) began to assemble chips, followed by Japanese firms and 27 Japanese‐Korean Joint ventures (Samsung‐Sanyo; Crown Radio; Toshiba and Goldstar‐Alps Electronics). In 1975, Samsung acquired the only locally‐owned chip company (Korea Semiconductor) which manu‐factured CMOS chips for watches. (We recall that Taiwan imported CMOS technology from RCA in 1976). During 1983–84 Samsung ac‐quired DRAM technology and the ethnic Korean and Chinese employees succeeded in producing 64 and 256 k‐bit chips. CEO Lee took significant risks, time and again, to let Samsung join the race to design and manufacture successive generations of semiconductor technology. Much of the cumulative US$800 million investment in semiconductors was recouped in 1987 with the market upturn, and higher prices for 256 k‐bit chips. From 1989 onwards, Samsung pushed ahead to achieve design leadership by aggressively involving engineers in all phases of technology transfer and application, as well as by forging new joint ventures with foreign industry leaders which gave Samsung a more dominant role. 3. Singapore: Contrary to the leapfrogging advanced in the litera‐ture since 1982, suggesting that NICs leap over technology generations, Singapore electronics industry supports a model of incremental learning under which TNCs [Trans‐National Corporations] transferred technology gradually. Much of the advance was in pre‐electronic activities such as mechanical, electro‐mechanical and precision engineering, rather than in software or R&D, as would be expected under leapfrogging. As the subsidiaries advanced technologically, they formed forward links with customers, and backward links with local suppliers of capital goods. The government built up the appropriate infrastructure. We develop three Desiderata (desired conditions) for techtransfer: (1) A Pre‐determined Sequence of Technology by Type and Level, (2) A Pre‐determined Sequence of Intellectual Property Rights Protection, and (3) A Pre‐determined Sequence of Upgrading of Transferee's Technical Skills. Why should the transferor engage in any techtransfer? Because leading US corporations use only about 5 percent of their process inventions (Rank 100, 99,…,96) to improve/invent products. To protect the market of these five products, process inventions with Ranks 95, 94,…, 1 have to be denied to competition; they have to be literally locked up. If any NIC is at technology level say, 15, techtransfer of technology level 45 would instantaneously increase the transferee's technology level by (45–15÷15 =) 200% with no risks of R&D, no investment in facilities, no investment in personnel. That transfer would not threaten the transferor's latest products embodying Ranks 100, 99,…, 96. However, it would threaten the transferor's products embodying Rank 45. New technology leadtime is 6–18 months. If the transferee stays out of the main markets of the transferor (e.g. USA, Europe) for that leadtime, the transferee can sell in say, Asia and the Middle East, Africa and Australia. The transferee could offer the transferor two types of revenue: (1) licensing fee which is usually about 1–3% of gross revenue generated from products which could not have been produced without the transferred technology; and (2) 1% of revenue from new markets created by the technology. If the transferee observes the letter and the spirit of techtransfer for six months, a higher level technology, say level 60 could be transferred, instantly raising the transferee's technology level by (60–15÷15 =) 300%. This pre‐determined sequence of techtransfer is a win‐win situation. The transferor receives revenue from what is currently frozen assets; the transferee systematically raises its level of technology by 200%, 300%, etc. without having to risk a single dollar on uncertain R&D.

1. Introduction / Erik S. Reinert, Rainer Kattel and Jayati Ghosh -- Part I development thinking across history and geography -- 2. Giovanni Botero (1588) and Antonio Serra (1613): Italy and the birth of development economics / Erik S. Reinert -- 3. Economic emulation and the politics of international trade in early modern Europe / Sophus A. Reinert -- 4. Cameralism and the German tradition of development economics / Erik S. Reinert and Philipp R. Rössner -- 5. Friedrich List: from "spiritual" and competitive power to collaboration / Arno Mong Daastøl -- 6. Kathedersozialismus and the German historical school / Wolfgang Drechsler -- 7. Chinese development thinking / Ting Xu -- 8. The economic cycle of imperial China and its development / Xuan Zhao -- 9. The Islamic world and capitalism / Ali Kadri -- 10. Unity and diversity in the Ottoman school of national economy: a reappraisal of Ziya Gökalp and Ethem Nejat / Eyüp Özveren, Mehmet Salih Erkek and Hüseyin Safa Ünal -- 11. Development thinking in India / Goddanti Omkarnath -- 12. Latin american structuralism: the co-evolution of technology, structural change and economic growth / Mario Cimoli and Gabriel Porcile -- 13. Revisiting the debate on national autonomous development in Africa / Issa G. Shivji -- 14. Development as the struggle for liberation from hegemonic structure of domination and control / Yash Tandon -- 15. The League of Nations and alternative economic perspectives / Carolyn N. Biltoft -- 16. The Havana charter: when state and market shake hands / Jean-Christophe Graz -- 17. The UNCTAD system of political economy / Ricardo Bielschowsky and Antonio Carlos Macedo E Silva -- Part II approaches to understanding development -- 18. Marxist theory and the "underdeveloped economies" / Prabhat Patnaik -- 19. Economic development as an evolutionary process / Richard B. Nelson -- 20. Classical development economists of the mid-20th century / Rainer Kattel, Jan A. Kregel and Erik S. Reinert -- 21. Development and régulation theory / Robert Boyer -- 22. The "dependency school" and its aftermath: why Latin America's critical thinking switched from one type of "absolute certainties" to another / José Palma -- 23. Feminist approaches to development / Maria Sangrario Floro -- 24. Reading Freeman when ladders for development are gone / Rodrigo Arocena and Judith Sutz -- 25. Albert O. Hirschman / Michele Alacevich -- 26. Michal Kalecki / Jayati Ghosh -- Part III issues in development -- 27. The agrarian question and trajectories of economic transformation: a perspective from agrarian south / Sam Moyo, Praveen Jha and Paris Yeros -- 28. The effective demand approach to economic development / Jan A. Kregel -- 29. Development planning / C.p. Chandrasekhar -- 30. The Nordic route to development / Lars Mjøset -- 31. Competitiveness and development: a Schumpeterian approach / Mehdi Shafaeddin -- 32. Innovation systems and development: history, theory and challenges / Bengt-Åke Lundvall -- 33. Latecomer industrialisation / John A. Mathews -- 34. The developmental state in the late 20th century / Elizabeth Thurbon and Linda Weiss -- 35. Development, ecology and the environment / Edward B. Barbier and Jacob P. Hochard -- 36. Competition, competition policy, competitiveness, globalisation and development / Ajit Singh -- 37. Knowledge governance: intellectual property management for development and the public interest / Leonardo Burlamaqui -- 38. Legal structures and economic development / Jürgen G. Backhaus -- 39. Deindustrialisation and premature deindustrialisation / Fiona Tregenna -- 40. The post-Soviet industrial extinctions and the rise of jihadi terrorism in the north Caucasus / Georgi Derluguian -- 41. Epilogue: the future of economic development between utopias and dystopias / Sylvi Endresen, Ioan Ianos, Erik S. Reinert and Andrea Saltelli.

The article examines the current socio-economic situation in China, analyzes the process of economic development of the country in the context of historical and political processes of the past, including those that took place in the country during the second half of XX century and the first decades of the current century. The reasons for the success of economic reforms in China, which led to the social modernization of the country and turned it into a powerful economic state, are revealed in the article. Since China's accession to the WTO in 2001, the leadership of China, realizing the benefits of free trade and openness policy, is actively offering the world new ideas and projects that should contribute to the harmonization of international economic relations and sustainable global development, strengthening China's positions in the world. The idea of "One Belt, One Road", proposed by the President of People's Republic of China Xi Jinping in 2010, was positively received by the world community. Developing this concept, in 2013 the Chinese leader proposed the new projects to implement the idea of "One Belt, One Road". In particular, these were two large-scale projects: the "Silk Road Economic Belt" and "XXI century Maritime Silk Road". The projects are aimed at building the new trans-Eurasian economic corridors and new sea routes, which should expand China's ability to interact with other countries and strengthen its presence around the world. Considerable attention in the article has also been paid to the analysis of the results and prospects of Ukrainian-Chinese cooperation over the last decades since the establishment of diplomatic relations, which have been transformed into a strategic partnership. The paper presents the importance and role of the active involvement of Ukraine in such a global project as the concept of "One Belt, One Road", which would allow the realization of the geopolitical, scientific, technical, intellectual and economic potential of Ukraine on a fuller scale. The deepening of cooperation between Ukraine and China would lead two sides on the path of sustainable, long-term development and would contribute to the prosperity of the two countries. ; В статье рассматривается современное социально-экономическое положение Китая, анализируется процесс экономического развития страны с учетом исторических и политических процессов прошлого, в частности события второй половины XX века и первых десятилетий нынешнего. Раскрыты причины успеха экономических реформ в КНР, приведшие к общественной модернизации страны и превратившие ее в мощную экономическую державу.После вступления Китая в ВТО в 2001 г. руководство КНР, почувствовав преимущества свободной торговли и политики открытости, активно предлагает миру новые идеи и проекты мирового уровня, что, по его мнению, должно способствовать гармонизации международных экономических отношений и устойчивому глобальному развитию, а также укреплению позиций Китая в мире. Так, предложенная в 2010 г. Председателем КНР Си Цзиньпином идея «Один пояс, один путь» была положительно воспринята мировым сообществом. Развивая эту концепцию, китайский лидер уже в 2013 году предложил новые проекты по воплощению идеи «Один пояс, один путь». В частности, это были два крупномасштабных проекта: «Экономический пояс шелкового пути» и «Морской Шелковый путь XXI века». Проекты направлены на строительство новых трансевразийских экономических коридоров и новых морских маршрутов, которые должны расширить возможности Китая по взаимодействию с другими странами и усилить его присутствие во всем мире.Проанализированы результаты и перспективы украинского-китайского сотрудничества за последние десятилетия со времени установления дипломатических отношений, трансформировавшиеся в отношения стратегического партнерства. Представлены значения и роль активного привлечения Украины к участию в таком глобальном проекте, как концепция «Один пояс, один путь», что позволит полнее реализовывать геополитический, научно-технический, интеллектуальный и экономический потенциал Украины. Углубление сотрудничества между Украиной и Китаем выведет стороны на путь устойчивого, долговременного развития и будет способствовать процветанию двух государств. ; У статті розглядається сучасне соціально-економічне становище Китаю, аналізується процес економічного розвитку країни з огляду на історичні та політичні процеси минулого, зокрема ті, що відбувались у країні протягом другої половини XX сторіччя та перших десятиліть нинішнього. Розкрито причини успіху економічних реформ в КНР, які призвели до суспільної модернізації країни та перетворили її на потужну економічну державу. Після вступу Китаю до СОТ у 2001 р., керівництво КНР, відчувши переваги вільної торгівлі та політики відкритості, активно пропонує світу нові ідеї та проєкти світового рівня, що, на його думку, мають сприяти гармонізації міжнародних економічних відносин та стійкому глобальному розвитку й тим самим зміцнювати позиції Китаю у світі. Так, запропонована у 2010 р. Головою КНР Сі Цзіньпіном ідея «Один пояс, один шлях» була позитивно сприйнята світовою спільнотою. Розвиваючи цю концепцію, китайський лідер вже у 2013 р. запропонував нові проєкти щодо втілення ідеї «Один пояс, один шлях». Зокрема, це були два крупномасштабні проєкти: «Економічний пояс шовкового шляху» та «Морський Шовковий шлях XXI століття». Проєкти спрямовані на будівництво нових трансєвразійських економічних коридорів та нових морських маршрутів, що мають розширити можливості Китаю щодо взаємодії з іншими країнами та посилити його присутність в усьому світі. Проаналізовано результати та перспективи українсько-китайського співробітництва за останні десятиліття із часу встановлення дипломатичних відносин, які трансформувались у відносини стратегічного партнерства. Представлено значення та роль активного залучення України до участі у такому глобальному проєкті, як концепція «Один пояс, один шлях», що дозволить значно повніше реалізувати геополітичний, науково-технічний, інтелектуальний та економічний потенціал України. Поглиблення співпраці між Україною та Китаєм виведе сторони на шлях сталого, довготривалого розвитку та сприятиме процвітанню двох держав.